How to cultivate osmanthus seedlings? Where are the cultivation techniques of osmanthus seedlings?

1. Osmanthus fragrans blooms 5438+00 from September to June, and the fruit matures from late March to late April of the following year. When the fruit enters maturity and the peel gradually changes from green to purple-black, it can be harvested. The collected fruits are piled and retted for about 3 days. After the peel becomes soft, wash it with water, remove the peel and pulp to get clean seeds, dry them a little, and moisten them with sand. Because osmanthus seeds have a post-ripening period, wet sofa buds usually take 8 months.

2. Seeding and seedling raising methods are commonly used. A large number of osmanthus fragrans seedlings can be obtained by sowing seedlings. The seedlings have strong growth, developed roots, strong vitality and long life, especially the trunk is developed, which is suitable for street trees or shade trees. In Huangchuan, Henan, this method is often used to cultivate single-dried osmanthus seedlings. Sowing is usually carried out in wide rows, with a row spacing of 20 to 25 cm and a width of 65,438+00 to 65,438+02 cm. Sow 20 Jin per mu, and there are 25,000 to 30,000 osmanthus seedlings per mu. Before sowing, the umbilical cord should be oriented to one side, covered with one or two centimeters of fine soil, covered with a thin layer of straw, and sprayed with water until the soil is soaked to prevent soil hardening and reduce water evaporation. After the seeds germinate, uncover the grass cover in time and put the grass between rows, which can not only keep the soil moist, but also prevent the weeds from growing.

3. Maintenance technology

(1) Tillage and Weeding At present, most nurseries still use manual tillage and weeding. Tree tray with trunk as the center and diameter of 1 m, with emphasis on loosening soil and weeding. Mechanical intertillage with small tractors. Generally, mechanical intertillage can be used to weed in large seedling areas with row spacing 1 m or more. The small seedling area can be carried out two or three times a month. In addition, after irrigation or rainfall, in order to prevent soil hardening, intertillage should be carried out to loosen the soil to facilitate the growth of seedlings.

(2) Water content and water content of drained osmanthus fragrans mainly occurred within one month after new planting and in the summer of that year. The newly planted osmanthus must be watered, and it can be watered in time according to the weather and site conditions. Conditionally spray water on the crown of the plant to maintain a certain air humidity and reduce the evaporation of water from the seedlings. In addition, in order to promote the early flowering of osmanthus fragrans, in mid-September, when the flower buds begin to germinate, appropriate amount of water should be used to keep the soil moist. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings do not need a lot of watering during normal maintenance, but can be properly watered in particularly dry summer and autumn. Osmanthus fragrans is not tolerant to waterlogging, and poor drainage will cause a lot of fallen leaves, root rot and even death. Drainage or transplanting waterlogged plants in time and planting with a certain amount of sand can promote the growth of new roots.

(3) Rational fertilization should be based on the principle of thin fertilizer and frequent application, with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer, and large and medium-sized seedlings should be fertilized three or four times a year. In early spring, before the buds begin to swell, the roots begin to move and absorb fertilizer. Therefore, in early spring, organic fertilizer should be applied to the tree tray to promote the growth of spring shoots. Spring shoots are branches that bloom in autumn that year. Spring seedlings are growing vigorously and will bloom more in the future. After Osmanthus fragrans blooms in autumn, in order to restore tree vigor and supplement nutrition, inorganic fertilizer or garbage miscellaneous fertilizer should be applied in early winter. In the meantime, fertilization can be applied once or twice according to the growth of osmanthus fragrans. The newly transplanted osmanthus fragrans has weak absorption capacity because of its damaged root system, so it is not appropriate to topdressing too early. The base fertilizer of the transplanting pit should be mixed with soil and covered with soil, and the root system should not be in direct contact with the fertilizer, so as not to damage the root system and affect the survival rate.

Fertilizer must be applied where the roots can absorb it. Seedling roots are concentrated, and transplanting is easy to survive. Therefore, fertilization in nursery should not be too far away from seedling crown, otherwise the root system will expand outward. But it is not suitable to be applied under the trunk, which is not conducive to the absorption of fertilizer.

(4) Pruning osmanthus fragrans is an important measure to cultivate single-dried osmanthus fragrans. Timely and reasonable pruning can make it ventilated and transparent, strengthen photosynthesis and reduce pests and diseases, so that osmanthus fragrans grows rapidly, its trunk is straight and its tree shape is beautiful.

(1) When osmanthus fragrans germinates, the buds on the trunk and base can also germinate. The useless buds at the lower part of the trunk should be peeled off in time to concentrate water and nutrition, promote the development of the upper branches and form an ideal tree shape.

(2) To cultivate dried osmanthus fragrans by thinning branches, we should consciously cultivate the trunk straight from the beginning of seedlings, maintain a certain height under branches, and cut off useless branches. Generally, the height under the branches of osmanthus fragrans is about 1.5 meters.

(3) Cut the overgrown top branches to keep the height of osmanthus fragrans at about 3.5 meters and the crown width at 2.5-3 meters. When transplanting Osmanthus fragrans, in order to maintain a complete tree shape, it is not advisable to cut it forcefully, but only cut off dead branches, disease and insect branches, sparse overlapping branches, cross branches and thin branches, and control long branches.

(5) Before transplanting seedlings, the transplanting site must be deeply plowed and harrowed, and "three plows and three harrows" should be used. Deep tillage and fine harrow can improve the physical properties of soil, keep the soil loose, increase the permeability and water retention capacity of soil, facilitate the activity of aerobic bacteria, promote the decomposition of organic fertilizer and create a good growth environment for roots.

4. The influence of bad factors and countermeasures

(1) pests and diseases In Guilin, there are few pests and diseases of osmanthus fragrans cultivated in the open field, and occasionally there are red spiders, whiteflies, scale insects and cobia insects, so it is necessary to spray pesticides in time and prevent them in advance.

(2) The growth of osmanthus fragrans polluted by smoke and dust needs clean air. Smoke pollution will affect the development of new shoots of osmanthus fragrans or cause a large number of fallen leaves, which will affect the normal growth of osmanthus fragrans. It is necessary to strengthen management, increase the resistance of osmanthus fragrans, stay away from dust, and let osmanthus fragrans grow normally.

5. The seedlings leave the nursery

(1) You must bring soil balls to raise seedlings and dig the ground. The diameter of the soil ball should be 6 to 8 times of the foundation diameter, and the thickness of the soil ball should be about 2/3 of the ball diameter. It is not suitable for sowing in rainy days, and the soil moisture is high, so it is easy to sow. Summer is very hot and the soil is too dry. Water two days before emergence to make the soil contain some water. When seedlings emerge, the soil is sticky and difficult to disperse. After picking up the clay ball, tie it with a pair of hemp rope and a proper amount of straw rope. First, tie a knot in half with hemp rope and put it at the bottom of the soil ball, then wrap the soil ball with straw rope for 3 to 4 times, then tie the knot with hemp rope for 3 to 4 times to the upper part of the soil ball, and finally tie the hemp rope tightly with the trunk to prepare for shipment.

(2) When hoisting and transporting, use hemp rope or rubber pad near the soil ball on the trunk and tie it tightly with hemp rope. Soil balls over 70 cm can be lifted by crane and loaded on the car, and then covered with poncho or sunshade net to keep out rain and reduce water evaporation. Smooth transportation at night is beneficial to reduce water evaporation of seedlings.

6. Other matters

The annual seedling of osmanthus fragrans is 25 cm high, and it was transplanted for the first time in the early spring of the following year. The height of two-year-old seedlings is 60 cm, and that of three-year-old seedlings is 120 cm. Carry out the second transplant, the plant spacing is 1× 1 m, take as much soil as possible, leave more roots, and cut off the main roots appropriately. When the trunk diameter of Osmanthus fragrans seedlings reaches 3-4 cm, it can be transplanted for the third time, with a row spacing of 2.5×2.5 meters and soil balls. Osmanthus fragrans can leave the garden when the trunk diameter reaches 6 to 8 cm. As a large osmanthus seedling for landscaping, it usually needs to be cultivated for more than 8 years.

Osmanthus fragrans can be transplanted at other times except in midsummer and severe winter. In a warm climate, as long as you bring the soil balls, you can transplant them all year round. But the best time is the end of June 165438+ to February of the following year. At this time, the root wound of transplanted osmanthus fragrans heals quickly, which can catch up with the growing season in spring, which is very beneficial to the recovery of osmanthus fragrans growth, and the planted osmanthus fragrans can bloom normally almost in the same year.

1. Identification and control of main diseases of osmanthus fragrans

1. Leaf spot occurs on both sides of leaves. At the beginning of the disease, only a few scattered brown spots appeared on the leaves. In the late stage, the center of the leaf spot is grayish white to light brown, and its shape is approximately round or irregular. In severe cases, several spots are combined. The edge of the lesion is reddish brown to dark brown, with a light brown halo outside, and a large number of gray-black mildew spots are scattered on the front of the leaf, which are conidia and conidia of pathogenic bacteria; Leaf back disease is brown; Because the diseased spots gradually expand and converge into large areas, leaves often die and fall off in large numbers, which seriously affects the normal growth and flowering of plants.

The pathogen overwinters in mycelium on diseased plants and fallen leaves. In April-June of the following year, when the temperature rises, new conidia will be produced, which will be spread by airflow and rain, and then new conidia will be produced, which will infect the disease again. The disease can occur in April-10; In plants, the diseases of old leaves are more serious than those of young leaves. Jingui variety is the most susceptible, followed by Yin Gui variety, and Dangui variety is not easy to get sick. Plants with weak growth or transplanted in the same year are prone to disease; The disease is easy to occur when the soil is hard and sticky and the fertility is insufficient. In the hot and humid season from July to August, the disease can spread rapidly.

Prevention and control methods: strengthen water and fertilizer management, loosen soil frequently, avoid soil water accumulation, promote plant growth and improve plant disease resistance; Thorough removal of diseased leaves in winter and centralized incineration to reduce overwintering bacteria can obviously inhibit the occurrence of this disease in the coming year; In spring, before the leaves of osmanthus fragrans plants germinate and harden, spraying Bordeaux solution with 1: 2: 100 lime every half month can prevent the occurrence of this disease. At the early stage of onset, spray with 50% polysulfide suspension 800 solution, or spray with 50% carbendazim and 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 solution, or spray with 50% zineb wettable powder 800 solution; It can also be sprayed with 5000 times of 25% propiconazole EC at intervals of 48 days. When the seedlings in the hardest hit areas leave the nursery, they can be disinfected by spraying 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution.

2. Leaf blight, also known as leaf spot, is an important disease of osmanthus fragrans. It mainly harms leaves. The disease often begins at the tip or edge of leaves with small yellow-green or light brown spots, and then gradually expands to reddish brown to grayish brown, with a nearly round or irregular shape. The back of the lesion is light in color and the edge is dark brown. Lesions are sometimes curly and fragile, and several lesions can fuse with each other to reach 1/2- 1/3 of leaves, or irregular large patches; There are many small black spots scattered on the lesion in the later stage, which are conidia of pathogenic bacteria. The disease can occur all year round, causing large areas of leaves to dry up, leading to early shedding; The damage of middle and lower leaves of crown is more serious than that of top, and the disease of old leaves is more serious than that of new leaves.

The pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves with mycelium and conidia, and infects conidia when the temperature and humidity are suitable in spring, especially in July-165438+1October. When the temperature is 20-27℃, there is much rain or humidity, poor ventilation, insufficient fertilizer, weak trees or freezing and mechanical damage, which is easy to get sick; The climate is hot and dry, and the illness is aggravated if you don't water it in time.

Prevention and control methods: thoroughly remove diseased leaves in late autumn and early winter, burn or bury them centrally, and reduce overwintering bacteria, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of diseases in the coming year; Transplanted or introduced seedlings should be removed from diseased leaves and burned centrally. When necessary, the seedlings can be disinfected by spraying 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution before leaving the nursery. Strengthen management, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, often loosen the soil and weed, prevent soil hardening or water accumulation, water and spray water in time in case of high temperature and dry weather, and increase the disease resistance of osmanthus plants; In areas with serious diseases, 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times solution or 1: 2: 100 lime bordeaux solution are sprayed once every two months for 3-4 times continuously, and the control effect is good. It can also be sprayed with 5000 times of 25% propiconazole EC at intervals of 48 days.

3. sooty blotch is characterized by a layer of gray-black powder with different shades on its leaves and branches, sometimes even forming a black film. The reason is that when aphids, scale insects, whiteflies and other insects harm osmanthus fragrans, the excreta secreted by them cause parasitism of many fungi, thus inducing a dark gray sooty blotch.

It usually occurs in hot and humid seasons and in hot and humid, hidden and poorly ventilated environments. The gray-black coal pollution layer not only affects the ornamental of osmanthus fragrans plants, but also affects the photosynthesis of leaves, resulting in poor plant growth and early shedding of susceptible leaves after yellowing and wilting.

Prevention and control methods: strengthen the shaping and pruning of osmanthus plants, ensure the ventilation and light transmission in the plant cavity, and promote the good growth of plants; When aphids, scale insects, whiteflies and other pests are found to harm osmanthus fragrans, effective prevention and control should be carried out in time to kill them; Potted plants, often spraying water to wash leaves; At the initial stage of the disease, spraying branches and leaves with 500 times of 50% methyl sulfide suspension, 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder has a good control effect.

4, chlorosis is iron deficiency chlorosis. If it is mild iron deficiency, it means that the veins of young leaves turn green and yellow, and the vein tissue is still green; If the iron deficiency is serious, the new and old leaves will turn yellow, the young leaves will slowly stop growing, some old leaves will appear yellow-brown spots, and the plants will not grow and bloom normally, which will seriously affect the ornamental effect and the harvest of flowers. The reasons are as follows: first, the soil quality of plants planted on the ground is alkaline; Second, when preparing potted soil, the pH value of potted plants is unbalanced due to improper formula ratio; Third, osmanthus planted after urban and rural demolition is not completely cleaned up due to building residues; Fourth, management mistakes, such as high pH value of irrigation water; In this way, the iron in the soil exists in the form of insoluble iron hydroxide and cannot be absorbed by the root system of osmanthus fragrans.

Prevention and treatment methods: mild iron deficiency can be treated by pouring 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution on roots and spraying 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution on leaves; When the iron deficiency is serious, 20-40g chelating iron [F-EDTA] can be applied to the soil around the rhizosphere of each osmanthus fragrans (including potted osmanthus fragrans), and 0. 1% chelating iron solution can be sprayed on the leaves at the same time. Spraying leaves with 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution every half month during the growth season of new shoots in spring; When preparing potted soil, the pH value can be adjusted to below 6.5 with 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution.

5. Dry rot mainly occurs on newly transplanted osmanthus plants with large specifications.

When landscaping or transplanting osmanthus fragrans, the trunk or branch bark of osmanthus fragrans plants is seriously damaged or large pieces of dry bark are not properly protected in time due to reasons such as bumps during digging, scratches during long-distance transportation and strangulation during hanging planting. When rain and sewage infect wounds, fungi (such as wood rot fungi, etc. ) and bacteria (such as soil wild Bacillus, etc. ) is induced to invade and parasitize, causing the wound to rot.

Prevention and treatment methods: for small wounds on tree trunks or branches, wound healing agents should be applied in time; For small wounds that have been partially decomposed or slightly decomposed, the wound can be partially cleaned until the fresh xylem and phloem are exposed, and then the wound healing agent can be applied to the fresh wound to promote the wound healing as soon as possible; For the old big wounds with the phloem damaged for a long time and the xylem exposed for many years, the rotten exposed xylem can be cleaned up, and the stone sulfur mixture can be applied regularly every year to prevent corrosion or the two-component "marble glue" can be quickly applied to the fresh wounds, which will have better protection effect; For the thick osmanthus plants with cavities in the trunk, the rotten parts can be thoroughly removed first, and the isolation layer between rotten xylem and non-rotten xylem should not be destroyed, and the cavities should be filled with polyurethane foaming agent.

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