How to plant elm trees

Elm, also known as elm, is called dermatophyte, which is only distributed in three northeastern provinces of China, Shandong, Gansu and Hokkaido, Japan. Then let's take a look at the planting techniques of Ulmus pumila that I carefully recommend for everyone, hoping to help you.

The planting technique of Ulmus pumila, also known as Ulmus pumila, is only distributed in three northeastern provinces of China, Shandong, Gansu and Hokkaido, Japan. Its fruiting body is gelatinous in texture, similar to auricularia auricula, but pink-brown and elastic. Elm is delicious, both curative and ornamental. King of forest food? Good name. Locals eat its wild fruiting body and use it to treat bacillary dysentery. The strain 1988 was successfully domesticated by the Institute of Soil and Fertilizer of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and a series of cultivation techniques were formed. The literature names of Yu 'er are: (a primary color illustration of large fungi in China), called Yu 'er, a leathery fungus; Edible fungi in China are called Ulmus pumila, Dermatococcus gelatinosum and Dermatococcus gelatinosum; Illustration of Medicinal Fungi in China

Elm is produced in north-central Shandong Province, Gansu and other places, and mainly grows on rotten elm stumps. It grows in the foggy weather environment from July to June +065438+ 10 every year. In recent years, artificial Ulmus pumila has appeared in some areas of Shandong Province, with good color, shape and medicinal value, but it is certainly not as good as wild Ulmus pumila. Auricularia auricula has the functions of relaxing bowels, regulating intestines and stomach, and treating dysentery, especially inhibiting red and white dysentery and salmonella. Under normal circumstances, the northeast people call it silly, and the Shandong people call it Yuer mushroom. The local names are: Salmonella, Jade Emperor, Jade Vegetable, etc.

The characteristics of elm The fruiting bodies of elm are divided into two types: single or overlapping, with the back facing upwards, sessile or short-stalked, gelatinous, soft when fresh and hard after drying. When the cap is mature, its diameter is 2~ 15cm and its thickness is 3 ~ 8 mm. The surface is grayish white or orange yellow, and there are soft villi and small warts on the back. The powder is red to light brown, translucent and nearly gelatinous. Spores are colorless and oval.

The fruiting body of Ulmus pumila mainly grows on the dead elm and elm, especially on the stump after cutting, and dense branches appear at the lower part, forming good shading conditions. Ulmus pumila grows on dead nodes and undead nodes, and occurs in large quantities in August and September.

Management method of strain separation of elm

Using fruiting body tissue separation. 1 auricle tissue was cut, placed on PDA medium and cultured at 25℃. After germination and growth, the top hyphae are selected for purification and culture to obtain the mother seed. The mycelium was white at first, and turned yellow at the later stage. The mycelium is soft, fluffy and locked. Inoculate the mother seed into the sawdust culture medium, and it will be the original seed after culture, and then expand the cultivated seed. Usually the bottle is full in about 30 days. It is particularly important to note that the slope of the culture medium should not exceed 30 days, and it will not grow easily after more than 30 days.

incubation time

Sowing in the Middle East from mid-October of 65438+1early October of 65438+ 10, and expanding the cultivated varieties 40 days earlier.

culture medium

78% of sawdust, 0/4% of bran/kloc, 6% of bean flour, 0/%of sugar/kloc and 0/%of gypsum. Material-water ratio: 1: 1.3 ~ 1.6. However, special attention should be paid to the use of oily sawdust.

Selection of tree species

Ulmus pumila and Ulmus pumila are the most suitable tree species for Ulmus pumila growth. Cut off the stubble after defoliation and before germination, and use it when the branch diameter is more than 5cm. After pruning, it is sawed into 1m pieces. Hmm? Zigzag is placed in a ventilated and sunny place, the height of the bottom is increased by 20cm with stones, and the top is dehydrated with grass curtains, causing tissue death.

Sowing fungi

Punch holes in the tree stubble, with the hole spacing of 10cm, the row spacing of 5cm, the hole diameter of 1.2cm and the hole depth of 1.5~2.0cm, inoculate the strains on the bark, then mix the yellow mud and sawdust evenly according to the ratio of 7: 3, and then use 800 times solution of 50% wettable carbendazim.

Dig a hole in a clean environment and in a sunny place. Dig a hole with a shovel with a depth of 1.3m and a width of1.6m. The length depends on the production capacity. There are stones at the bottom of the pit, about 10cm high. Hmm? Stacked in zigzag, covered with straw bags, and insulated and moisturized with plastic film. When the natural temperature reaches 18℃, remove the wood segments and pile them in zigzag in the shade. The ground height is 15cm, the pile height is not more than 1m, and the wood sections are covered with coniferous branches to prevent direct sunlight. In order to make the auricularia grow evenly, turn the pile 1 time every 10 day, and exchange the upper and lower positions. Soil is sprayed every five days to keep proper water content in the wood section and the relative humidity of the air at 80%~85%. When the reactor temperature exceeds 25℃, spray water to cool down.

Check for miscellaneous bacteria. On the third day, check the miscellaneous bacteria in the cultivation bag and remove the pollution in time. During the epidemic management, the culture room should be disinfected with formaldehyde 10ml/ m3 +5gKMnO4/ m3/time every 7 days, and attention should be paid to pest control and rodent control, so as to keep the culture room free of miscellaneous bacteria, insects and rats. 40? After 50 days, the mycelium is full of bags and gradually enters physiological maturity.

Ear management

Bacterial development generally takes 60~90 days, and there are bacterial buds on the cross section of wood section. Because in 1 year, more than 90% of fruiting bodies grow from the section of wood. In order to increase the ear surface, the 1m long wood section can be cut into three sections, each of which is 33cm long. Should be soaked (water must be clean), so that the water content reaches more than 65%, after soaking, a large number of auricularia auricula occur. At this time, it is necessary to strengthen scattered light and ventilation, and often spray water to make it dry-wet-dry-wet, forming a temperature difference between day and night, which is conducive to the growth and development of elm trees.

The (1) primordium is fully expanded, with a thickness of 1~ 1.5 cm and a diameter of 3 cm. The surface is uneven, and the auricle enters the differentiation stage when it is formed. At this time, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, open the bags at both ends, and spray water on the ground and walls to humidify, so as to keep the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom room (shed) at 85%~95%. If the humidity is not enough, you can also spray water directly on the surface of the original base. After spraying water, it should be ventilated in time to dry the water on the surface of the original base and prevent the original base from rotting. The temperature shall be reduced to 14℃~ 16℃, and shall not be too high or too low. It is not easy to form earlobes when the temperature is too low; If the temperature is too high, the primordium will expand continuously, so that the surface of the culture medium will be covered with primordium, which will make the auricular growth too dense and affect the formation of auricular, and the flower shape will be very poor.

(2) After primordium differentiation, when the ear piece is 3 cm long, the temperature should be controlled between 65438 05℃ and 65438 08℃, and should not exceed 65438 08℃; When the lug is larger than 3 cm, the temperature can be 14℃~20℃, but 18℃ is the best. Spray water 4~5 times a day to keep your ears moist. The quality of ear pieces with insufficient water is poor and the yield is low. When the ear piece is 4 cm long, the culture material will shrink, so the water consumption should be properly controlled to prevent water from pouring into the bag and avoid anaerobic fermentation rancidity of the culture material. Proper lighting should be given during the exhibition to improve the color of the products.

Harvest processing

When the fruiting body of Ulmus pumila reaches 10? 15cm, when the edge of the lug is turned back and the spore is about to pop up, it can be harvested. Before harvesting 1 day, stop water and dry in sunny days. With a sharp knife, cut the lug from the ear base, choose the big one and leave the small one. After harvesting, clean the surface of the material, stop water and cultivate bacteria 3? After 4 days, when the primordium is formed on the surface of the material again, the ear management of the second super ear is carried out. The harvested fruiting body can be eaten fresh after pedicle removal; Can also be dried or dried, when the water content is 13%? 14%, packaging and storage. Three ears can be harvested by small bag cultivation of elm, and the biological efficiency can reach 100%? 120%。 During the harvest, we must pay attention to it, and never rinse it with clear water, which will lead to black ears.

control of insect

The stress resistance of Ulmus pumila is weaker than that of other edible fungi, and it is easily polluted by mold, especially Trichoderma. In addition, it is vulnerable to bacterial maggots, mites and jumping insects. Generally speaking, there are many pests and diseases in summer and spring, and there are many occurrence conditions.

Pests and diseases should be mainly prevented. It is best to check whether the strain bags in the greenhouse are too wet or watered too much every day. If the temperature is high, prevention is greater than treatment. Ear field should be built away from villages, pastures and roads, feed mills and livestock farms (450 meters away), with fresh air and clean water. Idle people are not allowed to enter, and staff should pay attention to hygiene. Be sure to wear gloves. When placing wood segments, the ground in the ear field should be sprinkled with quicklime or bleaching powder and sprayed with Baijunling to detoxify and sterilize. Once pests and diseases occur, their control methods are basically the same as those of other edible fungi.

Growth pattern of Pleurotus eryngii

(1) Hang the bag on the shelf layer. Take the mycelium to the bottom of the bag, move it to the outdoor greenhouse, and hang it on the crossbar of the shelf layer. The bottom layer can also be detached to form a solid shape. Adjust the temperature in the shed to 17℃- 19℃ to increase the light. After culture for 10 day, when primordium appeared at the mouth and wall of the bag, which was white and irregular, the incision induced ear. Spray water several times a day to keep the mushrooms moist. When the fruiting body changes from milky yellow to reddish, the edge is thin, curly and elastic, and the internal tissue is like jelly, it can be harvested.

(2) Set up 6-8 shelf beds with a spacing of 35cm in the indoor intensive vertical bag mushroom cultivation room, open the bag mouth of the physiologically mature mushroom bags and discharge them on the shelf bed, with 90 bags per square meter. Then spray water for humidification, light introduction, ventilation and oxygen supply to induce mushroom growth.

(3) Mushrooms grow on the ditch wall. Physiologically mature fungus bags are moved into the ditch and stacked, with a distance of 0.4m from the ditch, and piled into a fungus wall with a height of 1- 1.5m, with a passage of 50cm in the middle, which can be vertically stacked in two rows. When the primordium appears, the pockets at both ends are opened and rolled outward, exposing about 3 cm of culture material, which is convenient for fruiting. Keep the humidity in the ditch at 85%-95%, spray water properly, strengthen ventilation and light, and promote the rapid growth of fruiting bodies.

operate

According to the physiological requirements of different stages of the growth and development of Ulmus pumila fruiting body, different management measures should be taken for each development stage.

At the stage of (1) primordia formation, the indoor (shed) temperature should be adjusted to above 17℃, and the scattered light of 15-200 Le should be given below 19℃. After 7- 10 days, irregular ivory or pink auricular primordia will appear on the surface of the medium.

After the primordium appears, don't open the bag in a hurry, just loosen the bag mouth to improve the permeability of the culture medium, and cut the plastic film into 2cm small mouths around the primordium bag with a sterilized blade to let the primordium grow smoothly. The room temperature is kept at 15℃-20℃ and sprayed, so that the primordium grows naturally in a stable small environment with high humidity. The relative humidity of air should be above 95% and not less than 90%. During primordium differentiation and auricular formation, the temperature difference between day and night is 5℃ ~ 8℃, which usually takes about 2 days, and then the auricular differentiation stage is managed.

(2) After the bag mouth was loosened in the ear tag differentiation stage, the primordia kept expanding and gradually grew to the bag mouth and outside the bag. When the primordium is fully expanded, the height reaches1-1.5cm, and the diameter is about 3cm, the surface unevenness becomes more and more obvious. When the flaky embryonic form appears, it shows that the primordium has been fully developed and will enter the ear tag differentiation stage, that is, the flaky mushroom cap stage.

Management during this period is very important. At this time, to improve ventilation, indoor air must be kept fresh, ventilated three times a day for 30-60 minutes each time, and scattered light should be kept indoors. The plastic film sealed at the bag mouth or bottle mouth should be removed or cut off, the bag mouth should be completely opened to expose the original base, and the relative humidity of the air should be maintained at 85%-95%. If the humidity is not enough, water can be sprayed into the air or directly on the surface of the original base, so that the uneven original base can fully absorb water, and the original base can be quickly differentiated after fully absorbing water. When the length of the ear piece exceeds 3 cm, water can be sprayed on the ear piece, and the ear piece is wet and does not close. Ventilation should be done in time after spraying water, so that the moisture on the surface of the original base can be dried to prevent the original base from rotting, and spraying is not allowed? Turn off the water? . Temperature 14℃- 16℃, air relative humidity above 90%. It takes 2-3 days from primordium differentiation to the most obvious auricle. The primordium expanded continuously, connected into brain-like fragments, and began to differentiate into 1 piece extension, entering the ear piece growth period.

(3) During the growing stage of the ear piece, air circulation should be maintained, and the management of temperature, light and moisture should be strengthened. When the film is just shown, the temperature should be kept at16℃-22℃; When the ear piece is 3 cm long, the temperature should be controlled at 65438 05℃-65438 08℃, but not higher than 65438 08℃. When the lifting lug is larger than 3 cm, the temperature can be 14℃-20℃, but it is still the best to control it around 18℃.