Summary of required knowledge points of geography in college entrance examination

The title of this book is "Knowledge is not Power", and its purpose is not to promote the theory of knowledge uselessness, but to reflect on the essence of learning by this name. Below I will share with you some knowledge summaries of geography required for the college entrance examination, hoping to help you. Welcome to read!

Summary of geography knowledge required for college entrance examination 1

Geological topography

(1) The reason why the Antarctic is rich in coal (the Arctic is rich in oil).

The Antarctic (Arctic) region was once located in a warm and humid area with dense forests, and then drifted here through the mainland, which is a strong evidence of plate tectonic theory.

(2) Reasons for the formation of Congo Basin:

Congo basin used to be an inland lake, which was formed by crustal uplift, river undercutting and lake outflow.

(3) Causes of the Dead Sea (Lake Baikal, Lake Tanganyika, Fenhe River Basin and Weihe River Basin)

Internal force-fracture collapse

(4) The causes of the five major freshwater lakes in North America (European fjords and lakes)

External force-glaciation.

5. The formation of Lushan Mountain (Huashan Mountain and Taishan Mountain)

Fault block mountain land

[6] Topographic features of seven continents

Asia:

① The terrain is complex and changeable, with ups and downs, and the plateau mountainous area is wide;

The terrain is high in the middle and low around, and the plains are mostly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of rivers;

Africa:

(1) The terrain is mainly plateau, and the ground elevation is not large;

(2) A huge East African Rift Zone runs through the east;

③ Topographic features: high in the southeast and low in the northwest.

Europe:

(1) Europe is dominated by mountains and plains, with a vast plain area, accounting for 2/3 of the total area;

② The terrain is low and flat, which is the lowest continent in the world (300m), with high terrain in the north and south and low terrain in the middle;

③ Glacial landforms are widely distributed.

North America:

① The terrain is high in the east and low in the west;

(2) There are three topographical regions, namely, mountains in the west, mountains and plateaus in the east and plains in the middle;

③ Glacial landforms are widely distributed in the northern half of the mainland.

South America:

(1) The Andes extend from north to south in the west;

(2) The eastern plains and plateaus are arranged alternately.

Oceania:

① The terrain is low and flat. The surface is gentle and undulating;

(2) The terrain is north-south vertical belt, with mountains in the east, plains in the middle and highlands in the west.

Antarctica:

① The continent with the highest average altitude in the world (2350m);

(2) Continental glaciers are widely distributed, with an average thickness of 2,000 meters and diverse subglacial topography.

Causes of serious geological disasters in southwest China;

Natural causes:

① The mountainous area is vast, with broken rocks and severe weathering;

② The dry and wet seasons are distinct, and the rainstorm is concentrated;

③ The crustal movement is strong and faults are developed in the mountain.

Man-made reasons:

Destruction of vegetation

Summary of required knowledge of geography in college entrance examination II

drought

(1) temperate desert-the reason of the formation of Karakum desert;

Deep in the mainland, far from the ocean, with less precipitation and strong evaporation;

Causes of Patagonia Desert in South America;

Located in the temperate zone, the prevailing westerly wind, the eastern side of the Andes, leeward slope, less precipitation.

(2) Tropical Desert-The reasons for the formation of Sahara (Victoria) Desert:

Controlled by subtropical high or trade winds all year round, it is hot and dry all year round.

Causes of thar desert in South Asia;

The southwest monsoon is not easy to reach, the original vegetation is destroyed and the ground lacks vegetation protection.

(3) The reason why the Chilean desert is long and narrow from north to south:

(1) The Andes is close to the west coast, so it is difficult for the tropical desert climate to expand eastward;

(2) Affected by the Peruvian cold current, the tropical desert climate extends northward;

(4) Reasons for the formation of tropical grassland climate in East Africa Plateau:

The terrain is high, the temperature is low, the convection is weak, and the precipitation is low, so it does not have the conditions to form a tropical rainforest climate.

5. Causes of spring drought in North China: the temperature rises rapidly in spring and evaporation is vigorous; Precipitation is scarce.

[6] There is no reason for the spring drought in Northeast China: the latitude is higher, the temperature is lower, and there is snow and meltwater in spring.

(7) Water shortage in North China:

Reason:

(1) Natural causes:

Temperate monsoon climate, less annual precipitation, small river runoff; The variability of precipitation is large; Evaporation is very strong in spring.

② Human reasons:

Dense population, developed industry and agriculture, and large water demand; Serious water pollution; Too much waste and low utilization rate; Water consumption for spring planting is large in spring.

Governance measures:

① South-to-North Water Diversion Project;

(2) building a reservoir;

③ Controlling population and improving quality;

④ Reduce water pollution; Reduce waste and improve utilization rate;

⑤ Restrict the development of high water consumption industries;

⑥ Develop water-saving agriculture and adopt drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology to improve utilization rate;

⑦ implement water price adjustment and establish water-saving consciousness;

8 seawater desalination, etc.

Being dead (salty) sea area shrinking reasons:

① Located in the tropical desert climate zone (inland hinterland), precipitation is scarce and evaporation is vigorous. (natural causes)

(2) Introducing the Jordan River into industry and agriculture (expanding cotton fields and irrigating the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) reduced the river runoff into the Dead Sea (Aral Sea) (socio-economic reasons).

Summary of geography knowledge required for college entrance examination 3

Climate and natural belt

⑴ The reason for the humid climate in Latin America is that it is located on both sides of the equator and surrounded by vast oceans.

⑵ Reasons for the landscape differences between the east and west sides of the southern section of the Andes: Due to the influence of the Andes, the precipitation on the east and west sides of the mountains is very different.

The reason why Africa lacks temperate maritime climate: Africa is an ocean with the same latitude.

(4) The reason why tundra zone is missing in the southern hemisphere: The same latitude in the southern hemisphere is the ocean.

5] There are climatic reasons such as tropical desert climate in Africa, subtropical monsoon climate in south and subtropical monsoon climate in southeast China near the Tropic of Cancer:

Affected by subtropical high and trade winds from mainland China, North Africa is hot and dry all year round. South Asia is affected by tropical monsoon, while southeast China is affected by subtropical monsoon.

Induction:

The climate difference between the east and west coasts of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer and its reasons: the land and sea positions are different from the atmospheric circulation situation.

[6] Drought and flood disasters in China are mainly distributed in:

the eastern monsoon region

Cause: The subtropical high is unstable, and the seasonal and interannual changes in Xia Feng are great.

(7) The main reasons for more precipitation in the south and less precipitation in the north of China are:

The rainy season in the south comes early and goes late, and it is long; The rainy season in the north is shorter.

Located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the weather is generally:

Summer drought (best answer) (Meiyu is not the best answer, because there are "empty plums" in some years)

⑼ What is the reason why the tropical mountain environment in the Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon has advanced northward by 5-6 latitudes compared with other areas in the northern hemisphere?

(1) The Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon is basically north-south, with the northern part blocked by mountains and the mouth of the valley facing south, forming a huge warm and humid airflow channel;

(2) In the summer half year, the strong southwest monsoon brought a lot of warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean and penetrated into the Grand Canyon, which made the isotherm at the bottom of the canyon move northward obviously compared with the same latitude.

⑽ The reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China are:

China has a large latitude span, and the direct point of the sun in winter is in the southern hemisphere. The farther south South China is, the higher the sun is, and the longer the days are, so the more solar radiation you get, and the frequent southward winter winds have a great influence on North China.

⑾ The reasons for the high temperature in summer in China are:

The direct point of the sun is in the northern hemisphere. Although the height of the sun at noon in the north is smaller than that in the south, the daytime is longer than that in the south, and the solar heat obtained is not much less than that in the south.

⑿ The winter temperature in China is lower than that in other areas of the same latitude because:

Influenced by the strong Mongolian-Siberian cold high (or winter wind).

[13] The reason why the temperature in India is higher than that in China at the same latitude is:

Alpine barrier (the tall Himalayas block the cold air going south).

14. The reason why the maritime climate in Europe is bigger than that in North America is:

Europe lacks tall mountain systems extending from north to south, and the west wind from the ocean can go deep into the mainland. Affected by topography and ocean currents, the west coast of Europe is greatly affected by warm currents.

⒂ Reasons for the formation of tropical rain forest climate in the southeast coast of Brazil, northeast Australia and east Madagascar:

Mainly influenced by topography (mountains), there is a warm current along the windward slope of the southeast trade wind.

[14] Why is the annual range latitude of temperature higher?

The higher the latitude, the greater the annual variation of the height of the sun at noon, the greater the annual variation of the length of day and night, so the greater the annual variation of the temperature; The opposite is true at low latitudes.

Why is the farther away from the sea, the greater the annual temperature difference?

The earth's heat capacity is smaller than that of the ocean, which heats up faster in summer than that of the ocean and cools down faster in winter. Therefore, the temperature in annual range is higher than that of the ocean, and the coastal area is greatly influenced by the ocean, which is smaller than that of inland annual range.

⒄ Why is the higher the latitude, the smaller the daily temperature difference?

The main reason is that the diurnal variation of solar height is small.

The relationship between the daily range and the weather is that the daily range on cloudy days is smaller than that on sunny days.

The relationship between diurnal range and land and sea is that the diurnal range in the inland is greater than that in the coastal area, and the diurnal range at the top of the mountain is smaller than that in the plain below the mountain, so is annual range.

⒅ Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is compared with plains and basins of the same latitude in China;

The temperature range throughout the year is very small because:

Low latitude plateau, because of high altitude, it is cooler in summer; In winter, due to the influence of low latitude and high terrain, the cold air flow in the south is not affected and the temperature will not be too low;

The daily range is very large, because:

At high altitude, the density of the atmosphere is low, and the degree of heat preservation and attenuation of the atmosphere is low, so the temperature rises rapidly during the day and cools rapidly at night.

Whether there is a forest belt on the southern slope of Tianshan Mountain is a unique trick for the following reasons:

Leeward slope, less precipitation.

⒇ The reason why the coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone is south of the southern edge of the east coast of the mainland:

Mainly the cold current on the east coast and the warm current on the west coast; Secondly, the east coast is affected by the wind from the mainland, while the west coast is the opposite.

Summary of geography knowledge required for college entrance examination 4

Interpretation skills of isoline map with equal solar height

1, the heliograph reflects the global or local solar height distribution at a certain moment by using the heliograph (the line formed by connecting points with equal solar heights), which can be considered as a top view with the sun's direct point as the center in essence.

2. The main contents of the solar altitude map, such as interpretation, include the judgment of latitude and longitude of the direct point of the sun, the calculation of local time in various places, the calculation and comparison of solar altitude in various places, the change of the length of day and night, and the judgment of geographical phenomena related to the illustrated time.

3, such as the sun height map interpretation should pay attention to:

(1) The central point of the contour map of solar height is the direct point of the sun.

(2) Generally speaking, the largest circle in the contour map is the contour line with the sun height of 0, that is, the termination line; The hemispheres shown in the picture are all solar hemispheres. The largest semicircle in the east of the direct meridian of the sun is the dark line, and the largest semicircle in the west is the morning line. If the largest circle on a digital marker does not represent the isocenter with a sun height of 0, it is not a termination line. This partial map only shows the relatively high part of the sun in the hemisphere during the day.

(3) On the meridian of direct sunlight, the latitude differs from the height of the sun by several degrees. How many degrees is the difference between the height and longitude of the sun at the latitude of direct sunlight (except the equator)? The difference? .

(4) When the sun shines directly on the equator, the northernmost point of the direct meridian is the North Pole and the southernmost point is the South Pole. When the sun shines directly on the northern (southern) hemisphere, the north (south) pole is located in the south (north) of the northernmost (south) point, and the distance between the north (south) pole and the northernmost (south) point is the latitude of the direct sun, so there is no south (north) pole on the map.

Summary of geography knowledge required for college entrance examination 5

Matters needing attention in the transformation of Rizhao map in Tu Tu

In the process of interpreting the sunshine map, whether it is to convert a local map into a whole map or a combined map into an ordinary map, we should pay attention to the following two aspects in the conversion process:

1, when drawing a new map, we must make clear the spatial relationship of points, lines and surfaces on the map. To sum up, there are mainly:

(1) The sun's rays on the axis and the direct point of the earth must pass through the center of the earth.

(2) The plane displayed by solar rays is the ecliptic plane, and the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane form an included angle of 23 26'.

(3) Each latitude circle is parallel to the equator and perpendicular to each meridian.

(4) All meridians intersect at the north and south poles.

(5) The termination line can be vertical or inclined to each latitude; It can also be tangent to and separated from the latitude in the polar circle (the polar day or night appears on the polar circle); Divide the equator equally (that is, the longitude difference between the equator and the terminator line is 180, that is, the equator is divided equally day and night); It can be inclined or coincide with each meridian.

(6) The ending line divides the intersecting latitude circle into day arc and night arc, and the day and night length of latitude can be determined according to the length of day arc and night arc (the longitude spanned); If it is perpendicular to the latitude, the terminator line will inevitably pass through the north and south poles, and the world will be equally divided day and night.

2. Grasp the transition of time. Matters needing attention in the conversion process mainly include:

(1) Day and night on the equator are always equally divided. Through time calculation (6 o'clock, 18 o'clock) or longitude interpretation, the intersection position of the terminal line and the equator can be found in the new map.

(2) Determine the position of the tangent point between the end line and the latitude circle. You can calculate the longitude by the time of the tangent point (12,00 or 24: 00), and then determine the latitude by the position of the direct point.

(3) After determining the intersection of the termination line and the equator and the tangent point of the latitude circle, they can be connected by a smooth curve, but it should be noted that the sun rays are always perpendicular to the termination line.

(4) The direct point of the sun is always between the tropic of cancer, and the tangent point between the terminal line and the latitude circle is always above and within the polar circle.

Summary of required knowledge points of geography in college entrance examination;

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