Management planting of cucumber

Planting method 1, soil selection and soil preparation. Partial cohesive sandy loam with pH value of 6.0-7.5, rich in organic matter, good drainage and irrigation performance and water and fertilizer conservation is not suitable for continuous cropping of melon crops, and the previous crop is paddy field. Soil preparation adopts deep ridge, width 1.8m-2.0m (flat ridge), ridge height of 30cm, north-south direction, double-row planting, plant spacing of 30cm. 2. Timely sowing, seedling raising and planting. Sow in early spring1-March, and sow in summer and autumn from June to August. Spring sowing adopts seed soaking to accelerate germination, seedling raising or plastic film mulching direct seeding, and summer and autumn seed soaking direct seeding or dry direct seeding can be used. Soaking seeds to accelerate germination is widely used in cucumber sowing. Scald the seeds with warm water at 50-55℃ for 65438 00 minutes, and keep stirring to prevent burns. Then soak it in warm water at about 30℃ for 4 -6 hours, scrub it clean, drain it after soaking, moisturize it in an incubator at 28-30℃ or a warm place to accelerate germination, and start germination after 20 hours. In early spring, seedlings were raised with small arch shed for heat preservation. Seedlings are cultivated in seedling cups or seedbeds. When seedling age 15-20 days (two true leaves), plant in sunny evening. Attention should be paid to protecting the root system, watering thoroughly with water before seedling raising, and planting with soil to prevent root damage. 3. Fertilizer and water management and adequate basal fertilizer application are one of the keys to stable and high yield. Cucumber responded well to base fertilizer. When preparing soil, deep ploughing is added with decomposed organic fertilizer, 2000 -3000 kg/mu, 50 kg of gross fertilizer and 30 kg of calcium superphosphate as base fertilizer. When the plant has 2-3 true leaves, topdressing is started. Cucumber root system has weak absorption capacity and is sensitive to high concentration fertilizer. Topdressing is based on the principle of "applying fertilizer frequently and sparingly", with topdressing 1 time every 6-8 days and 5-6kg urea per mu. When tendrils appear, we should combine intertillage with weeding and fertilization. After the first batch of melons are harvested, fertilizer should be applied 1 time, peanut bran 15 kg -20 kg, compound fertilizer 30 kg and potassium fertilizer 10 kg per mu. In summer and autumn, due to the high temperature, rapid growth and aging, heavy rainfall and much loss of fertilizer and water, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing should be done as soon as possible. During the true leaf stage of 1-2 and after the first batch of melons are harvested, it is necessary to carry out 1 time soil cultivation and fertilization, and pay attention to phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to avoid steep growth and premature aging. Water should be controlled in spring cucumber seedling stage. The water demand is the largest in the flowering and fruiting period, with water spraying 1 time in sunny days and irrigation 1 time in 3-5 days of drought. Do a good job in flood control in rainy days. 4. Erecting tendrils and pruning When general tendrils appear, insert bamboo to erect tendrils and set up a "herringbone frame". After the tendrils appear, they will be painted once every 3-4 days, so that the plants are evenly distributed and carried out in the sunny evening. Whether cucumber is pruned depends on the variety, and the main vine generally does not need pruning; If the main side vines bear fruit or the side vines bear fruit, they should be pruned. Generally, all the side vines below 8 knots are cut off, 3 knots are left at the top of the side branches above 9 knots, and about 30 knots are left at the top of the main vines. 5. The vine falling of cucumber in greenhouse can make the leaves evenly distributed, keep a reasonable light position, maintain the best leaf coefficient and improve photosynthetic efficiency, thus enhancing the growth potential and prolonging the fruiting period. But to ensure the high quality and high yield of cucumber in greenhouse, we must master the correct method. The main point is: 1. When the growing point of the plant is close to the top of the shed, and the leafless stems and vines at the bottom of the plant are more than 30 cm from the ground, the vines should be lowered in a sunny and warm afternoon, so that it is not easy to damage the stems and vines. Remember not to drop the vines in the morning with high water content or after watering, so as not to damage the stems and vines and affect the normal growth of plants. 2. It is best not to water the vines 7 days before falling, which will help reduce the water content of the stems and vines, enhance the elasticity and reduce the source of the disease. 3. First remove the sick old leaves and take them outside the shed to burn them, so as to avoid the fruits and leaves close to the ground from getting sick due to the humid environment. 4. Loosen the lanyard wrapped around the stem and vine, and drop the stem and vine on the ground conveniently to avoid hard pulling and dragging. Stems and vines should be gradually wound in the same direction on both sides of the cultivation ridge in an orderly manner. When winding the stems and vines, bend the stems and vines along the bending direction, and do not bend hard or bend in the opposite direction, so as to avoid winding or breaking the stems and vines in the opposite direction. At the beginning, the stems and vines were thin, with short intervals and small circles. After the stems and vines become thicker, the time interval is slightly longer and the circle is larger, and the length of the stems and vines can be reduced at one time 1/3 ~ 1/4. 5. Keep the distance between the leafed stems and vines and the ridge surface at about 13cm, and keep more than 20 functional leaves per plant. 6. It takes about 55 days to harvest cucumber in spring from planting to initial harvest, and 35 days in summer and autumn. It can be harvested about 10 day after flowering. That is, the skin color changes from dark green to bright green and shiny, and it is better to harvest when the petals do not fall off. The first melon should be harvested early, so as not to affect the growth of subsequent melons, or even hinder the growth of plants, forming deformed melons and premature senescence of plants, thus affecting the yield. Edit this section winter cucumber planting technology management 1, autumn and winter. The period from mid-September to 65438+mid-February is seedling raising and post-planting management. Controlling temperature, preventing excessive growth, hoeing properly and promoting root growth are beneficial to overwintering. 2. Deep winter festival. 65438+From late February to mid-February, this period is the key period of melon output value. This variety can tolerate low light of 8000lux and low temperature of 10℃. If the long-term low light and low temperature will affect the yield, the illumination time should be as long as 6-8 hours, and the lawn film should be removed as soon as possible, as long as the indoor temperature drops slightly and keeps rising rapidly. At night, it is necessary to properly ventilate, close the vent early, ventilate when the temperature reaches 28℃ ~ 30℃, close the vent when the temperature drops to 24℃ in the afternoon, and release the grass and herbs when the temperature drops to 20℃. In order to improve the light intensity, the dust on the shed film should be cleaned in time after drafting. Watering directly affects the ground temperature. If the soil is short of water, first look at the weather forecast and choose a sunny morning after the cold snap to water it. At the same time, the temperature in the shed was raised to 33℃ ~ 35℃ before ventilation, and then to above 32℃ the next day. 3. Early spring season. At this time, the ground temperature is rising, so it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water to improve the yield and benefit. Fertilizer and water management. In autumn and winter, on the basis of applying base fertilizer, topdressing is generally not needed. Watering is to water the root melon after it is seated under the condition of watering the seedling slowly. Generally, water is poured once every 7 days to 10 day. Top-dressing cake fertilizer or bean powder according to the growth in late winter, fermenting in the shed, then washing with water, and watering every 18 to 15 days. When watering, you should first look at the seedling situation, the water shortage in the soil and the weather forecast. We should water it in the sunny morning after the cold snap. The early spring season is from late February to mid-April, which is a critical period for yield. Top dressing in time, applying 15 kg ~ 20 kg diammonium phosphate or ternary compound fertilizer every 666.7 square meters, or washing 800 kg of decomposed human excrement with water and watering it with water for 5 ~ 7 days. At the end of spring, from late April to the end of June, pay attention to cooling while strengthening fertilizer and water management, and promote the yield of returned melons. Pest control. Cucumber has weak resistance to downy mildew in winter, so what pesticide should cucumber spray? Especially in winter cultivation, prevention is the main method, comprehensive prevention and timely spraying of reasonable pesticides will not affect the yield. Spray medicine in time. Spray the medicine every 7 days ~ 10 when you are not sick, and every 5 days ~ 7 days when you are sick. Edit the management method of low temperature season in section 1. Temperature management should coordinate the relationship between land and ground, and the relationship between seedling and fruit. Sunny morning should be controlled at 27℃ ~ 29℃, 20℃ ~ 22℃ in the afternoon and 10℃ ~ 12℃ in the morning. Avoid the damage to the root system caused by too low temperature in greenhouse, avoid the excessive growth of melon seedlings caused by too high temperature, make the root system get insufficient nutrition and reduce the frost resistance of plants. Temporary heating should be carried out when it is cloudy and cool. You can use corncob or firewood to light smoke outside the shed, and then put it in a scrap iron bucket and put it in several places in the shed. This method is simple and effective. Second, water management in the cold season, we must strictly control water use, and we must not water it without drought. When watering is needed, it should be done on a sunny morning according to the weather forecast. There should be 2 ~ 3 sunny days after watering, and the amount of water should be less and not more, so as not to hurt the roots and die. Combined with watering, applying nutrient rooting agent, such as Jingnong rooting and seedling strengthening agent 1500ml+ gene activator 500g+NAA 500ml per mu, has obvious effects of rooting and seedling strengthening, cold resistance and yield increase. Third, nutrient management In winter, the ground temperature is low, the transformation of soil nutrients is slow, and the absorption capacity of roots is poor. Top dressing should use high-content chelating ecological formula fertilizer, biological water fertilizer or humic acid fertilizer, so that the roots are good, the Miao Zhuang is high, the fruit swells quickly, and the effect is obvious. The specific dosage should be reasonably determined according to the nutrient content of the selected fertilizer, the growth intensity of plants and the number of melons, so as to avoid burning the roots of the fertilizer due to excessive use at one time. The best foliar fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate 300 times solution+Miao Yi 3000 times solution+plant essence 1500 times solution, sprayed 7 ~ 10 day/time. Fourth, disease prevention and control The greenhouse environment with low temperature and high humidity can easily lead to the occurrence and spread of gray mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and bacterial diseases. We should pay attention to the regular use of drugs to prevent diseases. The effective spray composition is: 70% thiophanate-methyl 600 times solution +25% diclofenac 600 times solution, or 70% pyrimethanil 1500 times solution +80% ethylicin 1500 times solution, or 50% procymidone 800 times solution +50% trichloroisocyanuric acid 8000 times solution. In rainy weather or when the humidity in the shed is high after watering, it is best to use dust agent or smoke agent for prevention and control, and its efficacy is obviously better than spray prevention and control. 5. In the low temperature season of root irrigation, the growth of melon seedlings is poor, and the top of melon is mainly caused by root system. Specifically, the root group shrinks, new roots do not grow, and the root absorption capacity is seriously reduced. To solve this problem, on the one hand, we should do our best to keep warm and raise the temperature, and another effective method is to water the roots with the formula rooting solution. The specific formula is (15 kg of water): 50 ml of Jingnong rooting and seedling strengthening agent+25 g of gene activator+20 g of cytokinin+40 g of power pioneer+20 ml of root fosun, each plant is poured with 50- 100 ml of liquid medicine, a hole 2 inches deep is made at a certain distance from the root, and the liquid medicine is injected for the root to absorb. The common diseases and pests that harm cucumber are the same as bitter gourd, as well as gray mold and bacterial angular leaf spot. 1, ecological control of gray mold (1): watering should be carried out in the morning, and watering should be properly controlled at the early stage of onset to prevent excessive watering; (2) Remove diseased fruits and leaves in time after the onset, and burn or bury them deeply; (3) Chemical prevention metallurgy: At the initial stage of the disease, spraying 25% diclofenac EC 3000-4000 times, 30% Aimiao EC 3000-4000 times, 65438% Baolian wettable powder 900- 100 times, and 50% Sukeling wettable powder 25 times. Or 45% Tektronix suspension 3000-4000 times, 50% chlorpheniramine WP 1500 times, 40% polysulfide suspension 600 times, 2% wuyiencin aqueous solution 150 times, once every 7- 10 days for 2 consecutive days. 2. Bacterial angular leaf spot mostly occurs in high temperature and rainy season, and the bacteria overwinter in seeds and soil. Pathogens invade through wounds and water holes. High temperature and rainy weather, low-lying water accumulation, continuous cropping for many years and improper management of fertilizer and water will aggravate the occurrence. After the storm, it developed rapidly and caused serious losses. The disease should be mainly prevented, and the prevention and treatment methods are as follows: (1) Seed disinfection: soak the seeds in 3000-4000 times solution of 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder for 2 hours, or soak them in 40% formalin 150 times solution for 90 minutes, wash them with clear water, and then soak the seeds according to the conventional operation to accelerate germination; (2) Chemical control: 30% copper oxychloride colloidal suspension 800 times solution, or 77% chlorhexidine wettable powder 1500 times solution, 2% carbaryl Su Ming solution 400-500 times solution, 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder 4000 times solution, neophytomycin 4000 times solution and agricultural antibiotic10. 3. The difference between cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot and downy mildew and its control. The large temperature difference between day and night will easily lead to the decline of cucumber disease resistance, and bacterial angular leaf spot is easy to occur and spread, so it should be prevented in time. Bacterial angular leaf spot of cucumber occurs widely, including leaves, fruits and vines. In severe cases, leaves dry and fruits rot, and the yield of diseased fields generally decreases 10% ~ 20%, and in severe cases, it can reach more than 40%, which is a great threat to the safe production of cucumber. In addition, it should be noted that the symptoms of bacterial angular leaf spot of cucumber are very similar to early downy mildew, so it is necessary to distinguish carefully and prescribe the right medicine. Bacterial angular leaf spot of cucumber is caused by bacterial infection, and downy mildew is caused by fungal infection, which can be distinguished from the following aspects. (1) lesion size. These two diseases are caused by vein restriction, forming polygonal lesions, which are difficult to distinguish in shape, but easy to distinguish in size. Bacterial angular lesions are small, while downy mildew lesions are large and spread quickly, which are easy to connect into serious lesions. (2) the color of the lesion. Bacterial angular leaf spot is light, yellow-brown or gray-white; Downy mildew spots are dark and yellow-brown. (3) Focus puncture. Bacterial angular leaf spot is prone to rupture and perforation in the later stage; Downy mildew spots are often dry but not perforated in the later stage. (4) back characteristics. When the air is humid, white pus overflows on the back of bacterial angular spot; Downy mildew leaves have a fluffy purple-gray to purple-black mold layer on the back. (5) the site of the disease. Bacterial angular leaf spot can occur on leaves, stems and fruits, and yellow spots with white mucus are often produced on stems and petioles; At the beginning of waterlogging, the fruit gradually forms brown concave spots, cracks and secretes white mucus. The spots can attack inward and change color. Downy mildew mainly harms leaves. For cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot and downy mildew, greenhouse can be used to adjust the temperature and humidity in agricultural control, to create an ecological environment conducive to cucumber growth and development, not conducive to pathogen infection, and to inhibit the occurrence of diseases. Specific practices: After sunrise in the morning, quickly raise the temperature in the shed to 25 ~ 30℃, the maximum temperature is not more than 33℃, and the humidity is about 75%. Control the temperature and humidity to meet the requirements of cucumber photosynthesis, enhance disease resistance and inhibit diseases. Proper ventilation in the afternoon can reduce the temperature in the shed to 20 ~ 25℃ and the humidity to about 70%. The temperature at night should be controlled at 12 ~ 15℃. When the temperature drops to the minimum at dawn and the humidity reaches saturation, release wind to reduce the humidity in the shed. In the aspect of chemical control, cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot should be treated in time at the initial stage. You can choose 5% copper succinate powder for powder spraying, or you can choose ningnanmycin, agricultural streptomycin, kasugamycin, copper hydroxide, copper succinate, aluminum phosphine, aluminum ethoxide, copper acetate, etc. After the disease enters the initial epidemic period, the dosage or frequency of medication should be appropriately increased. Pay attention to alternate medication. In order to prevent downy mildew, chlorothalonil smoke agent or chlorothalonil mixed with sulfur, procymidone, cymoxanil and metalaxyl was selected in the early stage of the disease, and placed in 4 ~ 5 places in the shed to light incense or cigarettes. When smoking, the shed was closed, fumigated for one night and ventilated the next morning. Smoked once every 7 days, depending on the development of the disease. In addition, if cucumber downy mildew and bacterial angular leaf spot are mixed, 600 ~ 800 times of Garinon 47% Chunlei Wang Tong wettable powder or 4% pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotic aqueous solution (Nong Kang120,400 times) and neophytomycin (5,000 times) can be selected for control.