What is notoginseng?

Sanqi (Burke. Pseudoginseng notoginseng (Burke. ) Hoo et Tseng], alias Tianqi, Hansanqi, Panlongqi, Ginseng Sanqi, and Gold Don't Change. It is a perennial herb of Araliaceae. Location: Yunnan, Guangxi; Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces are also cultivated, selling well all over the country and exporting a lot. Notoginseng was first recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica, and Li Shizhen said, "He said that he had three leaves on the left and four on the right, so he named it Notoginseng, but I'm afraid it's not. Or cloud, whose real name is mountain lacquer, means that it can alloy sores, such as lacquer adhesive, which is similar to it. If you don't exchange gold, you will also exchange valuable things. Also, he was born in the mountainous area of Dong Fan in southern Guangxi. " Use roots and rhizomes as medicine. Commercial Panax Notoginseng contains about 65,438+02% total saponins, which are similar to those contained in ginseng by TLC identification, mainly ginsenoside Rb 65,438+0, Rb2, Rc, Rd, re, RG 65,438+0. In addition, it contains pseudo-ginseng acid. Panax notoginseng saponins are hydrolyzed to obtain panaxatriol, followed by panaxadiol, and oleanolic acid is not detected. Sweet, slightly bitter and warm in nature. Has hemostatic, blood stasis removing, repercussive and analgesic effects. Used for hematemesis, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematochezia, dysentery, metrorrhagia, postpartum hemorrhage, traumatic hemorrhage and carbuncle. Cooking with it has the function of enriching blood and benefiting qi. In recent years, it has been used to treat angina pectoris of coronary heart disease, and Huadong granule has a good effect on hypertension.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 20-60 cm, the rhizome (reed head) is short, and there are traces of old stems. The meat of the taproot swells into a conical or short cylindrical shape, with a length of 2-5 cm and a diameter of 1-3 cm, with branches, brown or dark brown surface, warty protrusions and transverse lenticels. The stems are cylindrical, green or purplish red. Leaves palmately compound, opposite or whorled at the top of the stem, 5-7 leaflets, oval or oblong obovate, a pair of smaller bases, bristles on two veins, fine serrations on the edge, and flowers only once every two years. Umbellies are solitary at the top of the stem, with a total pedicel length of 30cm, bisexual flowers, yellow-green, 5 stamens and 5 petals; Pistil1; Style 2, stems connate, ovary inferior. The fruit is berry-shaped, nearly kidney-shaped, bright red at maturity, then purple, with 1-3 seeds, oblate and white (figure 14- 1 1).

Fig.14 ——11Notoginseng Morphological Diagram

1. Plant Morphology 2. Flower 3. Fruit 4. Natural medicine

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development characteristics

The seeds of Panax Notoginseng will mature in the last ten days of 10, and they will be sown when they are harvested. After the embryos mature, they emerge and spread their leaves at the temperature of 10- 15℃ in February-April of the following year. After May, the average temperature was about 24℃, and the plant height was stable at 10- 13 cm. There is only one palmately compound leaf, which consists of five leaflets. Generally can't blossom and bear fruit. By June 12, tuberous roots with dormant buds were formed, commonly known as "subbands".

After the cuttings are transplanted, they emerge in July, March and April, and the stem height is 13- 16 cm. In the middle and late May, the average temperature is 23-24℃, which starts to flash, and it blooms in July-August, and begins to bear fruit in mid-August, with an average temperature of 65438+1late October. Two years seven becomes three years seven, and three years seven becomes four years seven.

One compound leaf in seven years, 2-3 leaves in two years. Flowers began to bloom in July of the following year, with 70- 100 florets, and in July of the third year, each plant spent 95- 160 flowers. There are about 5 fruits per plant in July of two years and about 15 in July of three years. The 1000-grain weight of seven biennial seeds is 250-260g, and that of seven three-year seeds is 270-285g. With the increase of cultivation years, the yield of panax notoginseng increased, with the fastest growth rate of 84.20- 152.52%, followed by four years seven > five years seven > six years seven. As the main medicinal part, the growth rate of root tuber is the same as the yield, but it has been quite slow for five or seven years, and the growth rate in that year is below 10%, while the rhizome with little economic benefit in the secondary medicinal part grows faster in three to four years, and the growth rate is still quite high after five years, which is 2-3 times higher than that of root tuber. From this point of view, after four years of cultivation, the yield growth of Panax notoginseng is mainly

(2) Environmental requirements

Panax notoginseng is a narrow subtropical alpine medicinal plant in ecological amplitude. The yield of Panax notoginseng in China is distributed in the range of 23-24 north latitude and 0/04-/0/07 east longitude. The climatic conditions of Yanshan County in Yunnan and Jingxi County in Guangxi are as follows (Table 14- 16).

Table14 ——16 Climate of Yanshan County and Jingxi County

Note:1958 ——1961annual average.

The climate of the two producing areas is a transitional feature between tropical and subtropical, and it is neither cold nor Leng Xia in winter. Yunnan generally has high altitude, low temperature, large annual temperature difference and low annual relative humidity, and dry weather often occurs in autumn and winter. Guangxi has low altitude, high temperature, small temperature difference, annual rainfall greater than evaporation, high relative humidity and less drought. Sanqi's requirements for the environment are:

1. temperature

The climate in the main producing areas is warm in winter and cool in summer, with mild climate. The annual average temperature is 16- 19.3℃, the highest temperature is July, and the average temperature does not exceed 25℃, and the annual ≥30℃ does not exceed 45 days. The lowest temperature is 65438+ 10 month, with an average of not less than 8℃, and the annual temperature difference is 7-65438+. Panax notoginseng grows continuously for 3-5 days at a high temperature above 30℃, and the plant is prone to disease. When the absolute low temperature is 10℃ in winter, the flower buds will not be severely frozen, but the flowering and fruiting will be delayed. When the low temperature is below 10℃, the transportation of plant nutrients will be hindered, which will affect the fullness and maturity of seeds.

The main producing areas are generally around 1500m in Yunnan, and 700- 1000m in Guangxi. According to the investigation of planting at different altitudes, the altitude is too low, the temperature is too high, the daily temperature difference is small, the breathing intensity is high, the nutrient consumption is large, and the accumulation is small. Therefore, the yield is low, the fruit is few, there are many pests and diseases, and it is easy to die early. When planting Panax notoginseng for four years in Nanning (elevation 120m), the yield is less than half of that at elevation 1000m, so it can't bear full seeds. Therefore, planting Panax notoginseng should be in areas above 700m above sea level.

Step 2: Moisture

The growth and development of Panax notoginseng needs a humid environment, which generally needs 25-30% soil moisture. When sowing in dry weather, when the soil water content is lower than 20%, it will seriously affect the germination of seeds and aged Panax notoginseng. When the soil moisture content is 16.7% in March and April, the seedlings wither by more than 30% in one year and 5-65438+ in two years. Therefore, the soil in Sanqiyuan must be kept moist, but too much water is easy to cause root rot.

lamplight

Panax notoginseng is an undergrowth plant, and its growth needs a cool and weak light environment. Therefore, it is required to build a shade shed for breeding, and the light transmittance of the shade shed varies with the seasons and breeding sites. If the light transmission in the shade shed is too large, the plants will become shorter, the leaves will turn yellow, and the red spider and anthracnose will be more serious; On the contrary, in the case of weak light (light transmittance of 25%), the plants grow taller and more delicate, with dark green leaves, poor root development, late flowering and few fruits.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) breeding method

1. Seed collection

Three or four-year-old Panax notoginseng orchards should be selected for seed collection. Biennial seeds are small and not full, so they are not suitable for planting. Seed maturity can be roughly divided into three batches, the first batch is from mid-October of 65438+1early October of 65438+ 10, and the second batch is from mid-October of 165438 to 10. If the seeds are not harvested in time, they will naturally fall off, so the first and second batches of seeds can mature into bright red fruits with full fruits and high germination rate. The third batch of seeds cannot mature because of low temperature, and the seeds are small and not full. Therefore, one or two batches of seeds should be selected when planting, and large seeds with a 1000-grain weight of more than 300g should be selected, so that the cultivated seedlings are robust, resistant to pests and diseases, with high yield and good quality.

The harvested seeds should be properly preserved to prevent excessive drying, mildew and rodent damage. Spread the seeds thinly on the bamboo mat and put them in a ventilated and cool place for 3-5 days. When the skin is slightly dry, peel the seeds into single seeds and sow them. If there are many diseases and insect pests on the seed coat, it is best to rub the seed in running water and wash off the skin, but don't scratch the seed when washing the skin. It is worth noting that seeds should not be exposed to the sun. If you can't sow all day, keep it at home to prevent rats. If they cannot be planted in the near future, they should be stored in wet sand.

2. Seed disinfection and sowing

The sowing season is165438+1early to late October. Before sowing, disinfect the seeds with 0.2-0.3 degree sulfur mixture of Pomei for 0/0 minute, or disinfect the seeds with 200-300 times zineb for 0/5 minute, and then sow as needed. It is best to make a toothed seeding plate with a certain spacing in advance, and the tooth length is 4.5cm. When the seeding plate is pressed on the border, neat seeding holes will appear, that is, a sterilized seed will be put into each hole, and then the border surface will be leveled and covered with a small wooden knife. Generally, the thickness of covering soil is 1.5cm, and it is appropriate to cover the border with straw to keep moisture, with 80% coverage. See table 14— 17 for the sowing amount per mu.

Table14 ——17 Seeding Amount

Note: The land use area is 50-60%.

(2) Land selection and land preparation

Choose loose red soil or brown red soil with good aggregate structure. The terrain should be gentle slope with a gradient of 5- 10 degrees, which is beneficial to drainage and nursing. If the slope is too large, soil and fertilizer are easy to lose, and the shade shed is easy to collapse. The slope faces the southeast slope, and the west slope has strong sunshine. Anthracnose and red spider of Panax notoginseng are more serious.

The water source should be convenient, which is not only the domestic water for nurses, but also the water for Panax notoginseng to fight drought and prepare pesticides to control pests and diseases. Therefore, the establishment of Sanqi Garden should be near the water source.

Choosing a place with rich materials to build a shade shed for Panax notoginseng requires a lot of wood and other covers. If a Sanqi Garden is built far away from materials, it needs a lot of manpower to carry it. Therefore, the Sanqi Garden should be as close as possible to the material-rich place.

2-3 months before planting, plough the selected land for many times to make the soil fully weathered and finely divided. At the same time, weeds, roots and stones in the garden should be picked out. When ploughing for the last time, it is best to spread a layer of dry weeds on the ground to burn the soil, or sprinkle a layer of lime on the topsoil, about 25 kilograms per mu, which can accelerate the soil weathering and kill the pests and diseases on the topsoil.

(3) Building shade sheds and fences

The growth of Panax notoginseng should avoid strong sunlight. Therefore, it is necessary to build a shade shed (commonly known as "roof") for cultivation, so that direct light can be turned into diffuse light, which is beneficial to the growth and development of Panax notoginseng. The covered shade shed must be firm, and the materials used must be durable, and it will not collapse for at least 3-4 years. The shade shed should be rectangular, with a width of 20-30m and a length of 60-70m, with an area of 2-3mu per garden and a spacing of 3-4m, which is conducive to air circulation and convenient management, and Panax notoginseng grows well. In addition, the roof of the shade shed should be flat. If it is not uniform, it will not only be difficult to adjust the light transmittance in the garden, but also cause the inconsistency of temperature and humidity in the garden, which will affect the growth and development of Panax notoginseng.

The height of the shade shed is generally around 1.5m, which can be slightly lower in areas with low temperature and slightly higher in areas with high temperature. At present, there are two kinds of shade sheds: (1) wood structure: all shade sheds are wood structures, and the shade sheds are covered with ferns or reeds. (2) Wood column (cement column) iron wire structure, using wood column (cement column) as shed column, pulling iron wire on the column, weaving reeds into small squares with the width of 10- 12 cm, and covering the shade shed grass.

The garden is surrounded by wood and ferns (commonly known as "fences") Fences can prevent livestock from breaking into stumps and direct sunlight. The fence should form an angle of 40-60 degrees with the garden. In the southwest of Sanqiyuan, due to the strong sunshine, the fence is denser, while the northeast is slightly more transparent.

At the same time, a shed should be built in the center or edge of the garden for guards and nursing staff to live in.

(4) border tillage and base fertilizer application

After setting up the shed, plow and rake the ground again, and then make the bed. The width of the bed is 50-60 cm, the height is 15- 18 cm, and the distance between beds is 40 cm. Generally, 3000-4000 kg of base fertilizer is applied per mu, with cow dung accounting for 30-40%, peat ash accounting for 60-70% and calcium, magnesium and phosphorus accounting for 25-30 kg per mu. The base fertilizer must be fully fermented and decomposed, finely ground, evenly spread on the border, and turned into the 6- 10 cm soil layer in the border with a hoe.

(5) transplantation

After a year of growth, the seedlings to be transplanted are called subbands. The subbands should be transplanted before the second year after sowing 1 month and before the dormant buds germinate. If the soil is dry and hard before transplanting, it is difficult to dig seedlings. Water once 5 or 6 days before digging, and dig seedlings after the soil is wet.

When digging seedlings, we must pay attention to picking out cuttings with broken roots and serious pests and diseases, especially rotten roots. At the same time, we should grade them while digging, which can be roughly divided into: 1000 plant weight is Grade I, 1.5-2.5 kg is Grade II, and 0.5- 1.5kg is Grade III.

Before planting, the disinfection method of sub-strips is the same as that of seeds, and the row spacing and the required number of seedlings are as follows (table14-18).

Table14 ——18 Subzone Planting Specifications and Seedling Quantity

Note: The land use area is 50-60%.

The first-grade sub-zone is robust and occupies a large area of nutrients, so it should be planted thinly, and the second-grade and third-grade sub-zones can be slightly dense. When planting, ditch 3-5 cm deep at a certain row spacing on the border, and then plant the bud head of the sub-strip at a downward inclination of about 20 degrees. For the convenience of management, the level of the whole Sanqi Garden should be consistent, and the direction of the buds planted should also be consistent. After planting, cover the soil about 3cm, and then cover the ground with straw, covering about 80%.

There are two ways to apply base fertilizer to seed strips. One is to spread the base fertilizer evenly on the border, mix it into the soil layer of 10- 12 cm with a hoe, and then plant it. The other is to cover the sub-strips with a thin layer of soil after putting them away, and then cover the sub-strips with fertilizer, but often the fertilizer is immature or carries germs, leading to bud or root rot. So be careful.

(6) Site management

1. Water spraying for flood control

When there is a spring drought, it will not only affect the unearthed seeds and shoots, but even dry up and die. Even if unearthed, the leaves will wither and curl. Autumn droughts often occur. At this time, it is the flowering and fruiting period of Panax notoginseng, which seriously hinders the transport of nutrients to the seeds, and the seeds will be dry and not full, and at the same time, more diseases and insect pests will occur. Therefore, in case of spring drought or autumn drought, we must fight drought and spray water in time.

It is not advisable to sprinkle water at high temperature at noon, because it is easy to cause Sanqi to wither and fall leaves, and it should be carried out in the morning or evening. It's best to sprinkle it gently on leaves and soil with a watering can, and don't splash water hard.

In the rainy season, if the Sanqi Garden has poor drainage, excessive water accumulation, high temperature and high humidity, the leaves will wither easily and there will be many diseases and insect pests, especially root rot. Therefore, before the rainy season comes, it is necessary to clean the drainage ditches in and around the park.

2. Weeding and topdressing

Weeds not only compete for nutrients of Panax notoginseng, but also affect the normal growth of Panax notoginseng, which is a hotbed of diseases and insect pests. So weeding must be done well. Weeding should be done 1-2 days after rain, and be careful when weeding. Weeds near the roots of Panax notoginseng should be held down with one hand and gently pulled out with the other hand so as not to affect the roots of Panax notoginseng. Where notoginseng has holes or exposed roots, it should be covered with thin fine soil.

Topdressing should master the principle of "small amount and more application" to ensure the needs of Panax notoginseng in the whole growth period. At the early stage of seedling emergence, plant ash was sprayed on the border for 2-3 times, with 25-50 kg per mu each time, so as to promote the strong tissue of seedlings and reduce the harm of pests and diseases; Manure mixed with fertilizer was applied once a month from April to May, and the dosage per mu was 500- 1000 kg, which promoted the lush growth of plants. Cow dung accounts for 30-40% and peat ash accounts for 60-70% in the mixed fertilizer; From June to August, when Panax notoginseng enters the stage of pregnancy, bud, flowering and fruiting, it needs to be mixed with fertilizer for 2-3 times, each time 1000- 1500 kg, and the proportion of mixed fertilizer is the same as above, and about 25 kg of phosphate fertilizer is added.

Panax notoginseng topdressing is mostly applied by spreading. Break the mixed fertilizer, and when the dew is dry, spread it evenly on the border. Then gently stir the leaves with a stick to make the fertilizer stuck on the leaves fall, and then gently stir the frame to cover the grass, and the fertilizer will fall on the soil surface.

3. Adjust the transparency of shade sheds and fences.

The light transmission in the shade shed is closely related to the growth and development of Panax notoginseng. The light transmission is too small, there are many diseases and insect pests, few fruits and low yield. Excessive light transmission is easy to die in the sun. The adjustment of shade shed should be decided according to different seasons. In early spring, the temperature is low, and the light transmittance should be 60-70%, so as to exercise the seedlings and make them strong. After Tomb-Sweeping Day, the temperature will gradually increase, and the shade shed should be gradually densified to be semi-cloudy and semi-sunny (with a light transmittance of 50%). It should also be adjusted according to the location of the garden. At the foot of a mountain or under the shade of a mountain, the transmittance should be increased. In the Sanqi Garden in the plain and hilly areas, if the direct sunlight lasts for a long time every day, the light transmittance will decrease.

Fences can prevent strong sunlight and livestock from trampling. However, the fence should not be enclosed like an iron bucket, otherwise, due to excessive humidity and many pests and diseases, Panax notoginseng will grow poorly. Therefore, the sunshine in the west is strong, the fence should be dense, the light transmittance should be 40-50%, and it can be slightly sparse in the southeast. In addition, fences 50 cm above the ground can be removed to reduce humidity and ventilation.

After sowing or transplanting, cover the border with straw or thatch in the third and seventh gardens every year, commonly known as "shed". Greenhouse can prevent the growth of weeds, keep moisture and prevent soil hardening, but it should not be too thick, which will lead to excessive soil moisture or adverse effects on the growth and development of Panax notoginseng by greenhouse fermentation.

Step 4 pick flowers

When the flower stems of seedless Panax notoginseng are removed, the nutrients are not transported to the direction of flowers, the yield can be doubled, the big Panax notoginseng is obviously increased, and the disease resistance of plants is enhanced. Therefore, except for small-scale Taneda, other large-scale Panax notoginseng should be picked, especially in July of the following year, the fruit yield is not much, the fruit is small, and it is more important to pick all the flowers. The picking time is 2-3 cm after picking flowers in early June.

Three-and four-year-old Panax notoginseng orchards with strong growth, no pests and diseases and full fruits should be selected as Taneda. When bolting in June, 377, densely planted leaflets (commonly known as "leaves and leaves") around the disk will consume a lot of nutrients, which is not conducive to flowering and fruiting; There are also some small inflorescences attached to or beside large inflorescences, with too many flowers and scattered nutrients, and small inflorescences do not bear fruit at the same time. In order to concentrate nutrients, the mosaic and mutated flowers should be removed in time. In order to prevent too many fruits and plants from being easily broken by red seeds, a bamboo stick of about 6-7 cm should be inserted 6-7 cm away from the plants, and the pedicel and bamboo stick should be tied with a rope about 3 cm below the flowerpot to support the flowerpot.

5. Winter care

About half a month after planting Panax notoginseng (65438+early February), the aboveground stems about 3cm from the ground should be cut off and the dead stems and leaves should be collected. Except the weeds inside and outside the garden, all of them are burned outside the garden, and the soil is fully sprayed with 0.2-0.3 Baume sulfur mixture for disinfection. If tuberous roots or rhizomes are found exposed in the border, they should be covered with fine soil, and then 60% should be applied per mu. In addition, the wood or wire of the shade shed should also be thoroughly inspected. If it is found to be moldy or damaged, it should be replaced and maintained in time to avoid being damaged. The light transmittance of the shade shed should also be adjusted to about 60%, which can increase the sunshine in the garden, raise the ground temperature and promote the growth and development of Panax notoginseng in the next year.

(7) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Root rot

(Fusarium. )

Also known as rotten chicken excrement, it harms the roots, and the affected roots are gradually grayish-white soft carrion juice with a foul smell. It usually happens in the rainy season in June, July and August. The longer the planting period, the more serious the disease. The diseased plants often rot from the lateral roots to the main roots, or yellow-brown spots appear at the head and base of the rhizome, which expand and spread continuously, leading to all rot, abnormal leaf color, and then wilting and drooping at the upper part until the whole plant dies. Prevention and control methods: strictly select land before cultivation to avoid continuous cropping; Don't hurt the roots when transplanting, pay attention to drainage; Preventing underground pests; If a diseased plant is found, it should be pulled out in time. Mild ones should be disinfected with 200 times copper sulfate or 1: 1: 100 bordeaux solution for one minute and planted separately. Those who are seriously ill should be dug out for treatment, and the diseased spots should be disinfected with lime to prevent spread.

2. Yellow rust

(American ginseng. )

The main symptom is that both sides of leaves are covered with rust powder, which can also occur in buds, stems, floral axis, fruits and other parts. Seriously damaged, leaves fall off, flowers wither and die, and fruits fall off. It is harmful to all ages of Panax notoginseng, and the longer the cultivation period, the more serious the disease. Prevention and control methods: clean the garden in winter, cut off the diseased leaves above the ground, collect the dead leaves, concentrate them outside the garden and burn them, and then spray Bomei 0.2-0.3 degree stone sulfur mixture once; Strengthen nursing in early spring. If a diseased plant is found, it should be removed in time. Sanqi Garden with frequent diseases can be controlled by Bomei 0.2-degree sulfur mixture or triadimefon 1000 times solution.

3. Anthrax

(Anthracnose. )

The diseased spots on the leaves are gray-green, with concentric rings, and then turn brown, with pink or black spore piles on them, which are broken and perforated in the later stage. They are "dry" in hot and dry weather and "wet rot" in rainy season. The diseased spots on stems, pedicels and fruits are obviously sunken, and floral axis and stems are seriously broken after being injured, which is called "twisting the upper plate" or "twisting the lower plate". Guangxi has low altitude, high temperature and much anthrax. Prevention and control methods: adjust the transparency of shade shed to make it uniform; Clean up the garden and dispose of the remains; Spray1:1:200 bordeaux solution or mancozeb 800- 1000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease.

4. white ash disease

(Oidium sp .)

White powder appeared on leaves, pedicels and fruits after onset. It usually happens in April-May or August-September. Control method: spray Bomei 0. 1-0.2 degree sulfur mixture or 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution.

5. Epidemics

[Lebert et Cohn)Schr? r]

Also known as "rotten leaves". Dark green irregular spots appear on the diseased leaves or petioles, which darken and soften the affected parts in the later stage. Leaves are translucent like scalded water, and then dry and droop. Prevention and control methods: cut off the above-ground parts immediately after picking fruits and clean the countryside; Spray1:1:200 times bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution before onset.

6. damping off

Rhizoctonia solani. )

It is the main disease in seedling stage, which occurs before emergence, and the soft rot of seeds does not emerge. After the emergence of seedlings, waterlogging spots and brown depressions appeared at the base of seedlings, which gradually overflowed and shrank, and the seedlings fell down and died. Prevention and control methods: the seeds are disinfected with Pomei 0. 1 degree stone sulfur mixture; In early spring, the light transmittance of the shade shed should be 60-70% to increase the sunshine in the garden; When the disease is found, spread 25 kilograms of plant ash per mu and spray 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000- 1500 times or 50% carbendazim 1000 times.

7.black spot disease

Alternaria ginseng )

The diseased stems and leaves produce nearly round or irregular waterlogged brown spots, and dark brown mildew spots are produced in the center of the spots. The seriously ill stems and leaves died and the fruits were moldy. This disease mostly occurs in Yunnan. Prevention and treatment: Remove the burn of diseased leaves and spray with polyoxin 100-200 unit solution or chlorothalonil 1000 times solution.

8. Short-bearded mite

(short-tailed bat. )

Adults and nymphs concentrate on the back of leaves to suck juice and draw nets, which makes the leaves turn yellow and finally fall off, and the inflorescences and fruits are damaged, shrinking and drying up. Prevention and control methods: remove weeds inside and outside the garden in winter, collect dead leaves in the garden and burn them, and fill the loopholes in the shade shed in time to make the shade shed shine evenly. Spraying 0. 1-0.3 degree Bomei sulfur mixture or 120- 150 times of 50% methamidophos emulsion or 1000 times of 20% amitraz emulsifiable concentrate.

9.peach aphid

Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

It is available all year round, especially from March to September. Sucking plant juice makes leaves curl and plants dwarf, which seriously affects development. Control method: See Safflower Aphid.

10. Coccus. And mealybug

It mostly happens on stems and small flowers, sucking plant juice, and the small flowers wither and fall off after being damaged. Prevention and control methods: See Rofwood, India.

1 1. slug

(Agriolimax sp .)

As a mollusk, it eats stems and leaves, flowers and fruits, and can also burrow into the soil to damage roots and tubers. On rainy days, they are active all day; On dry days, they come out to eat at night and in the morning, and they lurk under the soil surface or shed during the day. Control methods: Sprinkle lime around the fence, trap and kill with vegetable leaves, or spray 3% lime water or 600-800 times mirex.

There are also small ground tigers, leaf rollers, crickets and mice, which can be lured and killed by the poisonous bait of Dalong.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest age and time

With the growth of cultivation years, the yield of Panax notoginseng increased gradually, but it grew slowly in five and seven years, and then it mainly grew by roots. Therefore, it takes four years of cultivation to harvest Panax notoginseng. At the same time, after four years, the epidermis of Panax notoginseng gradually became rough and wrinkles increased, and the processed epidermis was not smooth enough. In addition, most of the scaffolding of Panax notoginseng rotted, the soil hardened and the root rot rate increased. Therefore, it is advisable to harvest Panax notoginseng in four years, and the harvesting time in August-September after fruit harvesting is better than that in165438+1October, because in August, root tuber is rich in nutrition, with high yield, high drying rate of taproot, generally 25-30%, heavy weight, smooth skin and obvious chrysanthemum heart in the internal tissue; After the fruit was harvested in June,165438+1October not only had a low yield, but also had a low taproot dry rate, which was generally 18-20%. At the same time, the product has many skin wrinkles, light weight, many internal bubbles and no obvious chrysanthemum heart. Therefore, medicinal materials are called "Chunqi" when harvested at flowering stage and "Chunqi" when harvested after fruiting.

For those who take measures to pick flowers, the harvesting time should be delayed, because after picking flowers, the transport of nutrients to flowers and fruits is reduced, while the leaves continue to synthesize new nutrients, resulting in an increase in yield month by month. Therefore, it is best to postpone it to 165438+ 10. After 65438+February, new buds have germinated, nutrients have been transformed, and the yield and quality have been improved.

(2) Processing method

When harvesting, gently pry the root from the edge with a small shovel or stick to prevent digging out the main root. After digging, remove the stems and leaves from the ground, wash the soil with water, cut off the fibrous roots and dry them separately.

Notoginseng Radix whose fibrous roots have been cut off should be exposed to the sun for 2-3 days. When it is about 60% dry, the branches and roots should be cut off separately, but it should be cut off from the surface of the root tuber at a height of 65438 0 mm. After drying and shrinking, the incision is just flush with the surface of the root tuber, and the surface of the finished product is smooth and beautiful. The root tuber with branches and rhizomes cut off should be dried in the sun for 2-3 days, and rubbed for the first time with light force to avoid breaking the skin, and then repeatedly dried and rubbed to make it firm. Or put the roots in a rotating drum to make them collide and rub with each other, and then rub them in the sun once a day, or put them in a drum to rotate once, and repeat this for 4-5 times until the roots are smooth, round and dry.

In case of rainy weather, it must be baked with fire, so it is necessary to build an oven indoors. Pay attention to the temperature when roasting notoginseng, generally 36-38℃. Too low temperature will not only prolong the baking time, but also easily lead to root rot. Too high a temperature will scorch the roots. When baking Panax notoginseng, the firepower must be even, not high or low. When baking, it should be turned over frequently, and the layers should be changed frequently, so that the product can be strong and there will be no scorching and cavitation inside the product.

In order to improve the smoothness of the appearance, the dried product can be kneaded again or put into a roller, and some Chinese alpine rush or mung bean can be added during kneading to increase the friction, so that the product is smoother and more beautiful and the texture is more solid. The cut roots, branches and fibrous roots are dried separately, and the products are called "incision", "tendon" and "fine root of Panax notoginseng". Sanqi generally produces 60-70 kg of dry goods per mu.

two-thirds

(Chen Zonglian)

Trifoliate is a perennial herb of Solanaceae. Mainly distributed in Lijiang county in northwest Yunnan, but also cultivated. Take root as medicine. The content of total alkaloids in roots is 2.11-3.18%, including scopolamine, scopolamine, anisodamine and coumarin. The types and contents of alkaloids vary with origin, growing environment, harvest time and different parts of plants. Pharmacological and clinical experiments show that two-thirds of the second-rate extract has similar pharmacological effects to belladonna fluid extract, and a small dose can relieve smooth muscle spasm, while a large dose can dilate pupils and reduce saliva secretion. It tastes bitter, spicy and cold. Have a big poison