Which part of China is prone to forest fires?

Longdou Village, Shuibei Town, Shaowu City

"2? 14 "fire case

I. Summary of the case

On February 14, 2004, a forest fire broke out in Dachangshan Farm, Xiachang Formation, Longdou Village, Shuibei Town, Shaowu City, killing 8 people. The affected forest area was 27.5 hectares, and the fire lasted 19 hours, resulting in a direct loss of 26,000 yuan.

Second, the fire situation is introduced

On February 4, 2004 1 1 40, Peng Yikang, a villager of Xiachang Formation in Longdou Village, set fire to reeds on the edge of the cooking field to prevent voles from destroying snowflake bean seedlings. After lighting, he left the bean field and went home for dinner, without taking preventive measures. As a result, the fire head crossed the highway and railway, causing forest fires. At noon 12, the villager Dai found a fire on the mountain and immediately reported it to the secretary of the village party branch. Kiwi Feng immediately organized villagers to rush to the fire to put out the fire.

(1) Overview of fire scene

The 76-level forest in the fire area (burned by the 77-level forest) is mountain-shaped, surrounded by mountains on three sides, with a small grass pond ditch in the middle. The valley bottom 10 meter wide, and the bottom of the ditch is only 2-3 meters wide. For the southeast slope, the slope length 100 meters. Casualty accident site in the lower part of the slope, only 20 meters away from the bottom of the slope. The mountain is steep, with an average slope of 35o, which is rich. Shanchang is a mixed plantation of Chinese fir and Pinus massoniana in 2000, which has not been nursed for 3 years. There are 3-meter-high five-section awns, 2-meter-high awn bones and some small miscellaneous irrigation of succession trees in the forest, and the weed coverage rate reaches 95%. It is precisely because of the narrow slope and narrow ditch and the relatively concentrated combustible materials that the environmental conditions prone to high-intensity forest fires are formed.

On that day, the weather was northwest wind, the wind force 1-2, the temperature -0.6℃-23. 1℃, the humidity was 20%, there was no rainfall, and the fire risk rating was 5.

(2) Fire development process and analysis

On June 4th 12:20 or so, after receiving a call from the secretary of the Party branch of Longdou Village, the ranger He immediately called his three brothers and villagers Lin Quanshui and others 16, boarded the small four-wheeled agricultural vehicle of the villager You Jianjun, and rushed to the side of the burning mountain, ready to open a fire road to stop the fire from spreading. At about 12:40, the fire area of Xushanchang has reached 100 mu, and 12 villagers directly entered the fire point and arrived at the drinking water source of Xiabian Group. The soldiers were divided into two ways. All the way to the water source is only about 20 meters away from the fire head, and the other way is up along the small ridge in the north direction. Four people jumped to the northeast along the drinking ditch on the right side of the fire source. After driving for 2-3 minutes, it was found that the northwest valley wind was blowing in the fire, accompanied by a cyclone of magnitude 3-4, and the fire was fierce and the visibility was low. Why did you tell everyone to retreat quickly? How did four people run to the ecological public welfare forest in the northeast on the right side of the hillside and escape safely? What 65,438+00 people first ran to the hillside in the northeast, and then turned back to the northwest to run to the top of the mountain. Not far away, they were blocked by the fire from the top of the mountain. Because the mountain is steep, the mountain road is dangerous, the fire is strong, and the fire temperature reaches 2 1℃, and the wind speed reaches 2-3 meters per second. The river wind and the valley wind convect to form a whirlwind, and the smoke and dust are mixed on the hillside, so the visibility is extremely high. He and He Guoshui ran at the end, slipped down the mountain and lay in a small ditch only about 8 meters away from the scene of the accident, and escaped by luck. The other eight people were confused, choked by the smoke in the fire, suffocated and burned to death by high temperature. The whole combustion process only takes 20 minutes. This is an example of casualties caused by a rapid and high-intensity ground fire.

Third, the case analysis

(A) Cause analysis

Judging from the occurrence of this fire, the fire started in vegetable fields along the floodplain of Lao 3 16 national highway, followed by farmland, railway and mountain forest. Weeds on the roadside and ridges are tall and dense, which are easy to burn. It takes about 1 hour from the time the perpetrator lit the weeds to the mountain field, and the fire was not far from the village, so it should be found in time, but no one called the police until the forest fire crossed the road and the railway burned up the mountain. It shows that there is a dead end in some places to publicize the masses in forest areas, and the responsibility for the management of wild fire sources is not implemented, especially after 1 1: 00 in the morning or after 4: 00 in the afternoon before the farmers call it a day, which is the peak period of agricultural fire use, and the rangers and those responsible for management and protection are not in place, resulting in a management vacuum, thus leading to a major disaster.

Judging from the death of firefighters, after the villagers arrived at the fire site, they rushed into the forest land to set up a fire isolation belt without carefully observing the fire, meteorology and vegetation of the fire site. The route chosen to enter the fire site is unreasonable, the location of the isolation belt is incorrect, the fire extinguishing tools are crude, firefighters have no safety protection equipment, and their ability to escape and save themselves is poor. In the face of danger, they panicked and fled blindly, leading to tragedy.

(b) Some lessons to be learned

Although the accident was caused by objective factors such as steep mountain terrain, complex forest vegetation and high intensity of mountain fires, it was also closely related to the poor quality of village commanders, and the lessons were profound:

1, it is necessary to strengthen fire safety publicity and education and strengthen fire source management. Forest fire prevention must start with publicity and education, and everyone must know the safe use of fire in the field to eliminate fire hazards.

2, should strengthen the training of forest fire fighting commanders and firefighters. Conduct systematic fire prevention professional knowledge and safety fire fighting knowledge training for fire fighting commanders, fire fighting team captains and full-time forest fire prevention cadres at all levels at the grass-roots level to improve their professional quality and command level. It is necessary to strengthen the safety knowledge education of grass-roots firefighters and the training of their ability to escape and save themselves in distress to ensure the safety of firefighters.

3, strengthen the organization and command of fire fighting. At the beginning of the fire, when the fire is not strong and the terrain conditions are favorable, people with fire fighting experience can be spontaneously organized to put out the fire. However, when the fire is large, the fire line is long, the terrain is dangerous, and the meteorological conditions are bad, the county and township (town) must organize professional and semi-professional teams to fight the fire in strict accordance with the requirements of the plan.

4. Firefighters should be equipped with corresponding safety protection articles, such as fire rescue cover, wet towel, kettle, matches, etc. Once in danger, you can save yourself and escape.

Case 2:

A Case of "2.28" Forest Fire in Shang Yong Town, Dehua County

I. Summary of the case

On February 28th, 2004, in Huluban Mountain Field, Xia Yong Village, Shang Yong Town, Dehua County, Fujian Province, the pin insulator fell off the crossbar of the high-voltage pole, causing a forest fire, which killed four people.

Second, the fire situation

At about 0: 30 am on February 28th, 2004, five people, including Chen Qingsheng, who worked in Xia Yong Village, Shang Yong Town, found a fire in the opposite forest. Due to the high mountains, dense forests, overgrown weeds, frost in winter, dead vegetation, and long drought and no rain, the fire spread rapidly everywhere by wind. After receiving the report, the town government immediately organized the town cadres and the town emergency detachment to put out the fire and reported it to the county forest fire prevention headquarters. The leaders of five teams in the county also rushed to the fire and organized 1000 people to take part in the fighting.

(1) Overview of fire scene

Terrain of the fire site: It is located in Zhongshan, with an altitude of 750-99 1 m, chicken feet shape and surrounded by mountains on three sides. The mountains are steep and undulating, and the valleys and mountains are obvious.

Fire slope: west, 865 meters above sea level, slope position: middle, slope length 100 meters, slope 40. Mountains: from east to west. After the fire broke out, it mainly spread from east to west.

Casualties: the terrain is gourd-shaped, with an altitude of 750-962 meters, steep mountain slope of 30-45 degrees. There are five mountains in the gourd inserted into the bottom of the gourd from high to low (forming a second narrow place). The forest stands are lush, overgrown with weeds under the canopy and in the glade, with a height of1-2m and a coverage rate of over 90%. The fire spread inward from the left side (south) of Gukou to the second narrow place, and a strong wind penetrated from south to north to form multiple fire heads.

It was sunny on the 28th, with the highest daily temperature of 23.5 degrees and the lowest temperature of 9 degrees. The wind direction is mostly southerly, with an average wind force of 2-3, a relative humidity of 76% and a forest fire risk rating of 4. According to the Brewmaster Mountain Meteorological Observatory, at noon that day, the wind in the upwelling area reached 6-7.

(2) Analysis of fire development process

At noon 12:00 on the 28th, after the cadres and militia who rushed to the mountain to put out the fire arrived at the fire, Lin, deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the town, and Sun, deputy mayor, led a group of fire fighters to Huluban Mountain Field to open the fire isolation belt. Huluban Mountain Field is named for its gourd-shaped valley. At an altitude of about 860 meters, the vegetation in the forest is mostly reeds and five-section awns, with a coverage rate of 90%. At that time, the microclimate in the ravine formed a spiral wind with a wind speed of 45 km/h, and the forest fire spread northward. The route of rescuers is also from north to northwest, and then to north. The north and south mountains are more than 300 meters apart. At normal speed, it will take at least half an hour for the fire to spread. However, the wind was too strong that day, and the wind direction suddenly changed from blowing the north wind to blowing the southeast wind, which led to a great fire in the east at the foot of Huluban Mountain and spread to the northwest across the first fire isolation belt. The fire in the south also burned to the northwest, and the flame blew from one hill to another. This group of people was immediately surrounded by the fire. Five firefighters headed by Zeng Shangxun, chairman of the town people's congress, quickly rushed to a cemetery, and Vice Mayor Sun also leaned over and climbed out of the fire. Lin Tongzhi and three women who opened the isolation belt (Guo Qing,,) were killed on the spot because the fire was too fierce and too fast.

After nearly 20 hours' efforts, the fire was finally put out. Four firefighters were killed in the fire, and the affected forest area was 15 1 hectare.

Second, the case analysis

(A) Cause analysis

This is a typical forest fire caused by power supply lines. The forestry department often ignores the power supply department when investigating the hidden dangers of forest fires. In the future work, we should strengthen the contact and communication with the power supply department, eliminate the hidden danger of forest fire caused by power supply lines in time, and ensure the safety of forest resources.

Cause analysis of firefighters' death: the position of isolation belt on the mountainside is not ideal. At that time, the microclimate in the ravine formed a spiral wind with a wind speed of 45 km/h, and the meteorological conditions were relatively bad. The location of the isolation belt is close to the fire line, leaving relatively little time for setting the isolation belt. In the case of large loading capacity of small combustible materials, complex terrain and changeable wind direction, the fire changes quickly, which is easy to cause casualties.

(b) Some lessons to be learned

1. At ordinary times, it is necessary to strengthen the training of fire-fighting personnel on safety knowledge and risk-avoidance and self-help methods. After distress, they can calm down and improvise and take corresponding measures to save themselves.

2. It is very dangerous to set a fire isolation belt in front of the rotor. Professional firefighters should be organized to set up, and it is forbidden to organize the elderly, weak women and children and people with poor physical fitness to participate.

3. When the firemen set up a fire isolation belt at the designated position in front of the fire head, they should first set up a fire safety zone, define the evacuation route, and assign a special person to monitor the surrounding fire changes during the operation. Once the danger is found, the firemen should be immediately directed to evacuate to a safe place.

4. When putting out forest fires in mountainous areas, beat directly along the fire line to put out the fire. An isolation belt should be set up in front of the spread of the fire head, and the taller trees should be cut down and fall against the burning direction, so that the thatch can be overwhelmed, and the fire will be relatively weak when the fire breaks out, which is conducive to the safety of flapping and fire fighters.

Case Map of "2.28" Forest Fire in Shang Yong Town, Dehua County

"2.28" Forest Fire Case in Shang Yong Town, Dehua County

Case 3:

"3.9" Forest Fire Case in Zhenghe County State-owned Forest Farm

I. Summary of the case

On March 9, 2004, a forest fire broke out in Xibiaoxia Village, Zhenghe State-owned Forest Farm (under Nanping Forestry Bureau) in Fujian Province, because villagers burned ant nests. Four firefighters died (3 forest farm workers and 65,438 farmers +0), with the burnt area 1.283 mu and the damaged area 1.283 mu.

Second, the fire situation is introduced

On March 9, 2004, Chen Changmei, a villager from Xibiao Village, Dongping Town, Zhenghe County, went to work at the foot of Chashanping Mountain in Xibiao Village Work Area. In the afternoon 15, after Chen Changmei finished her farm work, she moved the nest into a straw shed, lit it with a match, and covered it with soil after burning for about 4 to 5 minutes. Because the fire was not completely put out and it was a tuyere here, Lian Zhenhai, a ranger in Xibiao Xiacun Work Area, reported to the forest farm at 9: 20 that night/kloc-0. Liu Yonggui, the director of the forest farm, immediately organized 3 1 person of the forest farm professional firefighting team to rush to the scene and enter the fire site in three ways to put out the fire. The county forest fire prevention headquarters quickly mobilized 260 firefighters to rush to the fire to put out the fire.

(a) the general situation of the fire scene

The volcanic field has complex topographic conditions, deep gullies, many small gullies and large mountain height difference, with an altitude of 620 to 940 meters. The overall slope is to the west, with a slope of 25-30 degrees. The first burning place is at the downhill of the small ridge, next to the gully, with good ventilation and easy air circulation, belonging to the tuyere.

The forest volcanic field is mainly timber forest, and the tree species are Pinus massoniana and Chinese fir. The age of Pinus massoniana is 14 and that of Cunninghamia lanceolata is 19. The average tree density is about 1 10 plant/mu, and the canopy density is 0.77. Some mountain fields are economic forests, and the main tree species are Castanea henryi and tea. The original fire was surrounded by ravines and barren land. Vegetation is dominated by five-section awn, white thatch and small miscellaneous irrigation, which is dense and easy to burn, and the fire line spreads quickly, with Fei Huo phenomenon.

On March 9th, the meteorological conditions were: average temperature 12.6 degrees, maximum temperature 23.0 degrees, minimum daily relative humidity 24%, and average wind force of about 4. The wind is easterly at night and westerly during the day. The forest fire risk rating is five. It had been frosty for two consecutive days, and it was windy at night.

(2) Fire development process and analysis

After receiving the fire report, Liu Yonggui, the director of the forest farm, immediately organized the forest farm professional firefighting team 3 1 person to put into the fire in three ways. Liu Yonggui Belt 1 1 person on the first road, Huang Shengjun Belt 1 1 person on the second road, and Lin Guande, director of Xiacun Work Area, took 9 people to the fire at 20: 30. According to the fire, Lin Guande and others decided to quickly cross the scooter road and rush to the top of the mountain to open a fire prevention road to stop the spread of forest fires. When Lin Guande and other nine people went to the vicinity of the accident site Li Shuping, the wind direction suddenly changed because they were in the tuyere. The vegetation under the accident site was dominated by five-section awns and cogongrass, which was very dense and easy to burn. In an instant, the fire quickly spread to the scooter road. Lin Guande and other four people failed to retreat and were surrounded by fire. Although he fell down on the spot, he died unfortunately because of the excessive fire (3 people were prone, 1 people were lying on their backs on the scooter). The remaining five people survived because they were separated from four people by a certain distance.

According to the comprehensive analysis of the burning situation of trees in the fire site and the burning degree of surface residues, the forest fire trend is as follows: at the fire site, three roads spread outward, all the way down to the path on the edge of the tea tree in the small ridge, the weeds in the afforestation mountain burned completely, and the upper side of the trunk of the standing tree was blackened; The second road burns up to Castanea henryi Mountain along the edge of the tea tree on the small ridge, and the lower side of the trunk of the standing tree burns black, and then burns to the Chinese fir forest above and around the Castanea henryi forest respectively. The third road burned along Donggou to the wasteland, where it spread to the Chinese fir forest above the plough. After burning all the way to the opposite wasteland, it was divided into two streams, one was burned along the other side of the ditch, and the other was burned at the narrowest part of the scooter road, spreading irregularly in an umbrella shape (casualties caused by the fire).

The forest fire killed four people (including three forest farm workers and farmers 1 person). The burned area 1.283 mu, including timber forest1.654,38+0.65 mu, Castanea henryi forest 59 mu and young forest 59 mu.

Third, the case analysis

(A) Cause analysis

Cause analysis of firefighters' death: It is very dangerous to put out forest fires at night. After the firemen arrived at the fire site, they thought they were familiar with the mountain field without carefully observing the terrain, mastering the meteorological conditions of the fire site and seeing the vegetation around the plank road. Blind and confident, they took firefighters from the plank road to the top of the building to set up a fire zone. At night, the commander can't judge the distance between the walking route and the fire line, and the burning speed of the forest fire is not clear. The wild vegetation at the bottom of the valley is dry and dense, and the change of wind may lead to a sharp change in combustion speed, which is not foreseen enough. Improper handling in case of distress (lying on a boardwalk less than 2 meters wide, the death position of tea garden is only about 10 meters), which leads to tragedy.

(2) Experience and lessons

1. After the firefighting team arrives at the fire site, the commander must know the scope of the fire site, the spreading direction and speed of the fire, the wind speed and direction of the fire site, avoid the dangerous area, choose a safe route to enter the designated position and open the isolation belt. When you are not familiar with Shan Ye and are not sure about the chosen route, you must not blindly direct the fire fighters to enter the fire site to open up the isolation zone.

2, should strengthen the training of forest fire fighting commanders. Conduct systematic fire prevention professional knowledge and safety fire fighting knowledge training for fire fighting commanders, fire fighting team captains and full-time forest fire prevention cadres at all levels at the grass-roots level to improve their professional quality and command level.

3. Strengthen the training of fire fighters on safety knowledge and self-help methods in distress, be calm and resourceful when in distress, and take corresponding measures to save themselves.

4. Improve the equipment of the fire brigade. Professional firefighters should be equipped with helmets, protective clothing, life-saving covers, kettles, matches, etc. Improve their own protection level and self-help ability.

Case 4:

Yong' an Ansha town village Wu Shibi Village

" 12? 2 1 "forest fire case"

I. Summary of the case

On June 5438+February 2, 2005 1, a forest fire broke out in Shibi Village Lai Ling Mountain Field, Ansha Town, Yong 'an City, killing two people and injuring1. After nearly 19 hours of fighting, the fire was finally put out. The fire area is 5 1.7 hectares, the affected forest area is 26 hectares, and the direct fire fighting fund is 23,000 yuan.

Second, the fire situation

At 4: 30 on June 2 1 day 14: 30, Zhu, a villager from Zhenjiang Houcun, Ansha, caused a forest fire when he burned ridge grass on the farmland at the foot of the mountain. After receiving the report, the town government immediately launched the "Ansha Town Forest Fire Fighting Plan", organized town cadres and emergency teams to rush to the fire scene to fight the fire, and reported to the office of the Municipal Forest Fire Prevention Command.

Overview of fire scene:

Terrain of the fire site: The fire site is located in the middle of Zhongshan, with an altitude of 260-500m, showing an irregular rectangle, and some mountains are steep and undulating.

Slope position of fire site: the fire site is on the north slope, with an altitude of 250-260m, the slope position is at the lower part, the slope length is 100m, and the slope is 3 1 degree. Mountain situation: from west to east, after the fire broke out, the fire mainly spread from north to east.

Casualties: It is located in the mountain behind Laifang Natural Village in Shi Bi Village. The forest is divided into pure fir forest with many reeds under it. Located near the ridge, it is 430-460m above sea level, with a slope of 40 degrees to the northeast. It's by the newly opened fire. There are five ridges from the fire point, and the horizontal distance is about 1000 meters.

Meteorological conditions: 2 1 sunny day, with daily maximum temperature of 8 degrees and minimum temperature of 4 degrees. The wind direction is southerly, with an average wind force of 8-9, a forest fire risk rating of 5, an average wind speed of 6.6m/s and an instantaneous maximum of12.7m/s. ..

Second, the fire development process and analysis

At 0/4: 45 pm, Chen Yongfeng, the leader in charge of Ansha Town, immediately called the car of the director of Reshui Village in Ansha Town after receiving the report from Chen Qishan, the director of Ansha Forest Police Station, and rushed to the scene to check the fire at the first time, and reported to Li, the secretary of the town party Committee, by mobile phone. Li, Deng Qingrun and others immediately organized people to drive to the fire, studied the fire fighting plan with Chen Yongfeng who arrived first, and decided to divide the troops into two roads, journey to the south Line. Liu, chairman of the National People's Congress, and Luo Mingyong, the stationmaster of the forestry station, led the team to outflank from the rear of the fire. On another southern road, Mayor Deng Qingrun and Chen Yongfeng, the leader in charge, led a team to open a fire prevention road in a ravine far away from the fire. 15: 30, due to the strong wind and high speed, the southern line fire brigade retreated to the ravine three ridges away from the fire line to open a fire prevention road. When driving near the ridge, the fire quickly spread southward to the fire prevention road 100 meters. Suddenly, halfway up the mountain, a group of Fei Huo flew near the ridge. Mayor Deng Qingrun divided 29 people around him into two groups. Mayor Deng led a team of 65,438+08 people to the top of the mountain and was defeated. Another group 1 1 person, led by Ni Huotian and Chen Yongfeng, lined up from top to bottom along the hillside (Ni, Chen Juzhong) and continued to open up fire prevention roads. At about 16: 30, a mass of Fei Huo fell into the 1 1 team members who opened the fire escape and spread rapidly. Four people below the fire retreated down the mountain along the fire escape, and seven people above the fire escape up the mountain, of which 1 was burned and two people were missing. 17: 30, firefighters found Ni Huotian and Chen Yongfeng dead.

Third, the case analysis

1. Causes of forest fire accidents

Cause of casualties: the location of the first fire zone is unreasonable, close to the line of fire. After the failure, these people were organized to retreat to another place to start business. This place has a complicated terrain and a steep slope. In addition, the wind is very strong and the wind direction is uncertain, which leads to the formation of the Fei Huo, which is rapid, consumes a lot of physical strength of the players and is slow in opening up. No fire safety zone was opened at the opening, and no special person was appointed to observe the fire. When the forest fire approached, it failed.

Second, some lessons to be learned.

1. At ordinary times, it is necessary to strengthen the training of safety knowledge and self-rescue methods for fire fighters, so that they will not panic when they encounter danger, calm down and improvise, and take corresponding measures to save themselves.

2. Set a fire isolation belt in front of the fire head. First, determine whether the position of the fire isolation belt is reasonable. Secondly, according to the fire situation, the workload of setting the fire zone is estimated and the number of players participating in setting the fire zone is determined. Give enough time to complete the fire area and avoid giving up halfway. Third, after arriving at the designated place, we must first set up a fire safety zone, and tell each team member to make clear the evacuation route in case of danger. During the fourth operation, special personnel should be arranged to monitor the changes of the surrounding fire. In case of danger, command personnel to evacuate to a safe place along the designated route immediately.