What frame is suitable for northern Kyoho grape?

Simple facility cultivation of southern Kyoho grape with double hedges to avoid rain

Under the climate conditions of high temperature and high humidity in southern China, there is more rain, and there are many problems in grape cultivation. The main growth is too strong, the flowering period often encounters rainy or high humidity weather, pollination and fertilization are poor, and the flowering and fruit dropping are heavy, especially the disease is serious, which is hard to prevent and causes huge losses. Although tetraploid Kyoho grape with strong resistance has been cultivated, it is still difficult to overcome these problems in open field cultivation. Moreover, there are some problems, such as premature aging, serious phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits, poor particle size and poor coloring. The output often fluctuates greatly, which hinders the development of table grapes in South China. Grape cultivation techniques in protected areas were greatly developed in 1970s in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan Province Province of China, which are also hot and humid areas. The first two countries now account for about 70% of the whole grape planting area.

Rain shelter cultivation is an effective measure to overcome the shortcomings of grape cultivation in southern China. It is a method of covering the top of the tree crown with film to achieve the purpose of sheltering from rain. It is a type between greenhouse cultivation and open field cultivation, and has the characteristics of low investment and high benefit. Rain-shelter cultivation is a series of grape cultivation problems caused by reducing excessive rain through facilities, which is an intensive cultivation method to reduce costs and improve grape yield, quality and economic benefits. There are many ways of rain shelter facilities, such as conventional glass greenhouses and greenhouses, which can be selected and used according to local natural conditions, economic and technological conditions and production purposes; Among them, the rain shelter mulching method is the simplest and practical method, which accords with the national conditions and socio-economic and technical conditions of China, and is also the most common in Japanese and Taiwan Province provinces of China. In this way, Shanghai has successfully cultivated high-grade Eurasian table grapes which are difficult to cultivate in the open field in the south, produced high-quality fruits and achieved good economic benefits. After many years of experiments, it was shown that the varieties of diseases were reduced, blackpox and downy mildew were almost spotless, and the harm degree of powdery mildew was greatly reduced, thus reducing the spraying times and pesticide residue pollution on fruit surface and saving the cost of disease prevention. At the same time, it can prevent excessive growth, simplify technical measures and implement them in time, the growth of new shoots is easy to control, the fruit setting rate and yield are higher than those in the open field, and the quality is obviously improved.

Advantages and problems of 1

Shelter cultivation has many advantages. 1. The rain shelter period can reduce the harm of wind-rain-borne diseases, and the black pox, anthracnose and white rot are obviously reduced, especially the downy mildew is reduced by about 80%. The reduction of pesticide use times can also reduce pesticide pollution of fruits. Compared with grapes planted in the open field, rain-proof cultivation can reduce diseases spread by wind and rain, make leaves and fruits complete and prolong the life of leaves. For example, the research shows that rain shelter cultivation can reduce the disease types of early-maturing variety Jingxiu and late-maturing variety Hongti from 8 to 2, and the occurrence and spread of diseases can be controlled only by spraying drugs three times a year. At the end of March, when the grapes germinate, spray Pomeido stone sulfur mixture. Spraying 1500 times triadimefon to control powdery mildew in early June. Spraying 600 times metalaxyl and mancozeb to control downy mildew after grape harvest in early September. But in the open field, the annual spraying amount is more than 16 times, and there are still 20% ~ 30% ear anthracnose and white rot. The reduction of spraying times not only reduces the production cost, but also reduces the pollution to the fruit surface. The second is to improve the fruit setting rate and yield and improve the quality. The fruits planted in shelter from the rain are neat in shape, and the deformed fruits are greatly reduced. The fruit cracking of Jingxiu planted in the open field is serious, which shows that avoiding rain obviously improves the yield and quality of berries. The third is to reduce the cracking of cracking and cracking-prone varieties, and the fourth is to increase farmers' income and improve economic benefits. In addition, it can also improve labor productivity and save production costs. There are many rainy days in the growing period of grapes in southern China, about 60 days a year. Covering cultivation avoids the delay of rain and ensures the timely implementation of various technical measures, thus improving labor productivity. Simple rain shelter cultivation has the advantages of stable yield, good quality, good commodity, maturity 6 ~ 7 days earlier and high economic benefit. At the same time, the spraying time is not limited by the weather, the drug effect period is long, and high quality and high yield can be obtained.

There are also some problems in rain-proof cultivation, such as the light under the film is reduced by nearly one third before and during the growth of grapes, the flower bud differentiation is affected to some extent, and the inflorescence development and fruit grain expansion are also affected. Compared with greenhouse cultivation, the inflorescence elongation is weak, the fruit grain weight is about 1g, and the fruit coloring is slow.

Kyoho grape has been widely cultivated in southern China since 1980s. Kyoho grape has the following characteristics because of its large particles, beautiful appearance and high quality. Kyoho grape has quickly become the main grape variety in southern China because of its characteristics of one-year planting, two-year fruiting and three-year high yield. However, after four or five years of planting in rainy areas in southern China, there are many black pox, white rot and anthracnose, especially in recent years, downy mildew is serious and its drug resistance is serious. It is difficult to prevent and control, which also increases the production cost. It often leads to quality decline, reduced production or even no harvest. Our region has the characteristics of subtropical maritime climate, with annual average temperature 18. 1℃, annual effective accumulated temperature of 4999, 1℃, annual rainfall of 1980.6mm, rainy in spring and severe cold in summer, accounting for 849.8 i Ⅱ m from April to July. Since the spring of 2002, we have studied the cultivation of grapes in southern Hong Ju from rain.

2. Structure of rain shelter facilities for Kyoho grape

Build a shelter on the basis of a double cross V-shaped frame, and a row of grapes will build a small shelter. The trellis column is combined with the grape trellis column, the column length is 2.9 m, and it is buried 0.6 m. When the column is erected, the column should be symmetrical and the height of the column top should be consistent. A cross beam with a length of 1.8 m is erected at a distance of 40 cm from the top of the column as the cross beam of the shelter, with the same height. Every two columns are connected horizontally with long bamboo to enhance the wind resistance. If the area is large, the whole garden can be connected with thick lead wires without beams, and steel wires and anchor stones can be pulled on the east and west sides. At both ends of the garden, all the grape rows in the garden should be connected horizontally with long bamboo. At the top of the column, 5 cm away from the edge of the shed beam, pull a thick steel wire (two thin steel wires are needed) and use ***3 wires. Bamboo frame should not be used at the top of the column, otherwise the film will be easily damaged. The stranded wires of these three thick steel bars are led to the anchor stone outside the column 1 m and fixed, and the buried depth of the anchor stone is 50 cm. The arch piece is made of bamboo pieces with a length of 2.2 m and a width of 2.5 ~ 3 cm, one piece every 0.7 m, and the center point is fixed on the middle top wire. The arch should be planed flat. Cover the canopy arches with a film (3 wires) with a width of 2.2 m and a thickness of 0.03 mm, fix them with bamboo (wood) clips at intervals of 35 cm on both sides, and then press the film obliquely with a film pressing tape or cloth according to the spacing between the arches. The cloth strip should be firm and the film surface should be flat. To build a 667-meter shelter, about 370 arches with a length of 2.2 meters, 880 meters of wire drawing, 260 meters of film with a width of 2.2 meters and a thickness of 3 mm, and 16 kg of bamboo (wood) clips are needed. According to the price in 2002, it needs about 600 yuan (excluding cement columns). Arch frame is used for 3 years, steel strand is used for more than 5 years, and film is used 1 year. Double cross V-shaped frame is an ideal choice for rain-proof cultivation, with less investment (frame column and rain-proof column are combined into one), and the fruit ear is hung in the middle, so Hugo fruit ear with strong wind inclination can also shelter from rain. In the early and middle period, the leaf curtain is basically protected from rain, and there is a space of 70 ~ 90 cm between adjacent rain shelters, which has good ventilation and heat dissipation. Some leaf curtains can receive light directly before 9 am and after 3 pm, or they can be managed and sprayed with chemicals to prevent diseases in rainy days.

3 Precautions for rain shelter facilities

3. 1 The arch, beam and wire drawing are installed at the same height, and the two sides are aligned, which is beneficial to film covering.

3.2 The arch sheet should not be too thin, and should be planed to avoid damaging the film.

3.3 The film covering shall be smooth and the film belt shall be compacted.

4. Key points of cultivation and management using double-layer hedgerow shelter facilities

4. 1 It is cultivated in the open field from germination to flowering, and the cultivation management is basically similar to that in the open field. At this time, we should pay attention to the harm of black pox to young tissues, and it is best to spray 1500 times chlorothalonil.

4.2 After plastic film mulching, the harm of powdery mildew is aggravated. Pests have also increased. The prevention and control of powdery mildew mainly pays attention to the density of branches on the shelf and spraying drugs. Leave 60000-75000 stitches every h, which is convenient for ventilation and light transmission. Spraying 3-5 times of Dumex sulfur mixture when budding, 0.2-0.3 times of Dumex sulfur mixture after flowering, and spraying powder in autumn to show off.

Because the soil is easy to dry after mulching, attention should be paid to irrigation, and drip irrigation is the best.

4.4 When planting grapes with hedges, attention should be paid to controlling the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to prevent the new shoots from growing white. If necessary, it is controlled by spraying growth regulators. Generally, B9 is sprayed twice 7- 1o days before flowering, and topping is done in time.

4.5 In summer, the covered facilities can have a high temperature of 35℃, and the valley can be opened for ventilation and cooling. Other management methods are basically the same as the open field.

4.6 attention must be paid to controlling nitrogen fertilizer and increasing the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; Strengthen pruning in summer to maintain a reasonable density of branches and leaves; Prevent and control pests and diseases in time.

4.7 Film covering and film uncovering period. Shorten the rain cover time as much as possible. Cover the film before flowering at the latest. It is advisable to uncover the film before fruit coloring, and it is best to bag the ear before uncovering the film to prevent pests, birds and animals (such as mice) from damaging the fruit powder when it is ripe, and to protect the fruit powder from being washed away by rain. If bagging is used, the film uncovering time can be advanced. On the basis of preventing blackpox in the early stage, plastic film mulching at flowering stage and full light growth in the early stage are beneficial to nutrient accumulation, and the film is uncovered after grape harvest. Most Eurasian varieties are not resistant to black pox, so cover the film before germination and uncover the film after harvest. For mid-late maturing varieties, when the weather is mainly sunny or cloudy after bagging, the film can be temporarily uncovered, that is, the bamboo (wood) clamp on the west side is loosened, and the plastic film is moved to the east side (the film pressing belt is not moved), so that the leaves of lianas grow under full light, which is beneficial to nutrient accumulation and flower bud differentiation, and can alleviate the influence of high temperature; Cover the grapes with film for 15 ~ 2o days before harvesting. In case of moderate rain or heavy rain of more than 20 mm during the temporary film uncovering, pesticides that allow pollution-free cultivation should be sprayed once after the rain to prevent the spread of diseases such as downy mildew and anthracnose.

4.8 Maintenance of shed film. Check laminated tapes and bamboo (wood) clips frequently, especially during and after strong winds. If the adhesive tape is loose, it should be sorted and compacted in time, and if the bamboo (wood) clip is loose, it should be repaired in time. Check the shed film frequently. If the shed film is loose or displaced, it should be sorted in time, and the shed film must be kept flat. Repair the damage in time when it is found; If the strong wind causes extensive damage, cover the damaged area with film. In the south, from the ripening stage of grapes to the picking stage of ripe fruits, rainwater damaged by greenhouse film falls on leaf curtains and fruit ears, which is easy to cause anthracnose and must not be ignored.

4.9 vine fruit management. Fertilizer, water and soil management and disease control

4.9. 1 ear bagging Ears should also be bagged in case of rain. Bagging period can be postponed to the end of the first fruit expansion, which is beneficial to the increase of fruit particles in the early stage. Depending on the variety, bags can be removed 5 ~ 1o days before fruit ripening, which is beneficial.

The fruit is colored and sweetened.

4.9.2 Spraying foliar fertilizer, the author determined that the light under the film was 72.3% of that outside the film, and the leaves of lianas were slightly elongated, which affected flower bud differentiation and fruit ear coloring. Therefore, spraying foliar fertilizer 1 ~ 2 times a month has a better effect on deepening leaf color, such as Hailingfei 1, so as to improve photosynthetic efficiency.

4.9.3 Water and soil management. During the period of plastic film mulching, rainwater does not directly fall into the middle of the ridge, but only falls into the ridge and ditch. The edge of the cracked variety should be covered with straw to keep the soil moisture. In case of continuous sunny and cloudy days, irrigation or water spraying should be done properly to keep the border moist. No matter what kind of fruit it is, when it is sunny and cloudy, and when the edge is dry, it is necessary to properly supply water, which is conducive to fruit expansion.

4.9.4 Disease control Under the condition of plastic film mulching, we should focus on the prevention and control of gray mold and ear stalk brown blight before flowering, the prevention and control of black pox in the growth period of new shoots before flowering, and the prevention and control of downy mildew after film mulching. And pay attention to the prevention and control of powdery mildew.

5 rain shelter facilities cultivation techniques

5. 1 fertilizer and water management. The management of fertilizer and water is basically the same as that of conventional cultivation, with emphasis on pre-bud fertilizer, fruit swelling fertilizer, coloring fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer. After plastic film mulching, the branches and vines grow slightly white, so we should pay attention to increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and reducing the application of commercial nitrogen fertilizer. Drainage in time after rain to ensure that there is no water in the park.

5.2 Use hedge frame for shaping. According to the characteristics of the variety, bud smearing, shoot fixing and coring should be carried out in time, and the updated branch should be selected as the mother branch of the next year, with the weight of 22500 kg/hm after budding. Standardize and control the yield, timely thinning ears, thinning fruits and bagging.

5.3 Strengthen integrated pest control. Because there is more rain in the south, it is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases when building shelter. On the one hand, the garden should be thoroughly cleaned in winter, and the drainage and pruning of the orchard should be strengthened in summer to ensure good ventilation and light transmission in the garden and reduce the occurrence of diseases; On the other hand, spraying drugs in time to prevent diseases according to phenology. When the new shoots begin to grow before flowering, we should focus on the prevention and control of black pox, gray mold and black pox before flowering 10d to fruit-setting stage, black pox, downy mildew, white rot and anthracnose after fruit-setting and fruit-picking should focus on the prevention and control of downy mildew and brown spot. Give priority to prevention, and spray fungicides every 7 ~ 1d from April to June to prevent diseases. Prevention and treatment of black pox with carbendazim 800 times solution and Fuxing 8000 times solution. To control white rot or anthracnose, 65,438+0,500 times of Shigao, 65,438+0,000 times of Spock and 600 times of bactericide were selected. Prevention of downy mildew, metalaxyl 800 times, Daphne manganese zinc 800 times and so on. Use 1000 times prochloraz and 1000 times chlorpheniramine to control gray mold.

5.4 Cover with plastic film. Covering the surface of the box with black plastic film before germination can keep the soil loose, prevent weeds from growing, reduce diseases and improve fruit quality.

Effect of Hongjufeng shed cultivation on fruit setting rate and fruit setting quality of white rot of downy mildew.

Simple rainproof cultivation is beneficial to improve the fruit setting rate, especially in years with low temperature and rainy flowering period. In the spring of 2002, there was little rain, and the fruit setting rates in the cultivation area and the control area were 22.6 and 265, 438+0.2 respectively. In 2003, the flowering period continued to be low temperature and rainy, and the fruit setting rate in rainy cultivation area and control area was 24.3 and 19.8 respectively. Grape fruit in simple rainproof cultivation area is large, uniform and dense, good in color, rich in fructose, soft and juicy, moderate in sweet and sour, and low in sugar content, only 12.2 ~ L 4.5%. However, the climate in the control area is different every year, and the quality is also very different. In the spring of 2002, there was little rain. In the control group, the ear of fruit is larger, the fruit grains are even, and the sugar content is 65438 05%, but the fruit surface is obviously sick and the commodity is poor. In the spring of 2003, there was much rain, low temperature and irregular ears. There are not only many diseased spots and cracked fruits, but also many small fruits, with an average fruit weight of only 5.8g g.

Kyoho grape is cultivated in the rainy climate in the south, with simple shading facilities, stable yield, good quality, good commercialization, and high economic benefits. At the same time, the spraying time is not limited by the weather, the drug effect period is long, and high quality and high yield can be obtained. However, rain-shelter cultivation artificially changed the microclimate in the garden, and the temperature in the garden was higher after mulching, which was beneficial to flowering, fruiting and fruit development, but it also caused excessive growth of branches and leaves and poor ventilation and light transmission, which was beneficial to the prevalence of red spider, gray mold and ear stalk brown rot. Covering for too long will also affect the fullness of branches. Therefore, it is necessary to control blue nitrogen fertilizer and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; Strengthen pruning in summer to maintain a reasonable density of branches and leaves; Prevent and control pests and diseases in time, and shorten the rain cover time as much as possible. Cover the film before flowering at the latest. The time of uncovering the film should be before the fruit is colored, and it is best to bag the ear before uncovering the film, so as to prevent pests, birds and animals (such as mice) from harming the fruit at maturity, avoid pesticide pollution of the fruit, and protect the fruit powder from being washed away by rain and affecting the appearance. If bagging is used, the film uncovering time can be advanced.

At present, China's socio-economic and technical level has been greatly improved, and greenhouse cultivation has been widely used in the production of vegetables and strawberries, so it can ensure capital investment and technical level. Double-hedge cultivation will become a new way to cultivate Hong Ju grapes with high yield, high quality and high efficiency in high temperature and multi-temperature areas in southern China, especially suitable for popularization and development in urban suburbs.