What are the records of ancient astronomy in China?

A comet in BC 1057 was recorded in the ancient Chinese book A Brief Training of Huainan Zibing, and was later named "Harley". 1973, a comet map was unearthed from a Han tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, China. There are 29 kinds of comets in the photo with strange shapes and names. China's historical records, general examination documents and other ancient books also recorded the appearance of this comet in 240 BC. The History of Song Dynasty records its return with the word 166. From BC 1057 to AD 1986, Halley's Comet returned 4 times1time, and China recorded all 30 times since 240 BC, except for the early 3 times.

"Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography" records: "In the seventh year of Qin Shihuang, comets first appeared in the east, north and west in May ... 16, comets reappeared in the west." This is the earliest record of Halley's comet recognized by scholars all over the world. The seventh year of Qin Shihuang was 240 BC. From that time to 19 10, Halley's comet * * * returned 29 times, which is recorded in Chinese history books and local chronicles.

In fact, Halley's Comet was recorded in China's ancient books. Such as the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Historical Records, General Examination of Documents and other historical masterpieces, there is a record of the autumn and July of the fourteenth year of Lu Wengong, and there is a record of the victory of the stars in Beidou. In the 14th year of Lu Wengong, 6 13 BC. Many Chinese and foreign scholars regard this record as the earliest regression record of Halley's comet.

Gander was a native of Chu during the Warring States Period. After long-term astronomical observation, Gander and Shi Shen each wrote an astronomical work. Later generations will call these two works "Shi Gan Xing Jing", which is the earliest astronomical work in the world. The book records the names of 800 stars, among which the position of 12 1 star has been determined, which is the earliest catalog in the world. The book also records the operation of the five planets, such as wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and points out their infestation laws.

Gander was a native of Chu during the Warring States Period. The year of birth and death is unknown, and he lived in the middle of the 4th century BC. A famous astronomer, he has written eight volumes, such as Tian Wenxing Zhan and Sui Xing Jing. Most of these works have been lost, and only some words are quoted from Tang Kaiyuan's Zhan Jing and other classics, from which we can see his contribution to the division and naming of stars, planetary observation and research. He and Shi Shenfu and others established different naming systems for all-star stars. The method is to give the name and number of a star in turn, and then point out the relative position of the star and another star, thus giving a qualitative description of the distribution and position of stars throughout the day.

Stone god, the year of birth and death is to be tested. Shi Shenfu, an astronomer and astrologer of Wei State in the Warring States Period, was one of the China people named after the crater on the back of the moon. He has eight volumes of Astronomy (this book was honored as Historical Records after the Western Han Dynasty) and Hun Tian Tu.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Chen Zhuo summed up Gander, Shishenfu and Wuxing, and got the classic 283-star official system of ancient China 1464, in which Gander chose 146 (including 28 nights). It can be seen that Gander's division and naming of all the stars have a great influence on future generations. There are signs that Gander also quantitatively measured the positions of several stars, but unfortunately, most of the results were lost. Gander has made long-term observation and quantitative research on planetary motion. He discovered the retrograde phenomena of Mars and Venus. He pointed out that "going back or hooking" and "hooking again is one third" and described the apparent trajectory of the planet from anterograde to retrograde and then anterograde as a "one third" shape. Gander also established the concept of planetary rendezvous period (the interval between two consecutive mornings to see the East), and measured the rendezvous periods of Jupiter, Venus and Mercury as 400 days (398.9 days), 587.25 days (583.9 days) and 136 days (1 15.9 days) respectively. He also gave the number of days that Jupiter and Mercury saw and set in a rendezvous period, and the number of days that Venus went forward, backward and set in a rendezvous period, and pointed out that the number of days that Venus went forward, backward and set in different rendezvous periods may change within a certain range.

Although these quantitative descriptions of Gander are still very rough, they laid the foundation for the traditional calculation method of planetary position in later generations. According to "If there is a little red star attached to its side" quoted by Gander when talking about Jupiter in the Kaiyuan Classic of Tang Dynasty, some people think that Gander had observed Jupiter's brightest satellite Europa with naked eyes nearly two thousand years before Galileo. Considering that Gander's monograph "Chronicle of Jupiter" was a famous person who carefully observed and studied Jupiter at that time, and Europa could indeed be observed with the naked eye under certain conditions, this speculation is probably credible. Gander, also known as astrologer, was the founder of Gander's astrology school, which had great influence at that time and later generations. His astronomical contribution is a supplement to his astrological activities.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, astronomers formulated China's first complete almanac, taichu calendar, and began to take the first month as the beginning of the year.

The earliest record of sunspots in the world was in Huainanzi written by China around 140 BC. The records of sunspots in the first 28 years are more detailed in Records of the Five Elements in Hanshu.

The Dayan Calendar, compiled by outstanding astronomers and monks in the Tang Dynasty, accurately reflects the laws of the sun's movement, which is systematic and thorough, and marks the maturity of the ancient calendar system in China. And he is also the founder of measuring the meridian length of the earth by scientific methods in the world.

Guo Shoujing, an astronomer in Yuan Dynasty, created nearly 2/kloc-0 kinds of astronomical observation instruments, such as simple instruments and high meters. He presided over the compilation of the chronograph calendar, which has the same one-year cycle as the current Gregorian calendar, but is 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.

The method of observing Japan by cadres and branches in Shang Dynasty is the longest method in the world.

Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory in the middle of Eastern Han Dynasty. He pointed out that the moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is actually a reflection of the sun's light; He also correctly explained the cause of the solar eclipse and realized the infinity of the universe and the relationship between the speed of planetary motion and the distance from the earth. Observed and recorded 2,500 stars, creating the world's first leaky astrolabe, the first instrument for detecting earthquakes-the seismograph for waiting for the wind, the south guide car, the drum car with automatic memory, the wooden bird flying to Wan Li and so on. Zhang Heng * * * is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling Xian and Ling Xian Tu. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named a crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Hengxing".

1973 The silk book "Five Elements Zhan" unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province is the earliest astronomical monograph in China. "Five-Star Zhan" is about 8000 words, untitled, and added by the organizer according to the content. Some astronomical works of Gander and Stone God in the Warring States Period were preserved, among which Gander's works were more. Five stars, namely Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. "Five Stars" recorded the operation of these five planets in detail. More importantly, the book lists the positions of Jupiter, Saturn and Venus in the sky for about 70 years from the first year of Qin Shihuang to the third year of Han Wendi (246 BC-65438 BC+077 BC), as well as other related contents. The included rendezvous period of Venus is 584.4 days, which is only 0.48 days longer than the measured value of 583.92 today. Saturn's rendezvous period is 377 days, only shorter than today's measured value 1.09 days. Saturn's sidereal period is 30 years, 0.54 years larger than the current measured value of 29.46 years; Jupiter's rendezvous period is 395.44 days, which is 3.44 days shorter than the measured value today. The sidereal period of Jupiter is 12 years, which is 0. 14 years larger than the measured value today. The accuracy of these values is close to modern accurate values.

In ancient China, there were 10 famous meteor showers, such as Lyra, Perseus and Shiliaotuo, and Perseus had at least 12. The Leonid meteor shower is especially famous for its grand performance in 1833. From 902 to 1833, China, Europe and Arab countries recorded 13 Leonid meteor showers, including 7 in China, and the earliest one was on 93 1, 10, which is the second meteor shower chronicle in the world. Since the 7th century BC, there have been at least 180 such meteor showers in ancient China.

There are also records of weather and meteorology, as follows:

In summer (22nd century BC ~ 7th century BC/kloc-0), the vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, summer solstice and winter solstice have been inferred. Book records: Dongyi stone carving Lianyungang general cliff rock painting has a positive north-south line related to social stone.

Shang (BC17th century ~ BC 1 1 century) paid attention to different phenomena in different weather. Records: There are records and descriptions of weather phenomena such as wind, clouds, rainbow, rain, snow and thunder in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty (65438 BC+065438 BC+0 ~ 8 BC), it would have an impact on agriculture and animal husbandry to determine the orientation by using soil rules and know whether various meteorological conditions were abnormal. Book catalogue: The Book of Songs? The wind of darkness? In July, when weather and climate proverbs were recorded, there were phenomena and knowledge about phenology; Xia, the earliest phenological work of China.

During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), Qin people began to regard weather factors as the external cause of diseases. Zeng Shen explained the causes of weather phenomena such as wind, thunder, fog, rain, dew and graupel with the theory of Yin and Yang. Guan Zhong proposed the division of thirty solar terms in Qi State. Records of the book: Spring and Autumn Annals, which contains abnormal weather; Sun Tzu's Art of War lists weather as one of the five important factors that affect the success or failure of military affairs. I ching? It is pointed out that the eight diagrams of "heaven, earth, fire, wind, thunder and mountains" represent natural objects.

During the Warring States period (475 BC ~ 222 BC), the application of meteorological conditions in combat was emphasized. Zhuang Zhou pointed out that the formation of wind comes from the influence of airflow, and sunlight and wind can make water evaporate. The book records: "Huangdi Neijing? Su Wen explained in detail the relationship between climate, season and health care and treatment.

The Qin dynasty (22 BC1~ 206 BC) formed a relevant legal system, and all localities were required to report the rain situation and the area of heaven and earth affected by rain or meteorological disasters to the central court. It is recorded in the book: Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals divides clouds into mountain clouds, water clouds, dry clouds and rain clouds.

In the Han Dynasty (206 BC ~ 2 AD19), 24 solar terms with the same modern names were listed, and instruments for measuring weather conditions such as wind direction appeared. Dong Zhongshu pointed out that the size and density of raindrops are related to the influence of wind. Records in the book: Wang Chong's Lun Heng pointed out that the formation of lightning is related to solar heat and seasons, and lightning is caused by explosion; The names of Meiyu and trade wind should be put forward less.

The Three Kingdoms (A.D. 220-A.D. 280) further grasped the relationship between solar terms and the movement of the sun. It is recorded in the book: Zhao annotated Zhou Pian and introduced "seven levels and six pictures", which theoretically explained the relationship between the twenty-four solar terms and the sun.

In the Jin Dynasty (28 1 ~ 4 19), "wooden birds related to wind" and wind direction measuring instruments prevailed. Li Jiang of the Eastern Jin Dynasty pointed out that the swimming air close to the ground can reduce the inter-satellite sight distance and make the color of the stars turn red in the morning and evening when they rise. The book records that the concept of plum rain was put forward in local customs at the beginning of the week.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589), we not only understood the influence of climate on agricultural production, but also began to explore the use of different climatic conditions to promote agricultural production. Qi Shu Yao Min Shu by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty fully discussed the influence of meteorology on agriculture, and put forward the methods of using smoke to prevent frost and using snow to kill insects and moisturize. Zheng Guangli of the Northern Wei Dynasty listed 72 kinds of climate in the calendar. Shen Huaiyuan's Annals of South Vietnam mentions typhoons. The Chronicle of Jingchu in Liang Zonggu of the Southern Dynasties pointed out that the ninth year of winter was the coldest period of the year.

Bing Wang, a doctor in Sui and Tang Dynasties (AD 58 1 ~ AD 959), divided the climate of China into regions, and took the lead in putting forward the concept of temperature gradient in the world. Xin Qiji invented "Kongming Lantern" as a military signal for later generations. It is recorded in the book that Du Taiqing's Jade Candle Collection extracts solar terms, decrees, farming, customs and allusions contained in various books before the Sui Dynasty, and preserves many lost articles on agricultural meteorology. Li's "B has occupied" contains the structure, installation and use of anemometer.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960 ~ 1367), the understanding of meteorology was richer and more detailed, and the forecast and calculation of rain and snow were more accurate. It is recorded in the book: Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan, involving Emei Bao Guang, lightning, thunder axe, rainbow, Dengzhou Haicheng, claw whirlwind, bamboo fossils, tile frost painting, hail shape, boating method, vertical climate zone, weather forecast, etc. Qin's Jiu Zhang Shu Shu lists four formulas for measuring rain and snow, explaining how to measure the depth of rain and snow on the flat land.

At the end of Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1643), with the intervention of missionaries, western meteorological research achievements entered China and began to blend with domestic meteorological research. It is recorded in the book: Xiong Ming met Gezhicao, and according to the principles of western science, he analyzed the relationship between natural changes and historical disasters and meteorological phenomena such as wind, clouds, thunder and rain. The chart of sun setting fire and air rising designed by him systematically explains the formation of convective weather.

In the Qing dynasty (1644 ~1911), Chinese and western meteorological sciences merged into one furnace. Book Catalogue: A series of translated works on weather observation, which comprehensively introduces atmospheric phenomena such as sea breeze, land breeze, typhoon, Hadley circulation, atmospheric tides, frost dew, rain, snow, hail and thunder, meteorological theory, average calculation, annual and daily range, atmospheric light images, etc.

I didn't find all of them. I hope it helps you!