Where are the main producing areas of cigarettes?

Brief introduction of main tobacco producing areas in China

Northeast tobacco-producing areas

The northeast tobacco-producing area connects Daxing 'anling in the west, Xiaoxing 'anling in the north, Changbai Mountain in the east, Liaodong Peninsula and Bohai Bay Plain in the south, including most areas of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces. The main outstanding problem in this area is insufficient heat. Because of the high latitude, the winter is long and cold, and the growing period is short. The growing season in the north is only 100 ~ 120 days, and it can reach 140 ~ 180 days in the south. The accumulated temperature in most areas is greater than 10 degrees, less than 3000 degrees, and only 2000 degrees in the north. The annual precipitation is 400 ~ 800 mm, which is more in the east and north, and it is dry and windy in spring. The annual sunshine hours are 2300 ~ 3000 hours, and the sunshine percentage is above 50 ~ 60%. In the transitional zone between plain and mountain, the soil pH value is 5.9 ~ 6.3, the salt content is low, and the land conditions are suitable for planting flue-cured tobacco.

According to the different hydrothermal conditions and development direction, it is divided into three secondary areas:

● Sun-cured tobacco area in Songnen Sanjiang Plain

The area mainly includes the lower reaches of Songhua River, namely Songhua River-Nenjiang Plain and Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang and central Jilin. The planting area of sun-cured tobacco accounts for 65438 0.4% of the whole country and 65438 0.8% of the total output. In recent years, the planting area of flue-cured tobacco has grown to10.2 million mu.

● Flue-cured tobacco areas in Liaoning plain hills

This area includes the central plain of Liaoning Province, the western Liaoning Corridor and the Liaodong Peninsula. Flue-cured tobacco branches are located in Xifeng, Kaiyuan, Qingyuan Haicheng, Xingcheng, Jinxi and other counties, covering an area of about 50,000 mu.

● Flue-cured tobacco drying area in Changbai Mountain area

This area includes Changbai Mountain in the southeast of Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning and its extended hilly areas. It is the main producing area of Kanto tobacco, which has been introduced for more than 300 years and has many famous sun-cured tobacco. At present, it is mainly distributed in Fengcheng and Kuandian in Liaoning Province, Yanji, Helong, Angu and Wangqing in Jilin Province, and Peony in Heilongjiang Province.

There are many kinds of sun-cured tobacco in northeast tobacco-growing areas, which are widely distributed, collectively known as "Kanto tobacco". There are two kinds of sun-cured tobacco: red tobacco and yellow tobacco. The characteristics of sun-cured tobacco in the tobacco-changing area are strong, exciting and fragrant, which has always been liked by northern tobacco farmers, but most of them can only smoke for fighting cigarettes. Some local varieties, such as sun-cured tobacco in Yanbian, Jilin, can be used as raw materials for high-grade mixed cigarettes. Flue-cured tobacco leaves are thin, mostly lemon yellow, with bright luster, high sugar content, low nicotine content, miscellaneous aroma, low intensity and good aftertaste, which is suitable for filling cigarettes.

Southwest tobacco-growing areas

Southwest tobacco-growing areas are located in the southwest of China, including most of Yunnan Province, all of Guizhou Province, southern Sichuan, Chongqing, southwestern Hubei and southwestern Guangxi. The vertical difference of climate is obvious, and the crops range from one crop a year to three crops a year. The accumulated temperature in most areas is above 4,500 degrees, 10 degrees, including 3,400-6,000 degrees in Yunnan Plateau, 4,000-5,000 degrees in Guizhou Plateau, and 4,000-7,000 degrees in northern Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan. The annual average precipitation is about 1000 mm, which is more than that in the west, with uneven precipitation and more in summer. Flue-cured tobacco was planted earlier, and the perennial flue-cured tobacco planting area accounts for about 20% of the national flue-cured tobacco area.

According to different hydrothermal conditions and development types, tobacco-growing areas are divided into four secondary areas.

● Flue-cured tobacco sun-cured areas in mountainous areas of western Yunnan

Including Dali Prefecture, Chuxiong Prefecture, northern Dehong Prefecture and most parts of Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan Province, it is a new flue-cured tobacco area developed in Germany in the 1970s. At that time, the planting area of flue-cured tobacco was 6.5438+0.76 million mu, and most areas produced sun-cured red tobacco, among which Tengchong and Baoshan were famous for sun-cured red tobacco.

● Flue-cured tobacco sun-cured areas in mountainous areas of Sichuan-Yunnan Plateau

Including Zhaotong area in northeastern Yunnan and Bijie area in western Guizhou, most of them are mainly sun-cured tobacco, which is not suitable for developing flue-cured tobacco due to climatic conditions.

● Cutting flue-cured tobacco in hilly areas of Guizhou Plateau.

Including cutting hills and counties in most parts of Guizhou province, southwest Hubei and south Sichuan. Among them, flue-cured tobacco has a long history and has been planted since 1930s. Guiding and Fuquan are especially famous for flue-cured tobacco, which is rich in sun-cured tobacco resources. Huishui in Guizhou, Tianzhu in Dushan, Fenfeng and Mayang are all fragrant raw materials for mixed cigarettes.

● Flue-cured tobacco drying area in Yunnan Plateau

Including central Yunnan, northern and southern Panjiang Valley in Guizhou, dextral and Hongshui River Valley in western Guangxi. The tobacco leaves produced in Yuxi and Jiangchuan regions are of good quality and are indispensable raw materials for rolling high-grade cigarettes. The sun-cured tobacco resources are also quite rich, such as Bahe sun-cured tobacco in Shizong and Xilin of Luoping, Binbin tobacco in Ceting of Guizhou, Baling tobacco in Xingren, and sun-cured tobacco in Wangmo and Luodian, which have high industrial utilization value.

Tobacco growing areas in northern and western China

The tobacco-growing area starts from Xiaoxing 'anling in Heilongjiang in the west, passes through Daxing 'anling, along the southern edge of Mongolian Plateau, passes through the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and reaches Gongshan Dulong Nu Autonomous County in Hengduan Mountain area on the southwest border, including western and northern Heilongjiang, western Jilin, Inner Mongolia, most of Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai-Tibet, western Sichuan and northwest Yunnan. The area has a long history of planting yellow tobacco, and most of them are self-sufficient. Only the Yellow River tobacco in Lanzhou Shuiyan River is more commercialized and has formed a relatively concentrated production area.

Great and small Xing 'an Mountains in the northern part of tobacco-growing areas have high altitude, the soil freezing period is more than half a year, the accumulated temperature 10 degrees, and the frost-free period is only 80 ~ 120 days, which limits the development of ordinary tobacco. The northern and western parts of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, as well as Gansu and Xinjiang, are located in the center of Eurasia, far from the ocean. The climate is dry, the precipitation is mostly below 100 mm, and the evaporation is large. The wind is strong in many areas, which is not suitable for the development of all kinds of tobacco, including Huanghua tobacco. Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other parts of the country have good heat conditions. The accumulated temperature above 10 degrees is 2600 ~ 4300 degrees, but the climate is dry. In most areas, the precipitation is less than 100 mm, the evaporation is as high as 2000 mm, and the soil is generally salinized to varying degrees, so it is not suitable to plant ordinary tobacco, but it is suitable to plant yellow tobacco. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, a dry climate, a accumulated temperature of 10 and a frost-free period of less than 2,000 degrees, and is not suitable for tobacco planting. Only a few areas can plant yellow-flowered tobacco.

Southern tobacco-growing areas

Including southeastern Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, southern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and southern Yunnan, it is located on the southern slope of southern China, and the region fluctuates greatly. Generally speaking, the northern boundary of this area is the dividing line between the south subtropical zone and the middle subtropical zone. The hydrothermal conditions are the first in China, with high temperature and rainy weather, with an annual average temperature of more than 20 degrees, and the accumulated temperature of 10 degrees is 6500-9500 degrees. There is no real winter, the frost-free period is 300-3600 days all year round, and the coldest temperature exceeds 12 degrees. Crops can be cooked three to four times. The precipitation in most areas is 1400 ~ 2000 mm, concentrated in May ~ 10. The precipitation in May ~10 in Hainan Island and southern Yunnan accounts for 70 ~ 80% of the whole year. The wet and dry seasons are obvious, and there are many rainy days. The rainy days in most areas are around 150 days.

The soil in this area is mainly red soil and latosol (latosol), and latosol is mainly distributed in Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula and Xishuangbanna. Latosol is the representative soil in the humid area of south subtropical zone, which is generally distributed in low hills below 1 1,000 m, yellow soil is mostly distributed in hills above 500-800m, and black stone lime soil is distributed in gentle karst canyons and slopes, with thick texture, good structure and rich in organic matter and mineral nutrients. Red calcareous soil is distributed between gentle foothills and karst canyons, with heavy texture, neutral and slightly acidic reaction and slightly low fertility. In addition, there are fertile paddy soil in the hilly areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi, but it is not suitable for planting flue-cured tobacco.

About 6,543.8 0.02 million mu of flue-cured tobacco is planted in this tobacco-growing area, accounting for 654.38 0.02% of the national flue-cured tobacco area, and the total output accounts for 6% of the national total. The quality of flue-cured tobacco in southern Fujian is better than that in southern Guangxi and western Guangdong. Although it is an area where winter flue-cured tobacco is planted, the temperature is low and the temperature is low because the King of Heaven is vulnerable to the cold wave for a long time. After April, precipitation increases, rainy days are frequent, and the light is insufficient, which is not conducive to harvesting and ripening. Due to the influence of the following crops, flue-cured tobacco can not be fully matured, but the quality of winter tobacco is poor, and the yield is low and unstable. In recent years, many areas have switched to spring tobacco, and the quality of tobacco leaves has improved.

The development direction of tobacco in this area is to adjust the layout, compress the winter flue-cured tobacco in western Guangdong and southern Guangxi, and change the winter tobacco in southern Fujian into spring tobacco; Fully tap and develop sun-cured tobacco production, and establish a raw material base for cigars and high-quality mixed cigarettes.

Huanghuai tobacco-growing area

Tobacco-growing areas start from Beipiao-Chicheng-Guyang line in the north, Huaihe line in Qinling Mountains in the south, Baotou-Bichi-Baoji line in the west and Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea in the east, including southeastern Inner Mongolia, all of Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, most of Shaanxi, Henan and Jiangsu, north of Huaihe River in Anhui and Beijing-Tianjin area. The territory is vast and the heat varies greatly from place to place. In the north, such as Inner Mongolia and along the Great Wall, the hydrothermal conditions are poor. The accumulated temperature greater than 1 degree is only 2500 ~ 3200 degrees, the frost-free period is 135 ~ 150 days, the annual precipitation is 350 ~ 400 mm, and the south is a warm temperate zone. The accumulated temperature greater than 10 degrees is 4000 ~ 4500 degrees, the frost-free period is 175 ~ 220 days, the annual precipitation is 500 ~ 800 mm, the rainfall season is unevenly distributed, and it is concentrated in summer rainstorm, which often causes floods.

The soils in this area are chestnut soil in the north, loessial soil and Black loessial soil in the western loess hills, yellow tidal soil in the North China Plain, black soil in Jiang Sha in Huaibei and cinnamon soil and brown soil in Shandong hills. The ph value of tobacco mouth soil is 5.8 ~ 8. 1. Except for brown soil in Shandong hills, leached cinnamon soil and Huanggang soil in central Henan, the content of salt and chlorine in many areas is high.

This area is the largest flue-cured tobacco producing area in China, with a long planting history, distributed in 229 counties, with a planting area of more than 3 million mu, accounting for about 40% of the country. The total output of flue-cured tobacco exceeds 9 million tons, accounting for a large part of the total output of flue-cured tobacco in China. Especially "Qingzhou Tobacco" in Shandong and "Xuchang Tobacco" in Henan are famous for their good quality and enjoy a certain reputation in the international market. However, in recent years, due to various reasons, the quality of flue-cured tobacco has been declining, while the hilly areas in western Henan and central Shandong show the potential to produce high-quality tobacco leaves and are replacing them.

The future development direction of flue-cured tobacco in this tobacco-growing area is to adjust the layout, reduce the production areas unsuitable for planting, moderately develop tobacco-growing areas with suitable ecological conditions, regionalize varieties, standardize cultivation techniques and improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

Central China tobacco-growing area

Including Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces in the south of the Yangtze River, mainly sun-cured tobacco, and flue-cured tobacco has also been developed in recent years. In particular, flue-cured tobacco in Hunan has developed rapidly. Since the 1970s, nearly 90% of the counties in this province are heavily cured tobacco, while the hilly areas in the south are relatively concentrated. Guangfeng, Jiangxi, Tongxiang, Zhejiang, Huanggang, Hubei, Enshi, Zhejiang and Xinchang are famous all over the country for their excellent quality. The climate in this area is characterized by a frost-free period of 250-300 days, an annual average temperature of over 65,438+05 degrees, an annual rainfall of over 65,438+000 millimeters, a rainfall of over 70%-65,438+00 months in May, and an annual average sunshine of over 65,438+0500 hours. Flue-cured tobacco is mainly planted on hilly slopes and dry land.