Brief introduction and detailed information of tropical rain forest climate

Overview (Figure) Tropical Rainforest Climate Tropical Rainforest Climate, also known as equatorial rainy climate or equatorial climate, is usually hot and rainy all the year round in the equatorial rainy climate zone, and the scientific climate classification code is "Af". Tropical rain forest climate, distributed near the equator, with high temperature and rainy all year round, and dense vegetation in tropical rain forest.

The climate in the north and south of the equator is hot, humid and rainy all the year round. The trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres meet here, and the ground winds are generally weak. The humid and unstable equator controls this area all the year round and is suitable for the growth of many plants. The areas with tropical rain forest climate characteristics include the southwest coast of Indian Peninsula in Asia, the west coast of Indo-China Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, Greater sunda islands, Philippine Islands and Irian Island, the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo River Basin in Africa, the Amazon River Basin in South America and its adjacent oceans.

Distribution tropical rain forest climate is distributed near the equator. Specifically. It is mainly distributed in Amazon River basin in South America, eastern Central America, Congo River basin in Africa, north shore of Gulf of Guinea, eastern Madagascar, southern Malay Peninsula, southern Philippine Islands, Indonesian Irian Island, Sumatra Island to Oceania, new guinea and northeastern Australia.

The distribution of tropical rain forest climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy all the year round. The annual variation of solar radiation is small, because the sun passes through the zenith twice before and after the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox in a year, the annual variation of meteorological elements has double peaks. The average monthly temperature varies between 24-28℃ in a year, and the annual temperature difference generally does not exceed 5℃, especially in the ocean, which usually does not exceed 65438 0℃. The daily variation of temperature is greater than the annual variation, and the daily amplitude can reach 10- 15℃. However, the daily maximum temperature rarely exceeds 35℃, and the daily minimum temperature rarely falls below 20℃. The humidity is high all year round. As far as the lower reaches of the Amazon River are concerned, the annual average relative humidity exceeds 90%. There is abundant precipitation, mostly accompanied by thunderstorms. The annual precipitation reaches 1500-3000mm, and the maximum is over 6000mm in mountainous areas. For example, the annual precipitation in Debenga at the foot of Cameroon volcano in Africa reaches 9470 mm. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, but there are still obvious differences in individual areas. For example, the Congo River basin in Africa is more continental than the tropical rain forests in Asia and South America, and there is less rainfall in some places, such as Libreville, Gabon. The monthly rainfall from June to May is 200-300 mm, while it is only 5 mm in June and July. In addition, there will also be dry and rainless areas in the ocean, such as Modeng Island in the Pacific Ocean (latitude 4 south and longitude 155 west), with an annual precipitation of only 730 mm. In the alpine region with tropical rain forest climate, the temperature is low, but its annual change is still very small. These areas, from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, can have tropical rain forests or a year-round snow-covered climate, showing a variety of natural landscapes similar to those from the equator to the polar regions, with the most colorful vertical distribution.

The weather in the Amazon River is very monotonous. Controlled by the equatorial ocean air mass all the year round, the wind is weak and the seasonal phase remains unchanged. It's basically sultry and sunny every morning, and then the cumulus clouds accumulate thicker and thicker. It rained cats and dogs in the afternoon, and it was a little cold after the rain, and it was the same the next day.

The tropical rain forest climate zone of typical biological animals is the largest biological gene bank in the world, and it is also a huge activity bank for carbon biological cycle transformation and storage. Animal species differentiation reached its peak, but the number of individuals was small. It has a bright body color and a strange appearance. There are marmosets, capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys in America. Sloths, anteaters, tapirs, vampire bats, hummingbirds, musk pheasants, pythons, etc. There are gorillas, chimpanzees, long-tailed carp, Japanese hippos, sunbirds and African refugees. There are orangutans, gibbons, tarsiers, chickpeas, macaques, squirrels, green peacocks, pythons, monitor lizards and tree frogs in Asia. There are kangaroos, minks, koalas, cassowaries and birds of paradise in Oceania.

The tropical rain forest climate zone is the largest tropical rain forest area in the world.

The tropical rain forest climate zone is the most abundant vegetation type on the earth, which stems from two reasons: the ancient nature of the region and the suitable modern habitat conditions. The change of plant community does not show obvious seasonality like temperate plants. Leaves are green all year round, and some plants may bloom every month. Many trees in the tropics are tall and straight without branches. Some trees have plate-shaped roots and exposed soil surfaces at the bottom of the trunk. The rain forest is full of vines. Lianas have good ecological adaptability. They can climb up by winding themselves, or by winding twigs on supports, or by relying on tendrils, or by sucking roots.

In short, stem wood is the most economical means to climb to the upper level and grow rapidly to maturity under sufficient sunlight. Killing plants is the most striking or notorious thing in the tropical rain forest climate zone. Reticular roots swell and re-form reticular stems and branches.

The trunk of the cylindrical plant was strangled inside. Epiphytes are a special part of the forest structure of tropical rain forest. There are 65 families, 850 genera and about 30,000 species of epiphytes in the world. In the tropical rain forest climate zone, such plants account for about half of the plant species. This plant has organs and tissues that can quickly absorb and store rainwater.

In the tropical rain forest climate zone, there are many kinds of epiphytes, among which Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae and Araceae are the most brilliant. Bromeliaceae is a special product of neotropical rain forest, with about 50 genera 1000 species. Under the best conditions, the total number of plants per hectare is 350-450 tons, and the net yield accounts for 1/4 of the world total output. The soil weathering and leaching under the rainforest is strong and the fertility is not high. With the help of fungi, plants can directly reduce the litter layer from the forest to obtain nutrients, and at the same time quickly replenish the number of fallen leaves.

The origin of tropical rain forest is influenced by many factors, and the dominant factors are still different. The general trend is mainly influenced by solar radiation in the range of north-south latitude 10 degrees in the equatorial region. (The amount of solar radiation in tropical rain forest climate is generally 10 ~ 180 kcal ~ 2) In the equatorial low-pressure area, the trade winds gather and converge and rise near the equator, and the water vapor contained in them is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall. Climate change is monotonous, and it is summer all year round. It is usually sunny in the morning, hot before noon, rainy in the afternoon, and a little cold in the yellow rain. However, the tropical evergreen rainforest in the Amazon Plain is not only the most extensive in the world, but also the most fully developed and typical. This is because the geographical position of the Amazon Plain is that the equator passes through it. Topographically, there are Gaiana Plateau in the north, Brazil Plateau in the south and Andes in the west. It is a chair-shaped terrain with low east and high west, which is open to receive abundant warm and humid air currents brought by the northeast and southeast trade winds and the north and south equatorial warm currents. On the other hand, it has a long history of development and relatively stable natural geographical conditions during its formation. The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world. It runs through South America from west to east, with a drainage area of 6 million square kilometers and covered with dense jungle. The mainstream of the Amazon River sometimes floods and floods thousands of square kilometers of forest land. It is the river with the largest runoff in the world, and its comprehensive characteristics are very obvious.

The climate of Amazon rain forest and tropical rain forest in Africa is influenced by topography, ocean current and monsoon, which is limited to the Congo River basin in Africa and the coastal area of Gulf of Guinea. The main cause lies in the passage of the equator (the equator passes through the Congo basin in Central Africa and East Africa, because its plateau topography is tropical). Under the influence of southwest monsoon and Guinea warm current, moist water vapor will seep into the basin from the estuary, and under the influence of equatorial low pressure, it will converge and rise, with abundant rainfall throughout the year. Therefore, the Congo River flowing through this area is rich in water, which is very conducive to navigation. The continental characteristics of tropical rainforests are obvious.

In Asia, the southwest coast of the Indian Peninsula, the Malay Peninsula, the west coast of the Indian zhina Peninsula, the Philippine Islands and Irian Island, and Oceania from Sumatra Island to new guinea. Okojima is scattered on the ocean, mainly influenced by solar radiation. In addition, the ocean is vast and the convection movement is intense. The rainforest climate here has outstanding maritime characteristics.

Although some areas are not between north and south latitudes 10 degrees and are not affected by equatorial depression, sometimes due to the interaction of atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, the climate of tropical rain forests presents non-zonal characteristics. For example, the formation of rainforests in Yunnan, Taiwan Province, Hainan and parts of Australia in China, Madagascar and Florida Peninsula in the United States are all closely related to topography and ocean currents. For example, under the influence of the south equatorial warm current and the southeast trade wind, the warm and humid airflow climbs along the windward slope in the eastern Madagascar mountains. Although the tropic of Capricorn passes through, the southeast coast has a tropical rain forest climate, the central part has a tropical plateau climate, and the western part has a tropical grassland climate. The annual average temperature 18-26 degrees, and the annual precipitation decreased from 2000-2000 mm in the east to 750- 1000 mm in the west. Moreover, the formation of tropical rain forest in northeastern Australia is also influenced by topography, warm current in eastern Australia and southeast trade winds. Similarly, the formation of rainforests in Yunnan, China, Taiwan Province, Hainan and Florida Peninsula in the United States has similar characteristics.

Even the East African Plateau near the equator has a tropical grassland climate due to topography, and the coastal area south of Congo Basin on the west coast has a tropical desert climate due to the influence of Benguela cold current and South Equatorial Rift. Also affected by the cold current (Peru cold current), the tropical desert with the longest extension from north to south and the closest to the equator is distributed on the west coast of South America, with dry climate and low temperature.

The main reason is that it is controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone.

Rainfall in tropical rain forest climate mostly belongs to convective rain.

A tropical rainforest climate with high temperature, humidity and rain all the year round in the north and south of the equator. Mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in South America, the Congo River basin in Africa, Sumatra Island in Asia and Oceania to new guinea.

The main characteristics of tropical rain forest climate are high temperature all the year round and small temperature change. The sun shines directly on the ground twice a year, with strong radiation, and there is little difference between day and night. The average temperature of each month in a year is between 24-28℃, the average temperature in Leng Yue is not lower than 18℃, and the absolute maximum temperature rarely exceeds 35℃. The annual temperature difference is generally less than 5℃, and the daily temperature difference can reach 10- 15℃. It rains all year round.

Singapore-Tropical rain forest climate The trade winds in the northern and southern hemispheres converge and rise in the equatorial region, and the ground wind is weak. The humid airflow is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall. It is humid all year round, and the relative humidity is relatively high. The annual precipitation is generally1500-3000mm. Climate change is monotonous. Under the control of equatorial air mass, it is summer all year round. It is usually sunny in the morning, hot before noon, rainy in the afternoon, and a little cold in the yellow rain.

The amount of solar radiation affect solar radiation is within that range of 100- 180 kcal/cm * year. It's hot all year round. Areas with stronger solar radiation will become deserts.

The atmospheric circulation is in the equatorial low pressure area, and the trade winds gather near the equator, converging and rising, and the water vapor contained in it is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall.

Land and sea affect the climate of tropical rain forest, which is located at the seaside or in the basin with abundant rainfall and small temperature difference. Low terrain, suitable for rainforest growth.

Vegetation strongly affects the transpiration of trees, making the environment more humid.

There are many rainforests that threaten the climate of rainforests; Rainforest is the world's largest land oxygen supply station and carbon dioxide consumption place, and it is the lung of the earth. However, due to large-scale logging and fire, a large area of tropical rain forest has disappeared. The tropical rain forest climate is also threatened to disappear. It is urgent to protect the tropical rain forest. The Amazon rainforest is now in serious danger, because people are cutting it down at an alarming rate in order to open up land to grow crops or raise livestock to supply the American meat market.

It represents the famous tropical rain forest climate zone in this area.

Tropical rain forest area of Brazil Amazon plain in central South America;

Tropical rain forest area in Congo basin, Africa;

Rainforest area in the south of Philippine Islands in Southeast Asia;

The tropical rain forest area of Malaya Islands in East Lanya.

On behalf of Asian cities Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Singapore (Singapore), Bandung (Indonesia), Surabaya (Indonesia), Cebu (Philippines) and Davao (Philippines).

Africa Conakry (Guinea), Monrovia (Liberia), Abidjan (C? te d 'Ivoire), Accra (Ghana), Lomé (Togo), Lagos (Nigeria), Yaoundé (Cameroon) and Libreville (Gabon).

Oceania townsville (Australia), port moresby (Papua New Guinea), Port Vila (Wanadu), Suva (Fiji), Algana (Guam), Papeete (French Polynesia).

Havana (Cuba), Kingston (Jamaica), Santo Domingo (Dominica), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Castries (Saint Lucia), Bridgetown (Barbados) and Panama City (Panama) are in North America.

Paramaribo (Suriname), Georgetown (Guyana), Manaus (Brazil), Belé m (Brazil), El Salvador (Brazil) and Iquitos (Peru) in South America.

Summing up the tropical rain forest climate, it is distributed between latitude 10, with high temperature and rainy all year round, and the vegetation is dense tropical rain forest.