Korea: Chinese full name, English full name, abbreviation, capital, major cities, National Day, national anthem, country code. What are they?

National flag (refer to the Taoist gossip in China history)

South Korean flag (Tai Chi flag) 1882, North Korean envoys Park Yongxiao and Yun will be sent to Japan. Before they leave, they asked China Qing Dynasty to use China's Dragon Flag as the national flag. The Qing government replied that the vassal state could not use the dragon flag with five claws, but only the dragon flag with four claws. 1On March 25th, 949, the provincial examination committee of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Science of Korea made a clear statement when it was determined to be the national flag of the Republic of Korea: the horizontal and vertical ratio of Taiji flag was 3:2, the white background represented the land, the middle was Taiji II instrument, and there were four black hexagrams in the four corners. Tai Chi's circle represents the people, and fish-shaped instruments bend up and down in the circle, with red on the top and blue on the bottom, representing Yang and Yin respectively, symbolizing the universe. Among the four hexagrams, the stem in the upper left corner represents the Sanyang hexagram representing heaven, spring, east and benevolence; Kun in the lower right corner indicates that the six Yin hexagrams represent earth, summer, west and righteousness; The ridge in the upper right corner has four yin and one yang representing water, autumn, south and ceremony; There are two yang and two yin in the lower left corner, representing fire, winter, north and wisdom respectively. The overall model means that everything is in an infinite range.

national emblem

Published on July 3rd 1970. In the center of the national emblem is a blooming hibiscus flower. The background color of hibiscus flowers is white, symbolizing peace and purity, and yellow symbolizes prosperity. The center of the flower is replaced by a picture of red, blue, yin and yang, which is not only a traditional symbol of Korean culture, but also represents the harmony between state administration and natural laws. A white ribbon surrounds the hibiscus, and the name of the Republic of Korea is sewn on the ribbon. This feature is the same as the design of the national emblem of North Korea.

national anthem

South Korea's national anthem is Patriotic Song. Independent News, the earliest folk newspaper founded in South Korea, published several versions of the lyrics of patriotic songs in 1896, but the melody of patriotic songs at that time has not yet been determined. Later, during the Korean Empire period of 1897- 19 10, the melody of patriotic songs was designated as military songs, which were called patriotic songs of the Korean Empire. The patriotic song of the Korean Empire was revised in 1902 and used for important national celebrations. Before the founding of the Republic of Korea, patriotic songs were always sung according to the melody of the Scottish folk song Auld Lang Syne. However, the composer An Yitai (1905-1965) deeply felt that it was not appropriate to use other countries' melodies as his national anthem, so he re-created the national anthem at 1935, which was immediately adopted by the then interim government. However, until the founding of the Republic of Korea in 1945, the version of Auld Lang Syne was still the main national anthem.

money

Currency category Korean won The basic unit of the Korean won is the Korean won. The monetary unit in Korea is "Yuan", which is expressed by "Won". There are two kinds of Korean currency: paper money and coins. There are four kinds of paper money: 1000 won, 5000 won, 10000 won and 50000 won, which can be easily distinguished according to the historical figures and colors printed on the paper money. At the same time, 50,000 won was printed with a female head for the first time, showing the pursuit of gender equality. The total number of Korean coins is 1 won, 5 won, 10 won, 50 won, 100 won, 500 won and 6 currencies. There are four kinds of coins in circulation: 10 won, 50 won, 100 won and 500 won (10 won is the smallest unit). Because the exchange rate of won is high and worthless, 1 yuan and 5-yuan coins stopped circulating in February 2006. Korean won exchange rate (September 30th, 2009) 1 USD = 1 74.49 won, 1 GBP = 1867.25 won,1JPY =1JPY. 1 euro = 1707.86 won, 1 Swiss franc = 1 128.75 won, 1 RMB = 172.029 won.

national flower

South Korea's national flower hibiscus (? ) is the national flower of Korea. In the flowering season, hibiscus branches will give birth to many buds. After a flower fades, other buds will keep opening, full of spring and bright spring. So Koreans also call it "endless flower".

national bird

The national bird of Korea is the magpie.

Population and language

The total population of South Korea is 50.087 million (2010 65438+1end of 0), mainly Koreans, accounting for 99% of the total population in China. This is a relatively single country. Korean is commonly used, and the national costume is Hanbok. Hanbok is a style of Hanbok spread from China to North Korea in the Ming Dynasty, which was transformed by the Korean people and formed today's Hanbok. Before Sejong King in Korean history, Koreans had no characters, so they always used China's Chinese characters, and Sejong King created proverbs. But now Korean is about 70% Chinese, 10% Japanese and 10% English. Korean and Korean are slightly different. Due to the long-term division of the Korean peninsula after the war, there are also slight differences in language between the north and the south. Generally, the expression used in Korea is called "Korean" and the expression used in North Korea is called "Korean".

Important festival

Koreans attach the most importance to Mid-Autumn Festival. 65438+ 10/New Year's Day-New Year's Day, 65438+1 0/2 are public holidays stipulated by the state. The first day of the first month of the national calendar/folk custom day, also known as the Gregorian New Year, is celebrated with family ceremonies, special foods and traditional games. The whole family is reunited, and relatives and friends celebrate the New Year with each other. March 1 Day Independence Movement Commemorates the March 19 19 independence movement against Japanese colonial rule. April 5th is Arbor Day. Government officials, teachers, students and thousands of Koreans all over the country plant trees according to the government's afforestation plan. April 8 is the birthday of Sakyamuni, and Buddhists and other citizens celebrate this festival to commemorate the birth of Sakyamuni. May 5th is Children's Day, and various celebrations have been held for children to enjoy themselves with their parents. August 15 Guangfu festival (? 1on this day in 945, South Korea was liberated from 35 years of Japanese colonial rule and gained independence. The Mid-Autumn Festival (or Harvest Festival) on August 15 of the lunar calendar is one of the important national festivals in a year. On this day, there will be a banquet, families will hold a memorial ceremony in the family cemetery, and they will enjoy the moon together at night. Lunar calendar 10 10, the opening day festival (? ) This day is the legendary day when Dangun established Korea in 2333 BC. 10/9 Korea Festival was established to commemorate Sejong's promulgation, popularization and learning of Korean. 12/25 Christmas Like the West, Christians and other citizens celebrate this festival to commemorate the birth of Jesus.

history

The two kingdoms of Korea (9 18- 1392) and Korea (1392- 19 10) are fighting against the Khitan (Liao), the Nuzhen (Jin), Mongolia, the Manchu, and the Manchu. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, North Korea became the focus of fierce competition among China, Russia and Japan. 19 10, Japan annexed Korea, established colonial rule, ended the Korean dynasty, and then ended the traditional Korea. 1945, shortly after the recovery of the Korean peninsula, the territory was divided, and the Republic of Korea with Li Chengwan as its president was established in the south of the Korean peninsula, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established in the north of the Korean peninsula, and Kim Il Sung was appointed as its president. 1On June 25th, 950, the Korean War broke out. On August 6th of the same year, the "United Nations Army" landed in Incheon, and in June 65438+10/October 65438+September, Chinese people's Volunteer Army crossed the Yalu River to fight in the DPRK. The Korean War lasted for three years, and finally the two warring sides signed the Korean Armistice Agreement and the Temporary Supplementary Agreement to the Armistice Agreement at 10 on the morning of July 27, 953, still taking the actual control line of both sides near 38 degrees north latitude as the ceasefire line. So far, the confrontation between North Korea and South Korea has continued to this day.

geography

geographical position

South Korea is located in the south of the Korean peninsula. The Korean Peninsula is located in the northeast of the Asian continent, extending from north to south, with a total length of 1 100 km. South Korea has a total area of 99,600 square kilometers. South Korea's territorial waters meet the westernmost waters of the Pacific Ocean. The Korean Peninsula is bordered by China and Russian in the north, the East Sea of Korea in the east, and faces Japan across the sea. In addition to the peninsula connected with the mainland, there are 3,200 islands in South Korea. One of the most famous is Jeju Island, which is called Oriental Hawaii. It takes 38 degrees north latitude as the armistice line and borders North Korea in the north.

geologic structure

The mountainous area accounts for about two-thirds of the area of the Korean peninsula, with diverse topography, low hills and plains interlaced. The low mountains and hills are mainly distributed in the central and eastern parts, and the altitude is mostly below 500 meters. Taibai Mountain runs through the east coast, forming the backbone of the southern peninsula. Several parallel mountains extending to the side of the Yellow Sea form low hills, including Taibai Mountain, Shang Qing and Xiaobai, among which Xue Yue and Wutai Mountain are famous for their beautiful scenery. The highest peak of Xiaobai is Zhiyi Mountain, which runs from northeast to southwest at an altitude of 19 15m. Halla Mountain is located in the middle of Jeju Island, with an altitude of 1, 950m. It is the highest peak in Korea. Since ancient times, immortals have lived on Halla Mountain. Therefore, Halla Mountain used to be called Yingzhou Mountain, and together with Mount Kumgang and Zhiyi Mountain, it was called the three sacred mountains. The plains are mainly distributed in the south and west, and the altitude is mostly below 200 meters. There are plains such as Hanjiang Plain and Xiangtan Plain along the Yellow Sea, and small plains such as Jinhai Plain and Quannan Plain along the South China Sea.

Rivers and lakes

In terms of land area, there are relatively many rivers in South Korea. The longest rivers are Luodong River and Hanjiang River, which are the two main rivers in the south of the peninsula. The Luodong River is 525 kilometers long and flows into the Sea of Japan. The Hanjiang River is 5 14 kilometers long and flows into the Yellow Sea, which is an important water system in the central region. Other rivers include Jinjiang, Chanjinhe and Linjinhe. There are few lakes in Korea, and the largest natural lake is Bailutan, which is located at the crater on the top of Hanna Mountain in Jeju Island, with an altitude of 1 .850m, a diameter of about 30m, a circumference of1km and a depth of about 6m. The largest artificial lake is Zhaoyang Lake, located at 13km northeast of Chunchuan City, gangwon, and built at 1973, with an area of 69.3 million square meters. In addition, there are some smaller lakes, such as Chaqiao Lake and Jinmu Lake.

resources

There are few mineral resources, and more than 280 species have been found, of which about 50 species are of economic value. The minerals with development and utilization value include iron, anthracite, lead, zinc and tungsten, but their reserves are not large. Due to the lack of natural resources, the main industrial raw materials depend on imports.

climate

It belongs to temperate monsoon climate and has obvious maritime characteristics. Winter is long and cold, summer is hot and humid, and spring and autumn are quite short. The lowest temperature in winter is-12℃, and the highest temperature in summer is 37℃. The average annual rainfall is about 1500mm, and the rainfall from June to August is relatively large, accounting for 70% of the whole year. The annual average precipitation is about 1500mm, which gradually decreases from south to north. South Korea has four distinct seasons and short spring and autumn. Summer is hot and humid; Winter is cold and dry, and sometimes it snows. The temperature difference in different parts of Korea is quite large, with the average temperature ranging from 6℃ to 16℃. In the hottest August of the year, the average temperature is 19℃ to 27℃. 65438+ 10 is the coldest month, with an average temperature of-8℃ to 7℃. It is often windy and rainy in early spring, and strong winds bring "yellow sand" to inland deserts in Asia, commonly known as sandstorms, which have gradually increased in recent years. By mid-April, the weather is getting warmer, and Korean farmers level rice fields every year to prepare for planting rice. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and there will be plum rains in summer.

administrative division

There are 1 special cities: Seoul (Seoul) special city; 8 roads (equivalent to roads): Gyeonggi Province, gangwon (South Korea only manages the area south of the 38th parallel of this road, and the north of this line belongs to North Korea), Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do; 6 Wide-area cities (equivalent to municipalities directly under the Central Government): Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan. Busan is the second largest city and the largest seaport in Korea. 1 Special Autonomous Road: Jeju Special Autonomous Road. The area of C2000 in the second administrative region of the city (km2) is 9853972606 in the 25th district of Seoul, the capital, and 3655 in the Fushan metropolitan area in the midtown district 1 county 1 district. 437 75 1 Daegu Metropolitan Area in Lotus Area 7 1 County 2 473 990 886 Incheon Metropolitan Area 8 2 466 338 958 Gwangju Metropolitan Area in South East Area 5 1 350 948 50 1 Toda Metropolitan Area 5 65438. 96 1 540 Ulsan Metropolitan City Center 1 County10/210/056 South Gyeonggi Province, 27 cities and 4 counties 13 District 8 937 752 66/KLOC. 08,590 Jeollabuk-do, Daejeon city, 1, 887,239 8,047 Jeollabuk-do, 5 cities, 1, 994,2871,994.

Politics and diplomacy

Brief introduction of the capital

The capital of South Korea: Seoul, with a population of 654.38+005 million (2007). Jeju Island From June 5438 to February 2003, the South Korean National Assembly passed the Special Law on the New Administrative Capital and decided to move the administrative capital from Seoul to the central region. In August 2004, the South Korean government finalized and officially announced the address of the new administrative capital, and Yanqi-Zhougong, located in central South Korea, will become the new administrative capital. The South Korean government is scheduled to start building a new administrative capital in Yanqi-Zhougong in July 2007, and it will become a city with a population of 300,000 in 2020 and a city with a population of 500,000 in 2030. From 20 12 to 20 14, the main state administrative organs in Korea will be moved to the new administrative capital. In June 5438 +2004 10, the Korean Constitutional Court ruled that the Special Law on the New Administrative Capital passed by the South Korean National Assembly in February 2003 was unconstitutional. The South Korean government's plan to move the administrative capital from Seoul to the central region will be forced to stop. In June 5438 +2005 10, Lee Myung-bak, the former mayor of Korea (now "Seoul"), held a press conference at the Seoul City Government, announcing that the Chinese translation of "Seoul" was changed to "Seoul". After Seoul was used as a Chinese character name, it became the only city on the Korean peninsula without a Chinese character name. Seoul has a long history. In ancient times, it was named "Hanyang" because it was located in the north of Hanshui River. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, after the Korean dynasty made Hanyang its capital, it was renamed "Seoul". During the colonial rule of South Korea by Japan in modern times, Seoul was renamed as the "capital". 1945 After the recovery of the Korean Peninsula, it was renamed as a proper Korean word, and the Roman alphabet was marked as "Seoul", which was a transliteration of the name of the capital Seoul in Korean.

Sejong, the new administrative capital of South Korea

Sejong, the new administrative capital, held a meeting on February 2, 2006, and decided to name Sejong, the new administrative capital of South Korea, with Han Mingshu as the chairman. 1905 seized state sovereignty, and Seoul County was renamed Capital County by Japanese invaders. 19 10 year, the renamed Seoul county was reduced to the county level, belonging to gyeonggi province. In June 1943, the district system was adopted and seven districts were set up. At the same time, the scale of Seoul is constantly expanding, and the population has reached 970,000 194 1. 1945 August 15 liberation, Seoul House was renamed SEWOEL. 1946 upgraded to local autonomy. 1948 was designated as the capital, and 1949 was upgraded to a special city. During the 1950 war, Seoul city government moved to Busan, and it was not restored until the 1953 armistice. 1962, administrative affairs were officially handed over from the Minister of the Interior to the Prime Minister. 1 96365438+1October1,some areas south of the Han River were incorporated into the administrative region of Seoul, which laid a good foundation for the balanced development of Jiangnan and Jiangbei in Seoul. After the expansion, the administrative area of Seoul is 1973, or 60,530 square kilometers. In the 1970s, cities in the Han Dynasty vigorously developed Hannan. 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Seoul Olympic Games were successfully held, making it a truly advanced city in the world. 1997 Seoul has become a metropolis with 25 administrative districts, with a total area of 60558 square kilometers and a total population of about 1 1 10,000. And constantly strive for a more ideal city. Cheongwadae (? ) is located atNo. Sejong Road 1, Jongno-gu, Seoul. This used to be the palace of the Koryo dynasty. Cheongwadae, the official residence of the President of South Korea, was built by the Korean Dynasty in 1426. As the back garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace, some buildings such as Longwutang, Qingnongzhai and Wushu Field were built, which opened up a piece of land cultivated by the king. 1927 After the Japanese invasion, all the buildings except Wuyunge were destroyed and the official residence of the North Korean governor was established. 1945 After Japan surrendered, it became the official residence of the military and political chief. 1948 When the Republic of Korea was founded in August, it became the official residence of the President and was renamed Jingwutai (? )。 1960 After the overthrow of the Li Chengwan regime in April, Yin Pushan was elected president and entered Jingwutai. Soon, because Pu Yin was good at avoiding the word "martial arts", he named this group of buildings with white walls and blue tiles Cheongwadae, so some people called it "Cheongwadae". At present, the main building in Cheongwadae is the presidential residence, including the presidential office, reception hall, conference room and living room, while the ancillary buildings include the secretary room, police protection room and the welcome building.

State dignitaries

Current President: Lee Myung-bak, elected in February 2007 and sworn in on February 25, 2008; Current Prime Minister: Zheng Yuncan, who took office on September 28th, 2009.

Successive presidents

Li Chengwan (1948- 1960), Bo Shanyun (19 1 year) and park chung-hee (196 1 year-1979). 980- 1988) Lu Taiyu (1988- 1993) Jin Yongsan (1993- 1998) Kim Dae-jung (1998-2008)

form

The current Korean Constitution was adopted by referendum in June 1987+00, and came into effect on February 25th, 2008. According to the new constitution, South Korea implements the system of separation of powers and governing the country according to law. According to this new constitution, the president is the head of state and the commander of the national armed forces, representing the whole country in the government system and foreign relations. The president's term of office is five years, and he cannot be re-elected. The president is the policy-maker at home and abroad, and can introduce legislative bills to Congress. At the same time, the president is also the country's chief executive, responsible for the implementation of various laws and regulations. The President exercises administrative functions through the State Council composed of 15-30 people and chaired by it. As the president's main administrative assistant, the prime minister is appointed by the president, but must be approved by the National Assembly. The Prime Minister has the right to participate in the formulation of important national policies. The president has no right to dissolve the National Assembly, but the National Assembly can restrict the president by initiating impeachment procedures, so that he will be ultimately responsible for the national constitution. South Korea has a unicameral system. Congress is the national legislature with a four-year term and a speaker with a two-year term. In addition to making laws, the functions entrusted to Congress by the Constitution include approving state affairs such as national budget, foreign policy, declaring war on foreign countries, and the power to impeach the president. Korean courts are divided into three levels: Grand Court, High Court and Local Court. The Grand Court is the highest court and is responsible for hearing appeals against the decisions of lower courts and military courts. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President and approved by the National Assembly. A judge's term of office is six years, and he cannot be re-elected. He must abdicate at the age of 70.

national defence

South Korea's armed forces are the "Korean National Army", which is called the "Armed Forces of the Republic of Korea". Its composition includes: army, navy, marine corps, air force and local reserve. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, the commander-in-chief of the National Army is also the President of the Republic of Korea. Since the Korean War, the operational command of the Korean National Army has been handed over to the United States. 1994, South Korea recovered its military command in peacetime, and the command in wartime was still controlled by the US military. After South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun took office in February 2003, he actively pursued the policy of "independent national defense" and demanded that the United States take back the wartime operational command. South Korea is expected to recover its wartime operational command in 20 12.

diplomacy

Carry out diversified diplomacy based on the alliance between the United States and South Korea. After World War II, due to the needs of the Cold War, South Korea focused its diplomacy on the United States and Japan. The open door policy began in the early 1970s. From 65438 to February 0998, after taking office, Kim Dae-jung continued to work hard to consolidate the alliance with the United States and Japan, and at the same time to strengthen friendly relations with China and Russia. On the policy toward the DPRK, Kim Dae-jung pursued the "sunshine policy", put forward the "three principles" of not using force against each other, not absorbing reunification, and strengthening exchanges and cooperation between the North and the South, and advocated a "package plan" to end the cold war structure on the Korean Peninsula in order to fundamentally solve the Korean Peninsula issue. South Korea and North Korea joined the United Nations on September 199 1. After President Roh Moo-hyun took office in February 2003, he emphasized the development of mutually beneficial and equal relations between South Korea and the United States, promoted regional cooperation between South Korea, China and Japan in Northeast Asia, strengthened relations with Russia, ASEAN, the European Union and other countries, and actively participated in regional and international affairs. June 5438 +2007 10, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun visited North Korea.