Cao Pi's story! What do you think of this historical figure?

The sentimentality of Jin Ge and Ma Tie.

-In Cao Zihuan.

I. Life of Cao Pi

Cao Pi, a Chinese character, was born in four years (AD 187) and died in seven years (AD 226). There is no doubt that this is a troubled time, and Cao Pi was "born in the peaceful season and grew up between Rong Lu". The preface of the canon says, "I was five years old when I was young. Affected by the quartet, I learned to shoot after school, and I knew how to shoot at the age of six. I also teach riding. At the age of eight, I knew how to ride a horse and shoot. It's too difficult to spend time, so I often follow every signal. "He and his father fought many times in the south and north between Jinge and Ma Tie, and witnessed the terrible situation brought by the war to the people." Armor gives birth to lice, and ten thousand people die. The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing. There are hundreds of people who left the legacy, and their thoughts are broken. "Cao, these have provided a realistic life foundation for his later poetry creation, and have been truly reflected in his poems.

As we all know, Cao Cao is a person who attaches great importance to talents. As the son of Cao Cao, he cannot be appreciated without talent, let alone being a prince. He said in the preface to the canon: "although in the army, we can't let it go." All provinces are calm, as the saying goes:' Those who are less eager to learn are experts, while those who are long are forgetful. It is difficult for Yuan Boye and I to be diligent scholars when we grow up. "I recite few poems," Cao Pi also said in Cao Zhi's On Wade: "I am good at traveling by various planes and exploring secluded caves; I was forced to visit Konglin at the same time. The field of resistance to thinking is solid, and the territory of Tao is tolerant. " It is precisely because of Cao Pi's eagerness to learn and learn that he left an immortal page in the history of China literature.

Second, Cao Pi's literary theory

Before Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he presided over the literary world with "the vice-monarch's weight" and said to Wu Zhishu, "When you used to walk, connect with people, and when you stopped, sit down. Why do you lose sight of each other? " Every time it is popular, the silk and bamboo are played side by side, and the wine warms the poem. At this time, I suddenly didn't know that I was happy. "It can be seen that Xelloss and the teachers of the law had a close relationship and were very speculative. From Cao Pi's Essays on Canon, we can see that he attaches importance to literature. His literary theory occupies a very important position in the history of China literature, and has a far-reaching impact on the literary theory criticism of later generations and even the development direction of the whole literature. " "Dian Lun Thesis" concentrated on expressing his views:

First of all, Cao Pi studied the differences between literature and other works and the requirements of style in his Essays on Canon, and put forward the theory of style for the first time, in which he said: "The prose is the same but different from the end. Gai Yi Yan Ya, Shu Lun Yi Li, Ming Yi Shangshi and Poetry Lifu: These four subjects are different, so those who can do it are biased; Only by passing can you prepare yourself. " In other words, fundamentally speaking, the article is universal, but it has its own requirements and characteristics because of different genres. Before Cao Pi, in the pre-Qin era, literature, history and philosophy were interwoven, focusing on "origin" rather than "end"; During the Han Dynasty, although Confucian works were excluded from literature, they did not systematically put forward the genre and category of literature. It was Cao Pi who put forward the innovative viewpoint of stylistics combining "origin" with "end". Of course, Cao Pi's exposition of style is not very specific, but his views have had a far-reaching impact on the later research and development of style theory. For example, the preface, praise and inscription in Huan Fan World Essentials, which is collected in the Collection of Books in Tang Dynasty, can be said to be a detailed explanation and development of Cao Pi's views. Among them, Huan Fan's criticism of the fallacy of inscriptions in Han Dynasty is an explanation of Cao Pi's emphasis on simplicity, and another example is Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, from Sao Bian to Secretary. Confucianism, metaphysics, history and literature, which were separated in Yuanjia, Song Wendi in the later sixteen years, were completely different from those of Cao Pi. It can be seen that Cao Pi's stylistic theory not only draws a clear line between literary and artistic works and other ideological and historical works, but also promotes the stylistic research of later generations. In addition, it should be noted that Cao Pi's "realism" is not limited to inscriptions. In response to Bian Lan's religion, he said, "The reason why the giver is attached to words and things;" Praise, the description of goodness is also true, so the author is worthy of his words, and the receiver must be true. " It can be seen that he thinks that other styles of works should also be "realistic". Actually, xelloss was originally a man based on reality, and in "Folding Willow", he clearly put forward that "Wang Qiao's empty words are empty, and the red pine hangs empty words. A master knows the truth, but a fool is good at spreading it. "Such thoughts are valuable to feudal rulers.

Secondly, Cao Pi put forward the "Wen Qi" theory in Dian Lun Wen: "Wen is dominated by qi, which is clear and turbid, and cannot be caused by force. For example, all kinds of music, although uniform curvature, but the rhythm is the same; As for the uneven bleeding, it was carefully planned. Although it is a father and brother, it cannot be left to children. " Here, Cao Pi put forward the viewpoint of discussing writers and their works with "Qi". Dian Lun Wen talks about the seven sons of Jian 'an with "Qi": "Wang Shenshan's ci and fu, Xu Gan should have Qi, but be a well-behaved horse. For example, the balcony gets the moon first, Huai Song and Zheng Zhisi are in Xuan Ape, Leakage, Tuan Fan and Ode to Orange, although Zhang is as good as Cai. However, in his article, he failed to call it. Lin, the secretary of Zhang Table, is very handsome now. Be reconciled but not strong. Liu Zhen is strong but not dense. Kong Rong's spirit is brilliant, and he surpasses others. However, he can't hold a theory, he is full of arguments. As for (manufacturing "company"), that's ridicule. And [sometimes] good, young, class [of] also ". So what does Cao Pi mean by "qi"? Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Feng Gu": "Fu Zhai prepares color, but takes a hundred steps, and the muscles are heavy; Falcon is weak, Han Fei is fierce, strong and angry. The talent of the article is similar to this. If you lack character, you will gather Hanlin; If you lack the strength of character, you will run away. Just bloom's brilliant lofty, solid writing is also a phoenix. Here, Liu Xie's "strength of character" is actually a concrete explanation of Cao Pi's "qi", and Ji Jun commented that "qi is strength of character, with no background". The article "Feng Gu" said: "Those who practice to the bone will be good at analyzing words; People who are deeper than the wind will show their feelings and say, "If you are arrogant and complicated, you will have no bones." There is no lack of thought, and Somo is not lacking in spirit, so there is no wind thought. In other words, without thoughts and feelings, there is no spirit, and there is no spirit. It can be seen that Cao Pi's "Qi" is the unity of the content and form of his works, and it is also the style of his works.

Author: He replied to this speech on February 8, 2006 13: 29.

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2 Sentiment between Jin Ge and Ma Tie (on Cao Zihuan)

Through Cao Pi's evaluation of Wang Shen's "being good at Ci and Fu, cherishing his weaknesses and lacking in literary talent" and Xu Gan's "being a gentleman with a long literary talent and indifferent to his ambition to mount Ji", we can find that Cao Pi believes that the root of the difference in style of his works is the writer's personality, and the style of his articles is different with different writers' personalities. Only through communication can we prepare ourselves "), and social forms have different needs for various works. Therefore, Cao Pi analyzed the writer's personality, the style of his works and the social form, which initiated the style theory of literary criticism in China and had a great influence on the style theory of literary criticism in later generations: Lu Ji said when talking about style, "those who praise his eyes are extravagant, those who accept his tools are expensive, those who speak poorly are narrow, and those who talk are narrow"; Zhong Rong's poems comment on Cao Zhi's "extraordinary character, Hua Mao's poetic talent" and Zhang Hua's "more affection for children, less wind and cloud". In Liu Xie's Literary Mind Carving Dragons: Style, he said: "Only those who are handsome, energetic, knowledgeable, elegant and attracted by love are based on the clouds in the pen area and the waves in the literary garden. He divided the articles into eight categories, which he called "Eight Styles": "One is elegance, the other is elegance. "

Furthermore, in ancient China, there was a common phenomenon that scholars despised each other. This was because scholars were "good at self-examination", "lofty, loyal to the sound, suffering from self-examination in the dark and claiming to be wise". The reasons for this phenomenon are: firstly, the feudal dynasty imprisoned the people's thoughts, especially after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone"; secondly, the ancient information was underdeveloped, resulting in different ideologies due to regional differences. When talking about this issue, Qian Zhongshu said: "Although the whole country has led to the unification of land, this border is different. As for the game of divide and rule, the world of divide and rule, the evaluation of four beginnings and six meanings is more like a dispute between seven countries and five lakes, and it is also elegant and elegant. " This phenomenon of "scholars despise each other" is reflected in the short knowledge in literary creation and the extreme in literary criticism. Cao Pi believes that this phenomenon has existed since ancient times, and that "the writing is not unified, and less preparation is good, but each has its own strengths". We should treat literary criticism with the viewpoint of "judging ourselves and others". Of course, it was a common phenomenon at that time that scholars despised each other, which was difficult to change fundamentally. Cao Pi's theory is no exception, but it is undeniable that this view is predictive and beyond the times.

Finally, regarding the social value of literature, Confucius said that "poetry can be honored, viewed, grouped and resented", that is, literary works can cultivate sentiment. Wang Chong put forward the viewpoint of "for the world" in his balance theory, saying that "for the world, a hundred articles are harmless, not for the world, and one article is useless". In a word, literature serves for thought, but in feudalism. However, what Cao Pi saw was different from the former. He said in "Dian Lun Thesis": "Building an article is a great cause of founding the country and an immortal event", and put forward that literature is an "industry", thinking that although literature can serve politics, it is by no means a vassal of politics. Therefore, "the author of ancient times made a living by calligraphy. Seeing the meaning in his article, he did not pretend to be a good history and did not care about speeding." This reputation is autobiographical. This view is undoubtedly very objective, and it is based on this view that he can objectively evaluate the literati, such as "or ask Qu Yuan which is better?" He said, "You can swim well, but those who bend are still good; It's wonderful to be poor, as long as each other. However, according to the original metaphor, its meaning is full of redundancy. Changqing Ziyun, meaning failure''; It was Cao Pi who, by virtue of his identity in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, affirmed that articles can also be "classic" and "immortal", freeing many intellectuals from the shackles of poor classics, thus creating unprecedented prosperity for Jian 'an literature. In addition, Cao Pi's affirmation of literary value also had a far-reaching impact on later generations. After him, Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty initiated Wen Yuan, and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long became the most brilliant page in the history of China's ancient literary criticism.

Of course, as a feudal ruler, Cao Pi said, "It is an immortal event to build articles and govern the country. Time and life come to an end, and happiness stops at the body. Both have an end, and Wen Ruo is endless at the end. "In addition to affirming the social role of literature, it can also be considered as a warning to the scribes. He clearly pointed out that the best way for literati to live is to "stay in calligraphy and see what they want", and don't think about making contributions and making a name for themselves, so as not to get killed. We know the "three immortals" in ancient times, that is, "making contributions, establishing virtues and making statements", but Cao Pi's views are different in at least two aspects. He directly excluded "meritorious service" and then replaced "making statements" with "writing chapters", obviously in order to consolidate his rule. Since ancient times, the emperor can be said to love and fear talents. Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and Emperor Gaozu defeated many ministers. Cao Pi's move undoubtedly made great progress compared with the two, but it was inevitable to stick to the rules. This is probably the limitation of the times, and the profound accumulation of history makes him as tall as Cao Pi and can't escape from it.

Author: He replied to this speech on February 8, 2006 13: 29.

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3 Sentiment between Jin Ge and Ma Tie (on Cao Zihuan)

3. Cao Pi's poems

Ge Yanxing (I):

The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cool, the vegetation is exposed like frost, and the geese go south. I miss you and your guests, and I miss my hometown, so why don't you send them for a long stay! I am alone in my room, afraid of forgetting my worries, and I don't feel tears on my clothes. Short songs cannot be long. The bright moon shines on my bed, and it's still early for the stars to flow west. Penny and Weaver looked at each other from a distance. Why should I restrict the river beam?

Good deeds (1):

Go up the mountain to pick roses, and you are hungry at dusk. The valley is windy, and the frost is stained with clothes. Pheasants flock and apes chase each other. Still looking at my hometown. Yu He softball mountain has cliffs and trees have branches. No one knows when there is no way to worry. Life is like sending, why worry? Today is unhappy, and the years fly by. The soup is running, and there is a boat in it. Follow the waves like a guest. Give me a good horse and I'll take it easy on you. Drive with gas, talk and forget your worries.

Ge Yanxing is a "first-person narrator" poem written by Cao Pi through the gender transformation of "men are boudoir". Judging from its position in the history of literature, Ge Yanxing is the first complete seven-character poem in the history of China literature. Before it, there were few seven-character poems in The Book of Songs, and they were far from the real seven-character poems in structure and phonology, while the seven-character poems in The Songs of Chu followed the word "Xi" in The Book of Songs, which could not be compared with the seven-character poems developed on a large scale later. Although the seven-character poems in Han Yuefu have developed in scale, they are only mixed in various sentence patterns. Looking back at Ge Yanxing, every sentence rhymes and is flat. This is a typical modern poetry style, which was developed and updated on a large scale in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, in the history of poetry, Ge Yanxing is a milestone, and Cao Pi's pioneering work is beyond doubt. In content, it describes a woman who looks up at the Milky Way in autumn night, meets the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, and misses her husband who has never come home. It truly reflects the pain brought by the war to the society and people. A Qing Wuqi said it was "extremely desolate", which can well represent the overall style of Cao Pi's poetry. As the successor of Cao Cao, it is well known that Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are competing for favor, which shows that they are resourceful and good at affectation. After taking power, a series of policies to strictly control and persecute the king also showed his cruelty. But through this series of works, we found the sentimental and flashy romantic side of Cao Pi. Yuan Zhen said that his poems were "written in prosperous times, especially in ancient times", and Chen Ruoming of A Qing Dynasty also said that his poems were "like calligraphy, holding the heart, bowing his head and saying nothing, and looking back is nothing but pity". Therefore, Cao Pi's character is dual and contradictory. Imagine that a person's deliberate attempt to reach the peak of power will inevitably lead him to be good at disguise, mean and ungrateful, and make him unable to express his feelings at will. At the same time, his heart is inherently compassionate and affectionate, and he sees and feels a lot, and it is easy to send out the feeling that "everyone is happy and I am alone." Therefore, under the surface of Cao Pi's "precious son" and "the same root is too urgent", it is a lonely and helpless heart.

Perhaps it was Cao Pi's inner sentimentality and loneliness that made him feel "lonely and helpless" and also expressed his inner loneliness. This kind of works occupies a large proportion in Cao Pi's poems, such as widow's fu, fu for women, fu for living in an uncertain place, fu for feeling uncertain, etc.

It is precisely because of his inner loneliness that Cao Pi has a lot of feelings about life, which is "fleeting, just sudden". "Life is like a post station, why worry?" In addition, "Walking on the Great Wall": "People live between heaven and earth, and suddenly they are like dead branches on a bird's perch", "It is often too late to come, and the years pass, and suddenly they fly away. Why do you suffer from it and make me sad? " "Lotus Pond Works": "Who can get a fairy if his life is not loose? Invite your heart to swim quickly and protect yourself for a hundred years "and so on all show Cao Pi's helplessness to a short life. Cao Pi's deep thinking and emotion about life can be said to be unique among ancient emperors. Don't say that when he is frustrated, even after "inviting guests to a high meeting and enjoying wine", he will be "mixed"; Before "Danxia covers the sun and rainbows hang down the sky", people will sigh "China is no longer complicated when the moon is full". From a modern point of view, this kind of thinking seems to be somewhat negative, but first of all, this kind of negativity comes from the social turmoil at that time, such as Zhuge Liang, who worked hard on fashion and "died in troubled times." Second, although Cao Pi thought that "life is like a post, why worry", as an emperor, he did not die like Li Yu, nor did he become a monk like Fu Lin, nor did he become a monk like Liu Che. What's more, even Cao Cao, who is brilliant and has a long life, doesn't feel the same way about "the geometry of life" and "it's difficult to go to Japan". Therefore, Cao Pi's seemingly negative but objective outlook on life is obviously understandable.

On the whole, although Cao Pi's poems also have "cutting the spirit of the drum, waving the flag;" The description of the expedition is spectacular, but not representative. Most of his poems belong to the sad style. As a politician, this may be somewhat inconsistent with his identity. For example, Chen commented on Cao Pi's way: "dignified and restrained, but lacking the degree of emperor", but from another perspective, he is a politician.

Finally, I want to quote a sentence from Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms" to sum up Cao Pi: "Wen Di has literary talent, writing articles, and rich knowledge and talent; If you add the degree of broadmindedness, the way of nourishing the heart and the heart of broadmindedness, then the ancient wise king will be far away! "