I wonder who Meng Changjun and Liu Xiahui are. What is their story?

Many people know that there was a great leap in history "Meng Changjun". Where is he from? Answer: Zaozhuang.

Tian is very famous. Attacking father Tian Ying, sealing Xue (now southeast of Tengzhou, Shandong Province) as, sealing. His father "Jing" Tian Ying is Qi Weiwang's youngest son and Qi Xuanwang's half-brother. When Tian Ying was in Qi Weiwang, she served with her father and often led troops to fight. During the reign of Wang Xuan, he also made outstanding contributions. In the second year (3 18 BC), he won a great victory in the "Battle of Maling" with Wei. Tian Ying tried his best to maintain the status of Qi in the hegemony of princes. In seven years, Tian Ying was sent to North Korea and Wei. After some management, the two countries "harmony is the most important thing". And "with Han Zhaohou, Wei Huiwang will be southeast of Qi Xuanwang, alliance and go" ("Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun"). In eight years, he "reunited with Liang". Tian Ying's activities constantly consolidated and improved Qi's position among princes. In the ninth year of Wang Xuan (3 1 1 BC), Tian Ying was appointed as Qi Guo Xiang, and he has been in office since then 1 1 year. In 298 BC, Tian Ying was sealed in the Snow Emperor and won a territory for Meng Changjun.

Meng Changjun was alert since he was a child, so he gradually gained the trust of his father Tian Ying. Tian Wen is one of more than 40 sons of Tian Ying. Because he was a concubine, he was born on May 5th (Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun), Tian Ying decided to give up Tian Wen and "not raise him" (at that time, it was thought that the son born on May 5th would be bad for his parents). But my mother secretly raised Tian Wen. Tian Ying scolded Wenmu angrily. Tian Wen took the opportunity to kowtow to his father and asked him why he didn't let the children born on the fifth day of May be raised. Tian Ying's reason is that "being a child in May will be bad for parents." Tian Wen also asked whether a person's birth was decided by heaven or portal, which made Tian Ying speechless. Tian Wen took the opportunity to tell his father, "I am God's will. What are you worried about?" If you must be ordered by the residents, you can prick up your ears. Who can get there! Tian Ying knew that she was indefensible, so she had to say to her son, "My son retired" (Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun). Tian Wen won the first confrontation between father and son. Although my father did not give up his prejudice against him, Wen's agility naturally left a deep impression on his father.

After a long time, Tian Wen took advantage of his father's leisure and first asked tactfully, "Why is it his son's son?" The father replied, "For my grandson." He asked again, "Why is it Sun's grandson?" Answer again: "For great-grandchildren." "Why is it the grandson of great-great-grandchildren?" The answer is: "I don't know." Tian Wen then raised a very sharp question: "The monarch and things are in harmony. Up to now, the three kings, the state of Qi is not wide, but the monarch is rich and there are no sages under the door. " There must be a general in the door, and there must be a phase in the door. Nowadays, the imperial harem is full of flowers, but the scholars can't be (short) brown, and the male and female servants are full of meat, but the scholars are tireless. You still have a lot of money to hide today. It's getting worse and worse to want to know who you are and forget about public affairs. "Tian Wen warned his father with a high sense of political responsibility. As an important minister of the country, he should focus on the cause of the country, not just his own self-interest. After hearing these words, Tian Ying was deeply moved, put aside the past and loved Tian Wen very much. Therefore, "it is a gift to let the host treat you" and send him to preside over the family affairs and receive guests. Under the auspices of his son Tian Wen, Tian Ying's "guests are increasing day by day, and his reputation is far spread among princes". The ministers "all made people ask Tian Ying to take Wen as the prince" (Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun), and Tian Ying finally became the prince. After Tian Ying's death, Tian Wen attacked his father's knighthood in the snow.

Meng Changjun is famous for his kindness and generosity. Meng Changjun is good at employing people and recruiting wise men. Under his door, "the guest has no choice" and "princes, guests and people who are condemned to death" are all good at it. In order to attract talents to the maximum extent, we do not hesitate to "give up the basics and be generous and virtuous", thus "dumping talents in the world", with more than 3,000 diners and a large number of talents. Meng Changjun is considerate to diners and their families, and often "asks relatives where they live" and then "asks them to leave their relatives" (Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun). In memory of Corporal Li Xian, Meng Changjun and his diners ate the same food. Once, a diner was ashamed because he mistakenly thought that the food in Meng Changjun was better than theirs. He apologized to Meng Changjun and committed suicide. Meng Changjun is therefore more popular. "Scholars belong to Meng Changjun for this", and everyone regards Meng Changjun as "pro-self". Meng Changjun's generous treatment of diners not only relieved people's worries, but also made them grateful and moved to the extreme, so they often stood up at critical moments and served Meng Changjun to death. These people are Meng Changjun's most precious wealth, which not only saved his life in times of crisis; In addition, they also devoted themselves to making suggestions for Meng Changjun, which was an important support for Meng Changjun to be active in the political arena during the Warring States Period. One of the most famous stories is The Story of Feng Xuan. In this story, Feng Xuan appeared as a freak, and Meng Changjun satisfied him many times, but did not abandon him. In a series of events, such as buying righteousness, going to the Three Caves of the Coward Rabbit and going to the State of Qin, Feng Xuan made great contributions, which is closely related to being kind to others and making friends.

Zhao Haoqi of Qin heard about Meng Changjun's talent, so he sent someone to invite him twice. For the first time, it didn't come because of the persuasion of the famous public guest Su Dai. On his second visit to the State of Qin, Qin Zhao immediately appointed Meng Changjun as Prime Minister. Later, because he listened to the rumors of his subordinates, he was worried that "Qi before Qin" would endanger the social order of Qin, so he was removed from his post as prime minister, imprisoned and attempted to kill him. Meng Changjun sent someone to ask Qin Zhaowang's favorite concubine for help at a critical moment. The concubine promised to save lives with the "fox white skin" brought by Meng Changjun. But when Meng Changjun arrived in Qin, he dedicated the "fox skin" to Zhao Haoqi of Qin, and there was nothing else. Meng Changjun and the public are very anxious. At this time, an inferior janitor who can steal for dogs said to Meng Changjun, "I can get a fox and white fur." . So at night, "for the dog" sneaked into Qin Gong, stole the "fox white fur" that Meng Changjun gave to Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin, and gave it to his favorite concubine. The princess said a few kind words to King Qin Zhao, and Zhao Haoqi released Meng Changjun. After Meng Changjun was released, he immediately fled by express train, changed his exit permit, changed his name and fled from Chengguan. Arrive at Hangu Pass at midnight. According to The Crow at the Gate, I was worried that I would be caught up if I waited too long. There is another inferior public who can crow for chickens. He learned to crow in time, which attracted all the chickens to "sing in unison" (Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun), and immediately showed his certificate and escaped from Hangu Pass, which made Qin's pursuer return in vain. Meng Changjun is polite to his guests, regardless of class. At the beginning, he put this "cock crow" and "dog thief" under the door, which made other guests ashamed to be listed with them. Now I understand Meng Changjun's good intentions. This is the real reward for Meng Changjun's hospitality and training of scholars, and it is also its ultimate goal. The Prime Minister of Qi once sent one of his men, Wei, to the fief to collect rent tax, making three round trips. The result is "three things don't fit into one". Meng Changjun asked him why this happened, and he replied, "Those smart people steal them, so they won't enter." In a rage, he drove away the male surnamed Wei. A few years later, Meng Changjun was slandered for insurrection. The Tian family hijacked Queen Chen, and Wang Chen suspected that it was planned by Meng Changjun and fled to avoid disaster. The sage who once accepted the food of Duke Wei heard about it, and wrote to the king that nothing would happen and asked for his life as a guarantee, so he committed suicide by pouting at the gate of the palace to prove his innocence. "Wang Naijing was shocked", and then traced the truth to prove that "Meng Changjun had ulterior motives", so he recalled Meng Changjun. After he escaped the disaster, he was deeply moved by the memory of those female clients named Wei.

Among all the public, Su Dai is a typical representative who assisted Meng Changjun in his political career. Su Dai is eloquent and has advised Meng Changjun many times. As mentioned earlier, Qin Zhao once asked him to be an official in the State of Qin. When preparing to go to Qin, Su Dai advised him that Qin was a country of tigers and wolves, and he didn't speak faith. If he goes, he will be a trap and dissuade Meng Changjun from going to Qin for the first time. Later, he went to Qi as prime minister, and wanted to unite Korea and Wei to attack Qin with the soldiers' grain from the Western Zhou Dynasty. When Su Dai learned of this, he immediately dissuaded him, saying: Qi, Korea and Wei jointly attacked the State of Qin. If the Qin Dynasty is destroyed, Han Wei Zexi will not suffer from Qin, and Han will have no worries about Chu, while Qi may suffer from Han Wei. It is better to secretly tell the king of Qin that Qi is not going to break Qin to strengthen Han and Wei, and ask the king of Qin to let the king of Chu cede territory for Qi, and Qin will let him go. In this way, Qin can avoid the attack of the three kingdoms and be happy; Be sure to thank Qi when you go back. When the State of Qi got the land of East Chu, it would become richer and richer, and it would be safe for generations to come. The powerful State of Qin is located in the west of Sanjin, and it must rely on Qi to avoid Qiang Qin's attack. If you don't fight Qin, you don't need to borrow soldiers and food from Zhou Wang. This is a good thing, and it has several purposes. Why not? Meng Changjun was very happy after hearing this, so he followed Su Dai's plan to avoid a big war and benefited from Qi. Later, Meng Changjun fell from power and influence, and Li Lu of Qin became prime minister. And conspiracy: When you become prime minister, Qi and Qin will unite, and you will lose your job. You should persuade Qin, Zhao and Wei to unite as soon as possible, causing discord in Chyi Chin, so that you will not be reused and you will be reused. Meng Changjun acted according to Su Dai's plan, so he achieved his goal. Su Dai played an important role in Meng Changjun's political career and contributed to the stability of Xue State.

Meng Changjun is famous for his "scholar's hospitality" and "kindness and generosity". Its purpose is to rely on the talents trained by ourselves to safeguard their own interests and constantly explore their own careers in the rapidly changing social tide.

During his tenure as Prime Minister of Qi State, Meng Changjun made great contributions to Qi State. However, with the development of his hegemony, the King of Qi became proud, especially after the demise of the Song State, he no longer attached importance to Meng Changjun and planned to get rid of Meng Changjun. Meng Changjun was afraid, so he fled to Wei, and was appointed Prime Minister by King Zhao of Wei. With his political talent, Meng Changjun once again joined hands with Qin and Zhao to help Yan defeat Qi. King Qi Li fled to Ju (now Juxian County, Shandong Province) and died there. Qi suffered a heavy blow, which led to great changes in the pattern and political situation among the vassal States during the Warring States period.

After Meng Changjun's death, hundred schools of thought contended, and the national situation declined day by day. Later, Wei and Qi joined hands to eliminate it. There are still traces of Xue's old city, and there are tombs in the northeast of the old city.

Liu Xiahui

(720 BC-6265438 BC +0 years)

Zhan, whose real name is Zhan, was born in China in the Spring and Autumn Period, the son of Lu, and the descendant of the son Zhan. "Liu Xiahui" is his food city and "Hui" is his posthumous title, so people later called him "Liu Xiahui". It is said that he is also called Ji, so it is sometimes called Liu. He worked as a doctor in Lu, and later retired as a "hermit". Liu Xiahui is regarded as a model of abiding by China's traditional morality, and his "sit-in" story is widely celebrated in China. Mencius said that "Liu Xiahui was also in harmony with saints", so he was also called "in harmony with saints". China is also the ancestor of Liu.

action

Although Xia Hui was called "He Sheng" by Mencius, there are few records about his life in history books. These records are scattered in the pre-Qin ancient books such as Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, etc. Some records have a clear time, while others are closer to an evaluation of him.

The Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius was recorded when Lu was an official. This is a small official in charge of punishment and prison proceedings. At that time, Lu declined, and state affairs were in the hands of Zang Wenzhong and others. Liu Xiahui, born with honesty and frankness, does not cater to everything, and naturally tends to offend powerful people. It was very disappointing that he was released from prison three times in a row. 100 years later, Confucius was still very angry when talking about this matter, saying: "Zang Wenzhong and his thieves and? Know the sages of Liu Xiahui without standing with them! " (The Analects of Confucius, Wei Linggong) Although Liu Xiahui was repeatedly hit and excluded, his moral knowledge was world-famous, and governors from all over the world scrambled to hire him with high officials and generous salaries, but he refused him one by one. Someone asked him why, and he replied, "What's wrong with the straight road? There are no three?" ? Why do you go to your parents' country when you are working for others? "(The Analects of Confucius) Consciousness means that I was repeatedly exonerated in Shandong because I adhered to the principle of being a man. If you stick to it all the time, you will inevitably be exempted wherever you go; If you give up the principle of being a man, you can also get high officials and generous salaries in Shandong. Then why leave my hometown where I was born and raised?

Mandarin

There are several clear records about Liu Xiahui's upright people in the history books. It is recorded in "On Mandarin and Lu Language" that in the summer of 26 years (before 63 1), Qi sent troops to crusade against Lu, and Zang Wenzhong asked how to choose words to make Qi withdraw. Liu Xiahui said: I heard that big countries set a good example for small countries, and small countries can prevent disasters if they serve big countries well; Now that Lu is arrogant as a small country and angered a big country, it is tantamount to asking for trouble. No matter how you phrase it, it's useless. To say this is tantamount to an outspoken criticism of Zang Zailu's ruling behavior.

Liu Xiahui has a younger brother named Zhan, who works as a doctor in Shandong. Qi led the troops to attack Lu. Luno sent Zhan to comfort the soldiers in order to meet them. When Liu Xiahui learned the news, he gave Jenny a master plan and invited him to meet Qi Xiaohong in Qiying. Xiao Gong asked, "I am in Qi. Are you afraid? " Zhan Xi smiled. "Only villains are afraid, gentlemen are not afraid!" Filial piety asked why. Zhanxi said, "I have orders from the king first. At first, Duke Zhou and Duke Qi, the monarch of Lu, both got help from Zhou Chengwang. King Cheng once gave a letter of alliance saying that Qilu and China should reconcile from generation to generation and not kill each other. Now the Covenant is still hidden in the palace and recorded in the history books. Whenever the new king ascended the throne, he must solemnly swear and never forget it. You have only been on the throne for a few days. How could you leave this? " JiXiaoGong speechless, self-knowledge indefensible, had to withdraw.

The monarch of the State of Qi sent someone to ask Lu for the top of Cending, a treasure handed down from generation to generation. Duke Zhuang of Lu could not bear to part with him, and was afraid of offending the rude State of Qi, so he planned to pretend to be a fake tripod. Qi people said, "We don't trust you, but we only trust Liu Xiahui, who is famous for his honesty and integrity. If he says this tripod is real, we will be relieved. " Zhuang Gong had to send someone to beg Liu Xiahui. Liu Xiahui said, "Fame is the only wealth in my life. If I tell a lie, it will be self-destruction. How can I keep your treasure at the expense of destroying my treasure? " Zhuanggong was helpless, so he had to send it together with a real tripod.

Guoyu also recorded the story of Liu Xiahui criticizing Zang Wenzhong for offering sacrifices to seabirds. A seabird named Xianju stayed outside the east gate of the capital of Lu for several days. Zang Wenzhong asked people in Beijing to sacrifice. Liu Xiahui, however, said that Zang's state rule was simply out of order. Sacrifice is an important system of the country, and the system is the foundation of successful governance. Therefore, we should carefully formulate laws and regulations on sacrifice, and these systems should be based on the principle of sacred king sacrifice. The holy king only sacrifices people and things that have contributed to the people and the country, so Zhu, Houtu, Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Yao, Shun, Gun, Yu ... until Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang, they can be sacrificed by future generations; In addition, land, grains, mountain gods, sages and sages, the sun, moon and stars in the sky, the five elements on the ground, and the famous mountains, rivers and swamps in Kyushu should also be sacrificed. But seabirds "live" in Shandong, don't know why they fly, and they don't necessarily have any merits for the people. Deciding to sacrifice them is really not a kind and wise move. Liu Xiahui guessed that seabirds came to avoid disaster, but it turned out that his guess was right. This incident not only shows Liu Xiahui's integrity as an official, but also shows his familiarity with the ritual system of the holy king, which is why he is valued by Confucianism.

Zuo Huai is not chaotic

The story of "sitting with open arms" is widely known in China, so Liu Xiahui is regarded as a model of observing traditional morality. Nowadays, people still use "Liu Xiahui" or "sitting still" to describe men's proper behavior on gender issues.

The phrase "Sit with your arms open" comes from Biography of Mao Heng in The Book of Songs Xiaoya Xiang Bo. When Mao Heng annotated Xiang Bo, he told a story: A man in Lu lived alone in one room, and his neighbor was a widow living alone in one room. One night, when the storm raged and the widow's house was destroyed, the woman came to the man and asked for shelter. Men don't let women in. The woman said to him from the window, "Why don't you let me in?" The man said, "I heard that men and women can't live together until they are 60." Now I'm young, and so are you. I can't let you in. "The woman said," Why don't you use your body to warm a woman who can't get in in the cold, just like Liu Xiahui, so others won't think he has indecent behavior. The man said, "Liu Xiahui can open the door, but I can't. Therefore, I want to learn from Liu Xiahui's "open the door" with my "not opening the door". "This story shows that in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty at the latest, there was a legend about Liu Xiahui sitting still, but it was a little vague.

In Yuan Dynasty, Hu Bingwen's "Pure Seeking" further enriched the details of "sit-in": Lu people and birds lived outside the city gate and made long-distance trips. It was cold at that time, and suddenly a woman came to stay. Liu Xiahui was afraid that she would freeze to death, so he sat in his arms and covered her with clothes. The ceremony was not held until dawn the next day. The story of Liu Xiahui sitting still circulated by later generations is roughly the same as this version.

postvital

After retiring, Liu Xiahui recruited students and taught cultural etiquette, which was deeply loved by the villagers. Disciples will discuss posthumous title for him after his death. His wife said, "If you praise your master's virtue, your two sons and three sons will not know it as well as my concubine, and said,' Your master will never cut it, but he will never use it, and he will be sincere and will not harm others. A confession is made under duress, and the consciousness of obeying customs is not strong. It is a great virtue to save the people from shame. It doesn't hurt to die three times. A gentleman with an open mind can always be diligent. It's a pity, next life. It's been a few years, but now it's gone. Alas, ghosts and gods are venting. The owner posthumous title should be "Hui Xi" (Biography of the Fierce Woman), and the bird posthumous title is "Hui".

Liu Xiahui was buried in the sunshine of Wenshui after his death, and his tomb has always been protected by people. Qin Faqi, passing by the cemetery, ordered: "Anyone who goes to the cemetery to collect firewood will die without forgiveness." In the 28th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1902), Ling Mao of Tai 'an County renovated his mausoleum three times and erected boundary stones around it. In order to prevent soil erosion, earth dikes were built on the south, west and north sides of the tomb, and a 30-foot stone dam was built in the southeast to protect it, and thousands of willows were planted, reappearing the ancient style of "colorful trees" in Liu Xiahui.

evaluate

Liu Xiahui chose "the straight road is for the people", and finally he had to be an official and become a "hermit". The Analects of Confucius records that Confucius' evaluation of Liu Xiahui is: "Those who lose their ambition are humiliated, and their words are reasonable and their actions are restrained." This means that compared with Boyi and Shu Qi, Liu Xiahui would rather starve to death than eat Zhou Su. Although he humiliated his identity, he can behave ethically and rationally. In Zuo Zhuan, Confucius also condemned Zang Wenzhong's resignation as one of the "three inhumanity" of Zang's ruling.

Mencius worshiped Liu Xiahui very much. In Mencius, Liu Xiahui, Boyi, Yi Yin and Confucius are called the four great saints. They think that he is not ashamed because the monarch is not wise, and he does not resign because his office is humble. People who are in high positions and do not forget to recommend talents are forgotten among the people and have no resentment; Don't worry when you are poor, you will feel very happy when you get along with rural people. He thinks he can get along with anyone without being adversely affected. Therefore, after hearing about Liu Xiahui's tolerance towards others, the original narrow-minded people will become tolerant and generous, and the original mean people will become honest and kind. Mencius believed that a saint like Liu Xiahui could be a "teacher of eternal life".

Liu's ancestors

According to Yuan He's Compilation in the Tang Dynasty, "The son of Zhou Gongsun exhibited, and the grandson of the exhibition was not afraid. The word Wang's father was Zhan's, and the bird food was collected under the willow, so the surname was Liu. Lu destroyed the official Chu, Qin merged with the world, and Liu moved to Hedong, where he solved the problem. There was a Liu case at the end of Qin Dynasty, and Hui descendants also came. " It means that the descendant has a son "Zhan", and the grandson of the son Zhan takes the word of his grandfather as his surname, so he has the surname "Zhan"; Later, the exhibition birds took Liu Xia as their food city, so the descendants of the exhibition birds began to take Liu as their surname. After Qin annexed the vassal state, Liu moved to Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi) and later dispersed from Hedong to other places.

The compilation of Yuanhe surnames was based on the private surnames that existed at that time. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, people surnamed Liu thought Liu Xiahui was their ancestor. Later, Hedong became the county magistrate of Liu. Liu Zongyuan, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was a native of Hedong and was called "Liu Hedong".