What are the different theories of Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism? I don’t understand. . .

Taoism: Taoism advocates that Tao follows nature, is natural and does nothing, and advocates living in harmony with nature. The characteristic of Taoist thought is that it is all-encompassing and inclusive. Among the schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, although Taoism does not have as many disciples as Confucianism and Mohism, and its status is not as high as Confucianism, with the development of history, Taoism has shown its unique understanding of the universe, society and life in philosophical thought. Eternal value and vitality. After Buddhism was introduced into our country, it was also influenced by Taoism, and Zen was inspired by Zhuangzi in many aspects.

Confucianism: Confucius’s thought centered on “benevolence” and believed that “benevolence” means “loving others”. He put forward arguments such as "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "If you want to establish yourself, you should establish others, if you want to achieve yourself, you should achieve others", advocated the way of "loyalty and forgiveness", and believed that the implementation of "benevolent government" should be based on "propriety" : "Restraining oneself and restoring propriety is benevolence." Regarding the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, they adopt a skeptical attitude, thinking that "if you don't know life, how can you know about ghosts" and "if you don't know fate, you can't be a gentleman". He also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the views of "learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril" and "reviewing the past to learn the new" and other views. He pioneered the private teaching style, advocating teaching in accordance with aptitude, "teaching without distinction", "never tired of learning, never tired of teaching", emphasizing that "a gentleman will love others when he learns the Tao, and a villain will learn the Tao easily". In politics, he put forward the idea of ??"correcting names", believing that "lords, ministers, fathers and sons" should all live up to their "names", and put forward the view that "not to worry but to worry about inequality, not to worry about poverty but to worry about insecurity" . Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucianism has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years and has had a great influence.

Mencius inherited and developed Confucius’ thoughts on moral governance and developed it into the theory of benevolent government, which became the core of his political thought. He applied the principles of "kinship" and "longevity" to politics to ease class conflicts and safeguard the long-term interests of the feudal ruling class.

Mencius closely integrated ethics and politics and emphasized that moral cultivation is the foundation for doing good politics. He said: "The foundation of the world lies in the state, the foundation of the country is at home, and the foundation of the family is in the body." Later, "Xiu Qi Zhiping" proposed in "The Great Learning" was developed based on Mencius's thinking.

Mencius summarized moral norms into four types, namely benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. At the same time, he summarized the relationship between human beings into five types, namely, "father and son have kinship, monarch and ministers have righteousness, husband and wife have distinction, elder and younger have order, and friends have trust."

The highest category of Mencius' philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius's idea of ??destiny, eliminated the remaining meaning of personal God, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Sincerity is the way of heaven." Mencius defined the moral concept of sincerity as the essential attribute of heaven, and believed that heaven is the origin of the inherent moral concepts of human nature

Mo School:

Universal love

Complete fraternity (opposite to Confucian kinship, it expands the way of treating relatives such as father's kindness, son's filial piety, brothers and friends, brothers and sisters, etc. to other strangers).

Non-offensive

Opposition to aggressive wars (wars are harmful to the loser, damaging lives and talents, and are meaningless destructive actions. But for the victor, they are just Several cities and taxes were gained, but overall the damage and losses were huge, so war was a meaningless act).

Respect the virtuous

Only those who are worthy should be promoted regardless of high or low.

Shangtong

Serve the people with one heart and one mind, and promote the interests and eliminate disadvantages of society (there is a saying called "Shangtong", which believes that the emperor is the head of the officials, and the people obey the orders of the officials, and The same as above, this is the meaning of "the same as above").

Heaven's will

Master the laws of nature (there is a saying that the emperor administers affairs on behalf of heaven, and from the same concept as above, it is inferred that the people act according to the will of heaven).

Understanding ghosts

Respect the wisdom and experience of the predecessors (there is a saying that the Mohists are not superstitious when they say what ghosts do, but they hope to use the theory of gods and ghosts to make people vigilant and not do evil).

Fei Ming

Control your own destiny through hard work.

Feiyue

Get rid of the shackles of hierarchical rituals and music, and abolish the tedious and extravagant production and performance of chimes (in ancient times, music was time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive, and had no productive role in the country. It’s a useless thing).

Save money

Save money to expand production. Oppose luxury and pleasure life.

Festival burial

Do not waste social wealth on the dead (Confucian rich burial consumes money, and mourning lasts for three years. After three years, the person is weak and needs help to get up, which affects National productivity is a waste).

In addition, there are logic, etc.; Mozi was also an outstanding scientist. He made significant contributions in mechanics, geometry, algebra, optics, etc., which are beyond the reach of contemporary scholars. The achievements of Mohism in science have been praised by many scholars. Cai Yuanpei, the first Minister of Education of the Republic of China, believed that "Mozi was the only one who governed science well in the pre-Qin Dynasty." Historian Yang Xiangkui said that "the scientific and technological achievements of Mohism in ancient China are equal to or exceed those of the entire ancient Greece.

Legalism: The core idea of ??Legalism is to lead society with the rule of law. Their theoretical basis is that all things are based on Tao. The fundamental purpose of legalism in promoting the rule of law is to lead the society with the rule of law. Their theoretical basis is that all things are based on Tao, and law is the embodiment of Tao in society. . The fundamental purpose of legalism in promoting the rule of law is to enrich the country and strengthen the army.