Where does Baqiao cherry belong?

Baqiao cherry is a geographical indication protection product. Baqiao cherry is a geographical indication product of agricultural products.

Baqiao cherry has a long history. According to legend, Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, followed the footsteps of White Deer to Xizhangpo and found this delicate, fragrant and sweet fruit. Today, the cherry trees of the Qing Dynasty more than 200 years ago are still flourishing and fruitful.

Baqiao cherry has full granules, huge fruit shape, kidney shape or wide heart shape, bright and shiny color. Most varieties are bright red or purplish red, and a few are light yellow. The pulp is delicate and juicy, sweet and sour, rich in nutrition, and contains mineral elements such as iron, vitamins A, B and C, calcium and phosphorus, which has high edible and medicinal value and palatability. This kind of fruit is bright red, delicate and delicious when it is ripe. Ripe cherries can be picked on Baqiao Bridge.

Geographical Environment Baqiao District is located in the middle of Guanzhong Basin in Shaanxi Province and is one of the municipal districts of xi. From east to west, from south to north, it slopes step by step, and the original surface eases the ups and downs. The lowest elevation in China is 358.3m, and the highest elevation is1240.7m, with a relative elevation difference of 882.4m.. The annual sunshine hours are more than 2,200 hours, belonging to the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with distinct seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and obvious changes in cold, warm, dry and wet, which is very suitable for cherry growth. Economic Benefits With the policy and financial support of Baqiao District Committee and Government, 30,000 mu of cherry production bases have been formed in Hongqingshan, Balingyuan and Bailuyuan, resulting in an area of about 1 10,000 mu, which is the largest cherry planting base in northwest China. Every spring, more than 20 varieties of cherries, such as Deng Hong, Dazi, Topaz, Rubin and Xianfeng, blossom everywhere, with an annual output of 5,000 tons. Products are not only sold to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Xinjiang and other places, but also exported to Japan, South Korea and other countries, bringing back more than 50 million yuan for villagers every year.

territorial scope

Baqiao District is one of the downtown areas of Xi, which is located in the east of Xi. It was named after the Bahe ancient bridge built in the Han and Sui Dynasties. It is located at10859'-10916' east longitude and 34 10 '-34 27' north latitude. Baqiao Cherry is mainly distributed in Taiyuan in the east of Baqiao District and the shallow hills and hills in Hong Qing, including three sub-district offices in Wang Xi, Hong Qing and Zhaizhai, and 38 administrative villages. The production area is 2000 hectares and the annual output is 15000 tons.

Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors

(1) Soil landform: Baqiao cherry is mainly planted in Dizhai at an altitude of 750-790 meters, and the soil is mostly yellow soil and sloping yellow soil. The soil has strong permeability and good water retention. Soil pH is between 7-7.8, organic matter content 1. 17%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 53ppm, available phosphorus10 ppm, available potassium 159ppm, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 5 _ 1.

(2) Hydrological situation: Baqiao District is rich in groundwater and surface water resources, with groundwater resources of 68.96 million cubic meters, with an average of 206 cubic meters per mu; Surface water is mainly transit passenger water. The Bahe River in the area is about 34 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 125.52 square kilometers and an average annual runoff of 607 million cubic meters. Good water quality, rich mineral content and no pollution have created good irrigation conditions for the cherry production in Baqiao.

(3) Climate: Baqiao District has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of11.3-13.7℃ and an annual average sunshine hours of 2,638 hours; The number of days ≥0℃ is 3 10 days, and the total radiation amount is 10 1.08 kcal.

_ square centimeter, accounting for 90.6% of the total annual radiation; ≥0℃ accumulated temperature 4925℃, effective accumulated temperature 4349℃; The annual precipitation days are 74- 138 days, with an average annual precipitation of 720 mm, with more summer and less winter and moderate spring. The annual average frost-free period is 186 days.

(4) Human history: Cherry is also known as Zhu Ying, Zhu Guo, Tao Jing, Han Tao, Ying Tao, Wei Qitao, Ying Tao, Niu Tao and Zhu Ying. The cherries cultivated as fruit trees in China include China cherry, sweet cherry, sour cherry and hairy cherry. Cherry ripens early and has the reputation of "the first fruit in early spring". Cherry cultivation in China has a history of at least 3000 years. Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his "Cherry": "Fresh farmers have a strange smell, and people trample on pearls when trying to pick them. Qiaqia looked up and her mother-in-law brushed two or three. " In "Cherry" by Su Shi, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, there is also a description of cherry: "The cherry tree alone wakes up the throat and lungs with wine. Don't take the dew off the branches and pass it through your mouth. " The word "cherry" probably appeared in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Xuan Di's ode to Cherry, Hou Liang said: "Yifu's cherry is a tree, full of glory at first, leaves come in spring, and it welcomes the East at first."

Cherry is tender and juicy, sweet and sour, with unique flavor, rich aroma and strong palatability. Cherry blossoms in spring are white and beautiful; The fruit is bright red and crystal clear, beautiful and delicious, and has high nutritional value. No wonder Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, praised him in "Cherry Song": "Crystal is bright red, and the smell is true. If a bead is not pierced, it is like a fire that won't burn people. Qiongye is sweet and sour, and the size of the golden pill is even. " Xin Qiji, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, praised in "The Cherry at the Bodhisattva Man's Table": "The glass flow of fragrant cheese is drunk and tastes new habits every year. What is better than spring breeze? Lips are a little red. Rivers and lakes dream clearly, and the green cage is bright. Ten thousand strokes are light and even, and the head is ashamed of the savage. "

Baqiao cherry has a history of being eaten by Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, when he went hunting on the slope more than two thousand years ago. Today, the cherry trees planted in Qing Dynasty more than 200 years ago are still flourishing and fruitful, which has become a historical witness of cherry planting in Baqiao area.

Production technical requirements

(1) Origin selection: atmospheric environment, water source and pollution-free garden soil are selected; The garden is built on a plateau with flat terrain, low groundwater level, deep and fertile soil layer, PH value of 6.5-8.0 and good irrigation and drainage. It should be 0/00 meters away from national highways, railways and other traffic trunk lines, with convenient transportation. The environment of producing area meets the requirements of Environmental Conditions of Producing Area for Pollution-free Food, Forest and Fruit Products (NY50 13-2006).

(2) Variety selection: The planted varieties should have strong tree potential, high yield, strong adaptability and strong stress resistance.

Strong; The fruit is big, beautiful, red and shiny; Thick peel, hard pulp, plump and juicy, sweet and sour, rich flavor, excellent quality, storage and transportation resistance, early and middle maturity and so on. The main varieties are: red cherry, Zaodaguo, Hongyan cherry, Rubins, Xianfeng, Nanong, Hong Ju cherry and Jiahong cherry.

(3) Production process management:

① Planting: the planting density is 3.5-4m× 4-5m, 40-45 plants are planted per mu, and the proportion of pollinated trees is not less than 20%.

② Soil management: First, deep ploughing and soil improvement. According to the row spacing and plant spacing, dig a planting ditch with a depth of 0.8- 1m, and bury the crop straw with a thickness of about 30cm at the bottom of the ditch. The excavated topsoil is mixed with sufficient organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer and then backfilled in the ditch. After irrigation to 20 cm underground, the soil will be precipitated by water infiltration, and then the topsoil will be covered with moisture. The second is to cultivate the soil. Tillage 2-3 times a year with a depth of 10cm to eliminate weeds and maintain good soil permeability. The third is orchard fertilization. Organic fertilizer is the main, chemical fertilizer is the auxiliary, and water and fertilizer are used together. Early application, heavy application of base fertilizer, timely and appropriate topdressing. The fertilizer used should not adversely affect the orchard environment and fruit quality.

The use of fertilizers in cherry orchard should comply with the provisions of 3.4-3.5 in NY/T394-2000. The types of fertilizers allowed to be used are: farm manure: including manure, toilet manure, biogas manure, green manure, crop straw fertilizer, cake fertilizer, etc. Except biogas manure and green manure, other fertilizers shall be used after composting, and the content of harmful elements shall not exceed the standard. Commercial fertilizers: including organic compound fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, etc. Other fertilizers: all kinds of fertilizers made of organic materials such as food, fish residue, cow hair waste, bone meal, amino acid residue, bone glue waste, livestock and poultry processing waste, sweet and sour factory waste and so on. , registered by the agricultural department and allowed to use. Prohibited fertilizers: urban garbage without harmless treatment or garbage containing harmful substances such as metals, rubber and plastics; Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and undecomposed human feces; Fertilizer prohibited by the state or province and unregistered fertilizer products. Fertilization amount is determined according to local soil conditions and fertilization characteristics. The general amount of organic fertilizer is 2000-2500 kg/mu, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2: 1: 2. General fruit trees need to apply10.0 kg pure nitrogen, 0.5 kg pure phosphorus (P2O5) and 0.5 kg pure potassium (0.5 kg pure potassium) for each yield of 100kg cherry. ③ Water management: Watering depends on the weather conditions, combined with underground fertilization, three times a year, that is, before germination, before fruit swelling and before freezing after harvest. Irrigation methods include flood irrigation, micro-irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, among which micro-irrigation has the best effect. During the growing season, the irrigation amount per mu should be controlled at 15-20 m3, and water should be used in winter (10).

The quantity is about 60m3. At the same time, attention should be paid to drainage and flood control in rainy season.

(4) Pruning: grafting: after the rootstock seedlings are successfully cultivated, scions with good quality, vigorous growth, high yield and no pests and diseases are collected for grafting. Modeling: The tree is spindle-shaped, with a fixed stem height of 80-85 from the ground. The main branches are spread at an angle of 6-8, and divided into 2-3 layers, with the spacing between the main branches of each layer of 15-20_. The pruning of young trees is mainly based on lengthening the head and cutting short, and the growth of branches in the growing period is mostly controlled by pinching. Fruit trees are mainly pruned for a long time, and the crown height is controlled at 3.5-4m. Combined with multiple pruning in spring, the ratio of leaf to fruit is 3-5:1to remove too many and too strong flower branches, and pay attention to keeping medium and long fruit branches. At the same time, the over-dense flower buds are thinned.

⑤ flower and fruit protection: artificial pollination or bee pollination is adopted in flowering period.

⑥ Thinning flowers and fruits: young fruits with too dense fruit thinning, combined with the leaf-fruit ratio of 3-5: 1, require too many small and weak flowers and fruits. The yield per plant is 20-25 kg, and the yield per mu is 800- 1000 kg.

⑦ Integrated pest control: based on agricultural and physical control, taking biological control as the core, scientifically adopting chemical control according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, effectively controlling pests and diseases. Principle of drug use: AA and A grade green food production materials and pesticide products are allowed to be used; When the agricultural products of AA and A grade green food production materials cannot meet the needs of plant protection, the following pesticides and methods are allowed to be used:

Pesticides from plants, animals and microorganisms are moderately or below toxic.

Sulfur preparation and copper preparation in mineral pesticides; Limit the use of some organic synthetic pesticides, and use pesticides scientifically and rationally according to the relevant guidelines for pesticide use.

Choose low-toxic and low-toxic pesticides; Prohibit the use of highly toxic, highly toxic, high residue or carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic pesticides; Each organic synthetic pesticide is only allowed to be used once in a crop growth period; Strictly control the dose and safety interval; Pay attention to the alternate use and reasonable mixture of pesticides with different crop mechanisms.

It is forbidden to use pesticides prohibited in the production of grade A green food and pollution-free food.

Mainly by spraying 0.3-0.5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture for sterilization, in order to enhance the tree vigor and improve the disease resistance of fruit trees.

Disease control: 5% bacterial toxin aqueous solution 100 times solution can be used to control rot and root cancer; 2% Nongkang 120 aqueous solution 100 times solution to prevent rot and ulcer. 27% Cu-Gui suspension emulsion 6000-8000 times solution to control branches.

Flow disease.

Pest control: 800- 1000 times of 0.3% matrine aqueous solution can be used to control yellow thorn moth and spider mite; 50%

Phoxim EC 1000- 1500 times solution was used to control scarabs and longicorn beetles. 5% cardek EC 1, 500-2000 times solution to control Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus urticae.

(4) product collection and post-harvest treatment: according to varieties, post-harvest uses, sales channels, market conditions, climatic conditions, etc. The suitable harvest period is determined by harvest maturity, fresh food maturity and physiological maturity. Manual picking shall be carried out in the order of crown first, crown first, lower level first and upper level first. Be careful not to pinch, touch, fall, squeeze, etc. Cause damage. Pick while picking, and pick out the sick, deformed, too small and damaged. The harvested fruits are classified according to their shapes, sizes and colors. Classified products should be packaged separately according to the purpose or different sales channels. All packages must meet the packaging hygiene standards. There should be a label in the package or the product name, place of origin, picking date, fruit standard grade, production unit and other items should be marked outside the package.

(5) Production record requirements: In the whole production process of Baqiao cherry, field production files should be established, comprehensively recorded and properly kept for future reference. Production records should include: the name, time and dosage of fertilization; The name, time, dosage and control object of the pesticide used; Time and method of weeding; Harvest time, quantity and sales area. The production records of each household must be kept for more than two years.

Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations

(1) External sensory characteristics: Baqiao cherry fruit is kidney-shaped or wide-heart-shaped, with bright and shiny color. Most varieties are bright red or purplish red, and a few are light yellow. The pulp is delicate and juicy, sweet and sour, with rich aroma and strong palatability.

(2) Internal quality indicators: average fruit weight 10g, maximum fruit weight 10g, and edible rate of 85-93%. Every100g of cherry contains carbohydrate ≥10g, protein ≥ 1. 1 g, vitamin A ≥ 32mg and iron ≥ 5.8mg.. ..

(3) Safety requirements: Baqiao cherry should meet the hygiene requirements in "Non-pollution food deciduous fruit" (NY5 1 12-2005).

Packaging identification and other relevant regulations.

(1) Fruit selection and classification: Baqiao cherry classifies the harvested fruits according to maturity and size.

(2) Packaging: Packaging shall be carried out in strict accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Packaging Labels of Agricultural Products.

Does not contain any preservatives, preservatives, additives and other substances, packaging materials meet the requirements of mandatory technical specifications.

(3) Identification: The packaging identification of the same batch of Baqiao cherries must be completely unified in form and content. The contents of the logo include the words "Baqiao Cherry" and its grade, place of origin, net weight, shipper's name, packaging date and code of the number selector.

(4) Storage and transportation: Baqiao cherry is mainly eaten fresh. Green Food Storage and Transportation Guide (NY/T 1056-2006) shall be implemented during transportation.