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Discrimination of interpretation methods

Common explanation methods include definition, explanation, comparison, analogy, classification, examples, figures, charts and so on. Some explanations are easy to be confused, and now they are divided into the following groups.

1. Definition and interpretation

Definition is an explanatory method to point out the essential characteristics of the explained object in concise and clear language and distinguish the objects that are easily confused with it. For example, "food is a substance that can form the body and supply energy."

Annotation, also called annotation, is a way to explain concepts. For example, the "rainbow" is mentioned in Seeing the Weather from the Clouds, which is interpreted as: "After the rain clears in summer, a colorful arc is often hung on the cloud curtain opposite the sun, which is the" rainbow ".

Both methods should use simple language to explain the characteristics of things, but their forms of expression and the rigor of explaining concepts are different.

Formally, when defining the essential characteristics of things, we often use judgment sentences to express concepts; This explanation can be expressed in a variety of sentence patterns.

Strictly speaking, definition requires revealing the essential characteristics of things, the connotation and extension of explanation are equivalent to things, and the object and content of explanation can be interchanged with the same meaning; However, the interpretation of the object of interpretation often focuses on the characteristics of a certain aspect of things, or explains its structure, reasons, functions and other non-essential factors, so the content of interpretation cannot be changed with the object of interpretation. The difference between the two can be shown in a chart. Definition: a is B and B is a √; Explanation: A is B and B is A × Here are some examples for comparison.

A. Overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process. (definition)

B. laser is a kind of light with pure color. (for interpretation)

C. the other is called heterotrophy. All animals and most microorganisms belong to this category. They can't make their own food and live on plants. (for interpretation)

Sentences a and b are both decisive sentences. A sentence explains the concept of overall planning method by definition, which can be changed to: a mathematical method of arranging work process is the overall planning method. The method used in the interpretation of sentence B is to explain laser from color. If it becomes "pure color light is laser", it is fallacy, because not all "pure color light" is laser. C sentence is not a judgment sentence, and the explanation content does not explain the essential characteristics of "heterotrophy", but only explains part of the scope, so it is an explanation.

Compare and compare.

Contrast method is an explanatory method to compare two kinds of things and phenomena in the same or different categories to illustrate the characteristics of things. For example:

The area occupied by the Pacific Ocean is almost equal to the sum of the other three oceans, which is fourteen times larger than the smallest Arctic Ocean.

② 12 steel roof trusses wider than the newly expanded Chang 'an Avenue in Beijing are hidden at the top of the auditorium.

Comparing the area of the Pacific Ocean with the other three oceans, and the area of the Arctic Ocean, this is a similar comparison. Compared with the pavement width of Chang 'an Street, the twelve steel roof trusses are heterogeneous.

Metaphor is a way to explain the characteristics of things by means of metaphor rhetoric. For example, the bridge opening of a stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow.

Both methods should be explained by familiar things. But the composition and function are different.

The basis of comparison is comparison point, and things are identified at the same comparison point; The basis of analogy is similarity, which connects two things. Compare the following two cases:

A. Silkworm's tiny body is a wonderful "processing factory". (symbolically)

B. All other animals eat raw food, and only humans can cook it. (for comparison)

The object and vehicle described in sentence A have similar functions, thus forming a metaphor. Sentence B compares "other animals" and "human beings" on "food" to form a comparative explanation.

Generally speaking, comparison and analogy have different expressions and different functions. Contrast method often compares two things by narrative or explanation, identifies them in comparison, and shows the characteristics of the explained object; Metaphor, on the other hand, vividly shows the characteristics of the explained object through description, giving people an image feeling, so as to understand the characteristics of the explained object.

3. The difference between classification and comparison

According to the shape, nature, cause and function of things, the way to explain things side by side is classification. For example, the description of "thin clouds in the sky" in Seeing the Weather from Clouds is to divide such thin clouds into cirrus clouds, cirrostratus clouds, cumulus clouds and stratospheric clouds according to their states.

Classification is different from comparison, as follows:

First, from the relationship between description objects, there is a subordinate relationship between classification description objects and classification description contents; There is a parallel relationship between the two things being compared. For example;

A. comparison includes similar comparison and heterogeneous comparison. Similar comparison is to compare two aspects of the same thing, while heterogeneous comparison is a different thing.

B there are comparisons between similar and heterogeneous comparisons, but the objects of comparison are different. Similar comparison is the comparison of different aspects of the same thing, while heterogeneous comparison is the comparison of different things.

Sentence A is classified and sentence B is contrast.

Secondly, from the purpose and function of explanation, classification requires explaining the scope of things, thus helping readers to understand things comprehensively; It is necessary to explain the characteristics of one thing different from other things, and to understand the characteristics of things by distinguishing them.

In the specific interpretation, various interpretation methods are often used synthetically and crossly, so we should pay attention to the distinction when reading. For example, the article "Why are flowers so red" explains that the process of natural selection is very slow, and artificial selection has greatly accelerated its process, and then says, "Another example is Dahlia, which is native to Mexico and has only eight red petals. The history of artificial cultivation is only two or three hundred years, but there are thousands of varieties with different shapes and colors. " From the context, this sentence illustrates that natural selection is slow, while artificial selection accelerates the evolution of flowers; From this example itself, the comparison method is adopted, and through comparison, it shows that artificial selection accelerates the evolution process of flowers; From the composition of contrast, the evolution process of flowers is illustrated by comparing characters. From this point of view, examples can be compared, the components of comparison can be explained by numbers, and various interpretation methods are not mutually exclusive.