Advantages and disadvantages of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River

After the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, a huge reservoir will be formed to stop the flood, which will improve the flood control capacity of the Jingjiang levee downstream from once every 10 years to once every 100 years, with a flood control capacity of 7.3-22 billion cubic meters.

In case of flood like 1954, the Three Gorges can reduce the flood diversion100-1500 million cubic meters, and the Jingjiang-Wuhan section still needs to divert 35-40 billion cubic meters.

In case of 1998 flood, it can be effectively defended.

Step 2 generate electricity

The Three Gorges Hydropower Station is the largest hydropower station in the world, with a total installed capacity of18.2 million kilowatts.

The annual output of this hydropower station is equivalent to the energy generated by the complete combustion of 40 million tons of standard coal.

The installed capacity is (26+6) × 700,000 (182,000+4.2 million) kw, and the annual power generation is 846.8( 1000) kwh.

Mainly supply Central China, East China, South China, Chongqing and other regions.

3. Ships

The Three Gorges Project is located at the intersection of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with a unique geographical position. It can divert the upper reaches of Sandouping to Chongqing, increase the flow of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River below Gezhouba Water Control Project, fully improve the navigation conditions between Chongqing and Wuhan, and meet the needs of the long-term development of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

The navigation capacity can be increased from 6,543,800 tons per year to 50 million tons.

The Yangtze Three Gorges Water Control Project has great benefits in aquaculture, tourism, ecological protection, environmental purification, development and resettlement, South-to-North Water Transfer, water supply and irrigation, etc.

In addition, there are comprehensive utilization efficiencies such as aquaculture, water supply, irrigation and tourism.

face a problem

1, the impact on the cultural relics in the reservoir area

The submerged area of the Three Gorges Project is more than 600 kilometers long, so that a large number of cultural relics and historical sites are submerged under water after the water storage in the Three Gorges reservoir area reaches 1.75 meters. Therefore, from 1.996, the state issued protection funds as scheduled, and the rescue protection excavation of cultural relics in the Three Gorges reservoir area began.

Among them, the important cultural relics include Fuling Baiheliang, Zhongxian Shi Baozhai and Fang Ding Shuangque-Wumingque, Yunyang Zhangfei Temple, Fengdu Ghost Town and Fengjie Bai Di City. In addition, there are 5 important ancient plank roads, 56 stone inscriptions and 7 ancient bridges/kloc-0. There are 58 important sites and 45 tombs (cemeteries) in the underground cultural relics.

Among them, the famous fengjie county Caotang ancient human fossil site is the only fossil site in the Three Gorges reservoir area. Chu Tomb in Yunyang County, Longji Stone Carving in Northern Song Dynasty, Dachang Ancient Town in Wushan County in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Daning River plank road built in Tang Dynasty, etc.

Ground cultural relics to be submerged, such as Zhangfei Temple in Yunyang County, Yong 'an Palace in fengjie county, Wen Jia Courtyard in dachang town in Wushan County, Jiangdu Temple and Xintan Residence in Zigui County, Dingfangque-Wumingque in Zhongxian County, and ancient bridge, are all rebuilt according to the original technology, raw materials and prototype system (most of them are located outside the adjacent submerged area).

The famous Baiheliang stone carving at home and abroad adopts the original site protection method of building a museum 40 meters underwater. After completion, visitors will be able to visit the stone carvings underwater, and the cliff stone carvings will be cut and moved to other places as a whole.

At the same time, a modern museum, the Three Gorges Museum, was built in the center of Chongqing to collect a large number of cultural relics unearthed in the first-line excavation work.

It is undeniable that although a number of precious and representative cultural relics have been preserved through a large number of surprise cultural relics protection and rescue excavations, it cannot be guaranteed that all cultural relics will be preserved. There are still a large number of cultural relics that have sunk below the submerged line, and it will be difficult to dig them up again.

2. Impact on ecology and environment

The impact of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the ecological environment mainly includes two aspects: (1) The beneficial impact is mainly in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, including reducing the damage of floods to the ecological environment, reducing the pollution of coal burning to the environment, and reducing the siltation of Dongting Lake.

The adverse effects are mainly in the reservoir area. In addition to flooding cultivated land, changing landscape, and mass migration, it also affects rare species, weather, reservoir bottom floods, landslides, earthquakes, terrestrial plants and so on.

climate

After impounding, the Three Gorges Reservoir, as a typical river reservoir, has a certain regulating effect on the surrounding climate, but its influence range is not large.

The influence range of temperature, humidity, wind speed and foggy days on both sides of the strait is not more than 2 kilometers horizontally and 400 meters vertically.

The annual average temperature does not change more than 0.2 degrees, the monthly average temperature in winter and spring can increase by 0.3~ 1 degree, and the monthly average temperature in summer can decrease by 0.9~ 1.2 degrees. The extreme maximum temperature can be reduced by 4 degrees, and the minimum temperature can be increased by about 3 degrees; Relative humidity will increase by 3%~6% in summer, by 1%~3% in spring and autumn, and by 2% in winter.

After the completion of the reservoir, the annual precipitation will increase by about 3 mm, affecting several kilometers to dozens of kilometers around the reservoir, depending on the terrain; Still need to be alert to the impact of summer drought on agriculture.

The average wind speed will increase by 15%~40%. Because the average wind speed in the reservoir area is only about 2m/s before the reservoir is completed, the wind speed is still small after it is completed.

terrestrial plant

There are 120 families, 380 genera and 560 species of terrestrial plants directly affected by floods.

Most of them are widely distributed in areas unaffected by floods.

So it will not cause species extinction, but three precious plants must be protected.

1 Adiantum lotus leaf

The national second-class protected plants and specialties in the reservoir area are distributed intermittently from Wanzhou District in the east to Xituo District in Shizhu County in the west, with a length of nearly 100 km and a depth of 3-5 km on both sides.

This is the only place in the Asian continent.

The protection measure is to establish a 2-square-kilometer species protection point in Sandaohe Village, Xinxiang, Wanzhou for artificial cultivation.

2 sparse flowering cypress branches

There are few endemic plant provenances in the Three Gorges area, and their distribution range is narrow, so their classification and geographical distribution are of scientific research value.

The tree shape is beautiful and has potential ornamental value; Young branches and leaves can be used as medicine.

It is distributed on both sides of the Yangtze River in Zigui, Badong and Wushan counties, with an altitude of less than 200 meters.

The protected area was selected in a tree-concentrated production area in Zigui County.

3 spread the name of god

There is only one endemic plant in China, perennial herb, which is a precious medicinal material.

The wild origin is Liantuo, Yiling District.

Wild species distributed in shale fractures at an altitude of140m are extremely rare.

The site is located downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Although it is not affected by floods, it may be damaged when building external roads or other facilities, so the protection point is located in Liantuo, Yiling District.

hydrobios

White dolphin

Baiji dolphin is a cetacean freshwater dolphin, a national first-class protected animal and a rare aquatic mammal in China. It has been listed in the list of endangered species in the world, distributed in the reach from Zhicheng, Hubei Province to the Yangtze River estuary, about 1600 km. Due to the increase or improper human activities over the years, the death of baiji has increased (including fishing gear death and blasting operation in rivers)

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the discharge and water depth in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River increased during the dry season, which was extremely beneficial for the baiji to overwinter.

Stranding death is expected to be avoided, but due to the development of shipping in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the number of incidents in which Baiji dolphins are killed by ship propellers in the middle reaches will increase.

Therefore, the Baiji Dolphin Nature Reserve will be established in Silla section of the Yangtze River, with a total area of1.35km from Luoshan to Xintankou section. This area has an open river surface, tortuous rivers and a water depth of about 25 meters, which is the most densely distributed water area of baiji at present.

Chinese sturgeon

Acipenser sinensis belongs to ACIPENSER family, which is a national first-class protected animal and a large migratory fish.

After the gonad develops to the third stage of love, the young fish will enter the Yangtze River estuary and migrate to the lower reaches of Jinsha River for mating and reproduction.

The Gezhouba Project blocked the migration route of ACIPENSER sinensis from the Yangtze River estuary to the Jinsha River on June 5438+098 1. 1.00.

For this reason, the State established the Institute of Artificial Breeding of Chinese Sturgeon in Yichang, and released young sturgeons to the Yangtze River regularly.

By the end of 1984 to 200 1, * * * was released into the Yangtze River, reaching 4 million.

The Three Gorges Project is located in the upper reaches of Gezhouba, and there is no problem of blocking the migration route of Chinese sturgeon. However, the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project in June+10/October every year will reduce the discharge compared with the natural discharge, which may interfere with the habitat and spawning activities of the Chinese sturgeon in the lower reaches of Gezhouba.

3. Immigration

After the completion of the Three Gorges Project, the flooded area will involve 20 districts, cities and counties in Hubei and Chongqing, and eventually there will be1130,000 people, of which Chongqing will flood 16 districts, accounting for about 85% of the total number of immigrants in the reservoir area.

According to "highlighting key points, combining far and near; The progress of resettlement is related to the progress of the project; In the case of funds in place, the resettlement should be sooner rather than later. The state has made a detailed plan for the resettlement project in the Three Gorges reservoir area, requiring all districts, cities and counties to complete the resettlement task in four phases according to the plan.

These four periods are: the first period is from 1993 to 1997, and the second period is from 1998 to 2003; The third period is from 2004 to 2006; The fourth period is from 2007 to 2009.

The resettlement of the second phase of the Three Gorges Project has been completed. The completion acceptance of the second-phase national resettlement project shows that more than 700,000 people have been relocated in the reservoir area, accounting for 62% of the total planned population, including 6,543.8+0.42 million immigrants.

All the 382,500 migrants below the water level of .35m in the second phase of the Three Gorges Project/KLOC-0 have been relocated on time.

In the next six years, the Three Gorges reservoir area will need to relocate nearly 80,000 people every year.

4. Geological disasters

1990 to 2005, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Third Construction Committee and the Ministry of Land and Resources allocated special funds to carry out special studies on the geological disasters of the Three Gorges Project, and successively carried out special studies on dozens of related issues such as "Study on the Stability of the Three Gorges Reservoir Bank" and "Report on the Master Plan for the Treatment and Resettlement of Submerged Reservoir Areas and Landslides".

Among them, the study on the stability of the reservoir bank of the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River * * * found 404 collapses and landslides, with a volume of 654.38+10,000 cubic meters and a total volume of 2.936 billion cubic meters, and found 90 debris flow gullies, and made a detailed investigation of 26 major landslides, evaluated and predicted the stability of the landslides seized in the reservoir area, and divided the unstable reservoir sections; In the Master Plan Report of Landslide Treatment for Flooding and Resettlement in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of the Yangtze River, 302 landslides below1.75m (including those seized by the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period) were seized, with a total volume of 3.334 billion cubic meters, and 30 landslides were planned to be prevented. The Ministry of Land and Resources completed the investigation of geological disasters in 20 counties (cities, districts) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and found 5384 geological disasters in the areas under the jurisdiction of 20 counties (cities, districts) in the reservoir area (including the Three Gorges Reservoir Area), mainly landslides, collapses and mudslides, including landslides of 389 1 and collapses of 6 17 (including dangerous rocks). Completed the investigation of geological disasters in the reservoir area 19 counties (districts), established 19 county-level monitoring stations, and initially established a monitoring and forecasting network for group monitoring and prevention; Completed the risk zoning of geological disasters in the Three Gorges area; The demonstration area for monitoring and forecasting geological disasters in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River has been built ... Since the 1990s, the state has invested huge sums of money to control geological disasters in the Three Gorges reservoir area.

Although the management of geological disasters in the Three Gorges has played an unquestionable positive role in solving geological disasters in the reservoir area, ensuring people's life safety and traffic safety, there are still many problems in the current geological disaster management. In some places, the governance effect has not been achieved, and in some places, the governance effect is not obvious. More often, people neglect the protection and construction of the local natural and cultural landscape in the management process, which has caused certain damage to the local natural and cultural landscape, greatly affected the landscape quality of the Three Gorges and weakened its impact.