Looking for information about leeches

Leech, commonly known as leech, grows and breeds in inland freshwater areas. It is a traditional special medicinal aquatic animal in China. Its dried product can be used as Chinese medicine after processing, and has the effects of treating apoplexy, hypertension, blood stasis, amenorrhea and traumatic injury. In recent years, leech preparation has been found to have special effects in preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and anticancer. Historically, it was mainly natural fishing. Due to the abuse of pesticides and fertilizers and the environmental pollution caused by industrial and agricultural "three wastes" in recent years, the wild natural resources have decreased sharply. With the further development of medicinal value of leech, its market demand potential is huge. 1995 or so, natural fry began to be caught in southern China, and artificial feeding was successful for the first time. Due to seed and technical reasons, there is no breeding in the northern region.

Appearance characteristics

Body length is slightly flat. At first glance, it looks like a cylinder. It is about 2 ~ 2.5 cm long and 2 ~ 3 mm wide. The back is green with black, with five yellow longitudinal stripes, and the abdomen is flat, gray-green and blank.

Anatomical map of leech

Speckle, the overall ring pattern is remarkable, and the body segment consists of 5 rings, each of which is similar in width. There are 10 eyes, which are arranged in a ∩ shape. There are three semicircular jaws in the mouth to form a Y-shape. When sucking animals, the jaw is drilled into the skin to suck blood, and the blood is stored in the whole digestive tract and blind sac from pharynx to esophagus. All parts of the body have drainage holes, which open on the ventral side. The distance between male and female reproductive holes is 4 rings, and each opening is between rings. The front sucker is easier to see, and the rear sucker is more obvious, with strong adsorption. Edit the source of this paragraph.

This product is dried whole grass of Hirudo, Hirudo or Hirudo. Edit the distribution scope of this paragraph

It is produced in lakes, ponds and rice fields in most parts of the country. Mainly produced in Weishan, Dongping, Nanyang Lake and other lakes in Shandong Province, Weishan Lake has the largest output, which is not only supplied to this province, but also sold to Northeast China, Hebei, Shanxi and other places. Some products produced in the suburbs of Suzhou and Wuxian in Jiangsu are also exported. In addition, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin and other places also have production, production and sales. Edit the living environment of this paragraph.

Living in paddy fields, ditches, shallow polluted ponds and other places, I like to suck human blood and animal blood, and my movements are very agile. I can swim in the waves and move inchworms. Live in every spring.

Leech-undisturbed

Jumping, the spawning period is June ~10. In winter, it often crouches in the wet mud on the shore, unable to eat or move, and has strong viability. Life habit: Leech is a cold-blooded annelid, which can grow and breed in the north and south of China. Reservoirs, ditches, paddy fields and lakes that mainly live in fresh water are mostly ponds rich in organic matter or pollution-free rivers. The optimum temperature for growth is 10-40℃, when it is lower than 3℃ in the north, it will enter a dormant period in the soil, and it will sting when it is higher than 8℃ in March-April of the following year. Leech is an omnivorous animal, which mainly feeds on animal blood or body fluids. They often feed on plankton, insects and mollusks in water, and under artificial conditions, they feed on various animal viscera, cooked egg yolk, compound feed, plant residues, freshwater snails, miscellaneous fish and earthworms. Edit the section on growth and reproduction.

Characteristics of leeches (7 photos) Reproductive habits Leeches are hermaphroditic, cross-mated, fertilized in vivo, and have male and female reproductive organs. Their mating direction is opposite, and there is a phenomenon of "gender reversal" in their life history, and there is a gender role exchange. Leeches can be both fathers and mothers, and play different roles in different stages of life. About a month after mating, the female genitals secrete thin mucus, which is surrounded by the egg belt and is cocoon-shaped. It is excreted and incubated in wet mud at a suitable temperature. After about 16-25 days, the young leech hatched from the cocoon and began to live independently. Edit this paragraph

Fishing in summer and autumn. After fishing, wash it, suffocate it with lime or wine, and then dry it or bake it. Japanese medical leeches generally pass through the middle of the body and hang up to dry; Besides threading with thread, brown leeches also lengthen one end of their bodies, so they form narrow strips. Because of the different shapes after processing, the dried product of Japanese medical leech is called "leech", the dried product of wide-body golden leech is called "wide leech" and the dried product of brown leech is called "long leech". 1. Leech: More in summer and autumn, the middle-aged people in the lake are large, and the middle-aged people in the paddy field are small. Take it out to dry, or bake it in a pot. 2. Leech strips: the harvesting method is the same as above, but after fishing, the silk is threaded, one end of the body is elongated, and it is hung in the sun to dry. 3. Leech: The harvesting time is the same as leech. Take it out and put it on with thread, often from the middle of the body and dry it. Edit this paragraph in order to identify the person.

1, leech: oblate spindle, 5 ~ 9 cm long and 0.8 ~ 2.0 cm wide. The back is slightly raised and the abdomen is flat. After drying, the back and abdomen of the medicinal materials are attached to each other in a climbing manner. The front end of the body is slightly pointed and the back end is blunt and round. The whole body consists of many links, the front suction is not obvious, and the back suction is large.

Leech identification

The back is dark brown with many black spots arranged in five vertical lines. The sides and ventral surface of the body are brown, and there are many dark brown intermittent spots on the ventral surface. Fragile, easily broken, shiny and rubbery. The smell is slightly fishy. 2. Leech: long, narrow, flat (some are pulled into a line during processing), with a body length of 5 ~12cm and a width of1~ 5mm ... with slightly thinner ends and suckers. The front sucker is not obvious, and the rear sucker is round. Whether the body segment is obvious or not. The body surface is uneven (because it is stored in the digestive tract). Both sides of the back and abdomen are dark brown, and both ends are perforated with small holes after processing, so the sucker is not easy to identify. Fragile, damaged surface uneven, dull. It smells like dirt. 3. Leech: oblate, 2-5 cm long and 2-3 mm wide. The abdomen is slightly higher and the body is more curved and twisted. Commodities are generally linear, and most of them are dense. All black and brown are also made up of most links. The damaged surface is uneven and dull. The above three kinds of medicinal materials are dry, large and mud-free. Key list of the above three kinds of medicinal materials: 1. The body is more than 5 mm wide, flat and spindle-shaped-leech. 2. The body width is less than 5 mm, and the body is cylindrical or slender; Most of the body is straight; Single, non-adhesive group; The colors are gray, black and dark leeches. 3. Most of the body is bent and twisted; Constant strip attached to the group; Black shiny leech. Edit this section aquaculture technology

Experience and skills

1. site selection and pond building technology of leeches;

Optical diagram

Choose a place that is sheltered from the wind and sunny, and convenient for irrigation and drainage. The ridge around the pond is 1.8m high and 1m deep, and the area is determined according to the feeding amount. Generally, there are 60 ~ 654.38+10,000 young leeches per mu of water. The pool is obliquely provided with a water inlet and a water outlet. In order to facilitate leeches to perch and lay eggs, some irregular stones or branches can be placed at the bottom of the pond, and 5 ~ 8 soil platforms 20 cm above the water level can be built in the pond, each platform is about 1 m2. The ridge of the pond should also be fortified with escape ditches and built with bricks. Groove width12cm, height 8cm. When it rains, fence it or sprinkle lime to prevent it from escaping. 2. The source of raising and stocking leeches can be capture, purchase or self-reproduction. In the initial stage of breeding, it is generally mainly natural capture, and it can also be purchased from relevant units. There are three kinds of leeches traditionally used as medicine in China: the leeches cultivated artificially are the best. Money leech is large in size and high in yield. Money leech is commonly known as "cow leech" in rural areas. Cows often crawl on cows to suck blood, so pay attention to identification when catching cows as seeds. Leeches are hermaphroditic, and each leech can spawn and reproduce, and spawn and cocoon from late March to April (the Yangtze River basin, the same below). Egg cocoons are produced in soil, and there are generally 1 ~ 4 cocoons, and the number of young leeches per cocoon is 13 ~ 35, mostly around 20, and each leech. Young leeches appeared in large numbers in June, and grew rapidly, with an average length of more than 20 mm within one month after hatching, and were indistinguishable from adults from September to June. It is advisable to release it in early spring. It can be planted, processed and sold in early spring and October. 3. Artificial propagation technology of leech

Triploid fast-growing leech

(1). Construction of aquaculture pond: the pond area should be about 30 square meters, and a square of 5 m× 5 m or 6 m× 6 m should be built. A platform of 1 ~ 1.5 m should be set around the pond wall, with a water surface in the middle, with a water depth of 50 cm and a platform 2 cm higher than the water surface, so as to keep the surface of the platform moist. The soil used for the platform should be loose sand with high humus content, which is convenient for leeches to make holes. Yellow mud shall not be used, and an overflow port shall be set on the washing table to prevent rainwater from flooding the table and causing replication failure. Generally, it can be divided into two types: small-scale aquaculture ponds and large-scale aquaculture ponds: ① Small-scale aquaculture ponds are generally built with ditches, with a width of 3 meters and a depth of 1 meter, with unlimited length. A number of small ponds can also be built, with ridges 40 cm wide, and each pond has a water inlet and a water outlet. There must be a spawning platform with a width of 50- 100 cm in the middle of the pond. The platform is on a horizontal plane with the water surface, and a layer of 20 cm thick humus soil is piled on the platform. As a place where leeches lay eggs and breed. The water level is 50-60 cm. (2) The construction of large-scale aquaculture ponds generally depends on the actual geographical environment to build ponds with different specifications. If the water source is inconvenient, you can also lay a plastic film on the bottom of the pool. Appropriate amount of river mud should be put into the bottom of the pond to increase the organic matter content in the water. Planting some aquatic plants in the water can purify the water and increase the oxygen content in the water. It is best to bury a circle of nylon gauze (0.5-0.6 meters high) on the shore of the pond to prevent frogs, snakes and other natural enemies from entering the breeding pond. In order to prevent the water temperature from being too high and the light from being too strong in summer, weeping willows and other trees can be planted on the bank of the pool for shading. (2) Selection of cultivated leeches: used for cultivating and breeding leeches. They should be over 2 years old and weigh about 30 grams. They are physically strong, lively and active, and they quickly shrink into a ball when they touch their hands. This leech lays a lot of eggs and has a high hatching rate. According to the land area of the platform in the pool, the amount of leeches is generally about 1.5 kg per square meter. After leeches enter the pond, the water quality should be kept thick, and there should be enough plankton and snails for them to feed on. (3) Reproduction: In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the time for leeches to lay eggs and cocoon begins in early May and lasts until mid-June (depending on individual differences), and mid-May is the peak of their reproduction. During cocoon formation, keep quiet and avoid walking and shaking on the shore, otherwise the cocoon-forming leeches will be frightened and run away, resulting in empty cocoons. (4) Hatching management: leeches can be collected and caught in another pond for breeding or processing after laying eggs and cocoons, and the breeding pond can also be used as an incubation pond, so that cocoons can naturally hatch in the cave, and the young leeches can be hatched about 1 1 ~ 15 days after cocoon production. The newly hatched young leech looks like an adult, with yellow cork and seven purple-gray thin longitudinal stripes on both sides of its back. With the growth of young leeches, the color between the longitudinal stripes gradually changes, forming five longitudinal stripes composed of two kinds of stripes alternately, and changing into the color stripes of adults. In the incubation stage, try to avoid walking on the platform to avoid stepping on the cocoon. The surface of the platform should be kept moist and covered with a layer of aquatic plants. In case of rainy weather, the spillway should be dredged, and the water surface should not cross the platform, keeping a gap of about 3 cm. After the cultivated leeches are fished out, young mussels and snails can be put in for the young leeches to eat. After the young leeches hatch, they mainly live on egg yolk for two or three days, and they can eat after three days. The newly hatched young leeches mainly feed on the blood and juice of mussels and snails. In a mussel, there are 10 ~ 100 young leeches. Larvae will devour the whole soft part of mussels and snails when they grow up. Young leeches grow rapidly, with an average growth of 65,438+after half a month. 4. Leech feeding technology Leech has strong vitality, easy growth and easy management. The main management is feeding and regulating water quality.

Dry in the sun

(1). Feeding: Leeches mainly feed on the blood of invertebrates and mammals such as snails and earthworms. The natural feed fed with artificial bait is mainly snails from a wide range of sources, supplemented by earthworms and insect larvae, and the artificial feed is mainly the blood of various animals. Snails can be released at one time, that is, a certain number of snails (about 25 kilograms per mu) are released in the breeding pond, so that they can reproduce naturally and eat leeches freely. In order to avoid competing with leeches for space, it is not advisable to put too many snails. Feeding animal blood once a week has a significant effect on the rapid growth of leeches. Put the blood clots of pigs, cows, sheep and other animals into the pool. Every 5 meters or so, leeches gather quickly after smelling the fishy smell, and disperse after eating. The coagulation residue must be removed in time to avoid polluting the water quality. (2) Adjusting water quality: Leeches are not strict with the environment and water quality. The water temperature should be kept below 15 ~ 30℃, and then stop eating. If it is too high, it will also affect growth, and it can grow in polluted water. However, the density of artificial culture is high, so it is best to keep the water clean and ensure a certain amount of dissolved oxygen. The water temperature is high in July and August, so it is necessary to change the water properly. (3) Overwintering management: ensure leeches to overwinter safely. After winter, when the temperature drops below 10℃, leeches stop feeding and hibernate under soil or leaves. Leeches released in early spring have generally grown into adults and can be processed and sold. When fishing, first put the water out, then fish it up with a net, select large and robust seeds, each mu 15 ~ 20kg seeds, and put them in a breeding pool for the winter. It can drain water for winter. After drainage, straw or wooden poles can be covered on the pool surface to prevent freezing and keep the soil moist. You can also bring ice for the winter, and the pool water should be properly deepened to prevent complete freezing.

Feeding and management

1, feeding. The natural bait species are mainly freshwater snails, earthworms and some insects, and various animal blood, viscera, freshwater fish, shrimp, shellfish, compound feed for livestock and crop straws are added in large-scale culture. A certain number of wild snails or Amphibia canaliculata can be put into pond culture, and the number is generally about 0.05-0. 1kg/ m2, which is beneficial to their natural reproduction and growth and feeds on leeches. Don't release too many snails. If there are too many, they will compete with the main varieties for living space, and the subject and object will change hands. When feeding animal blood or mixed bait, we should pay attention to feeding at intervals and remove the remaining bait in time, especially in hot weather, so as not to pollute and destroy the water quality and affect the growth of leeches. 2. Daily management. There are few diseases of leeches, mainly regulating water quality. Although leeches are not strict with the environment and water quality, the water environment changes too much or gets worse, which affects their growth and reproduction. In the process of aquaculture, the water temperature is generally kept between 10-40℃, and the over-fertilized and polluted aquaculture water should keep a certain amount of dissolved oxygen. Generally, the dissolved oxygen in water should be greater than 0.7mg/L, resulting in anoxia. Small water bodies can be solved by artificial watering, and large water bodies should be injected with new water or changed in time. In summer and hot season, it is very important to maintain the quality of fresh water.

hirudiniculture

Overwintering in greenhouse

Affected by the region, the cultivation of leeches in northern China should establish a sunlight overwintering greenhouse under artificial conditions to break their overwintering habits, increase the cultivation time and shorten the market cycle. Generally, the solar greenhouse is of bamboo and wood structure. The north wall is made of soil or brick, with a thickness of 0.8- 1.5m, an east-west direction and a length of 30-50m, with a north-south span of10-0/5m and 5-7 rows of main columns. Covered with non-dripping plastic film and coiled straw mulch, leaving doors, passages and tuyeres. In the cold and snowy season, snow removal and artificial warming measures should also be taken. Advanced greenhouses can be made of plastic steel without columns, but the cost is relatively high. Through the construction of solar greenhouses, we will focus on the big and the small in a planned way and concentrate on wintering. In daily management, we should pay close attention to the temperature changes inside and outside the greenhouse, as well as the ability of oxygen, wind and cold resistance to ensure the normal growth and overwintering of leeches and prepare enough leeches for the coming year.

Prevention and control of leech disease

1, dry disease: due to the high temperature, the sick leech has poor appetite, little or no movement, emaciation and weakness, which is manifested as shriveled, dehydrated, shriveled and black all over. Control method: (1) Soak the sick leech in 1% salt water twice a day, each time 10 minute. ⑵ Feed yeast tablets or oxytetracycline to increase calcium-containing food and improve disease resistance. (3) Increase the water flow and lower the water temperature. 2. White spot disease: caused by more protozoa than melons. The diseased leech has white spots and small white patches on its body surface, which makes it inflexible, unbalanced and anorexia when swimming. Control method: (1) Wash the sick leech with 2 mg/L mercury nitrate for 30 minutes each time, twice a day. ⑵ Disinfect the pool water regularly with bleaching powder, usually 1-2 times a month. 3. Gastroenteritis: It is caused by eating spoiled food or indigestible food. The sick leech has poor appetite, is lazy and has red and swollen anus. Control method: (1) Mix 0.4% sulfadiazine with bait and feed it. ⑵ Feed 0.2% oxytetracycline. The medical value of editing this paragraph

Ancient medical books recorded that leeches were used to treat many diseases, which were called "treating pathogenic blood, removing blood stasis, harvesting the moon, breaking blood and resolving food stagnation ...". Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, used it to dispel evil and strengthen the body.

Leech-Chinese herbal medicine

The treatment of "blood stasis" and "water stagnation" shows its unique curative effect. Zhang Xichun praised this medicine in the later generations: "Blood stasis does not hurt new blood, it is a good medicine, pure as water, but qi is not damaged at all, while blood stasis is invisible." Before 1500, the Egyptians began bloodletting therapy with medical leeches. By the beginning of last century, Europeans were more superstitious that medical leeches could suck sick blood from human body, and they used medical leeches for blood-sucking treatment regardless of headache and brain fever. Later, with the development of medicine, this superstitious treatment method was gradually abandoned. However, in recent years, the new use of medical leeches in medicine has been widely concerned. Plastic surgeons use medical leeches to eliminate congestion and reduce necrosis in the vascular occlusion area after operation, thus improving the success rate of tissue transplantation and breast formation. When medical leeches are replanted or transplanted to fingers, toes, ears and nose, using medical leeches to suck blood can make veins unobstructed and greatly improve the success rate of surgery. This is because the salivary glands of medical leeches secrete anticoagulant hirudin and histamine-like substances that dilate blood vessels when sucking blood. 65438-0987 Leech Research Group of Institute of Aquatic Animals of China Academy of Sciences cooperated with Orthopedics Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical University. Medical leeches were first used in China to treat blood stasis after replantation of severed fingers, and several cases were successful, which was widely praised at home and abroad. A variety of active substances contained in the saliva of medical leeches are attracting wide attention from scientists all over the world and have become a hot spot for the utilization of resource animals. From 65438 to 0984, Dr. Sawyer, an American leech expert, founded the world's first leech farm and biochemical drugs Company in Sethi, Wales, England. Hirudin and hyaluronidase produced by this company have been sold to European and American countries and Japan, and tens of thousands of live medical leeches have also been sold. Recently, a medical leech farm was built in Charleston, USA. France and Germany have transferred the gene for synthesizing hirudin into yeast and Escherichia coli, and produced cheap hirudin through genetic engineering. It can be seen that the demand and output of hirudin are expanding. Hirudin is a low molecular weight (7000) polypeptide composed of 65 amino acids, in which glutamine and asparagine have higher molecular weight and lower isoelectric point (3.8 ~ 4.0), and are stable for a long time at room temperature. Hirudin is the most effective natural anticoagulant known, superior to heparin, and has anticoagulant and thrombolytic effects, that is, the function of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, it shows great advantages and broad prospects in the treatment of septic shock, atherosclerosis, cerebral infarction, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, ophthalmology and many other diseases lacking antithrombin. Edit the medical function of this paragraph.

Hirudin in the salivary gland of fresh leech is a polypeptide, which consists of various amino acids, including aspartic acid 10, glutamic acid 13, cysteine 6, serine 4, glycine 9, threonine 4, alanine 1, valine 3, leucine 4, isoleucine 2, proline 3, phenylalanine 2 and tyrosine 2. Pure product is gray or white scale or powder, acidic, soluble in water, physiological saline and pyridine, insoluble in ethanol, acetone and benzene, and easy to deteriorate when heated or in dilute acid. Hirudin in dried medicinal materials has been destroyed. In addition, it also contains heparin and antithrombin. Pharmacological action 1. Anticoagulant effect: 0.45g/kg leech water extract can obviously inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rats, reduce the specific viscosity of whole blood and plasma, and shorten the electrophoresis time of red blood cells; In vitro experiments, leech water extracts of 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml also have obvious inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation in healthy people. Hirudin is a thrombin inhibitor, and each mg of hirudin contains 10 ~ 400 antithrombin units. Hirudin can prevent thrombosis caused by bacterial endotoxin in rats and reduce the mortality of rats. Hirudin can also resist thrombin-induced contraction of isolated frog hearts. 2. Improve microcirculation: Intravenous injection of leech injection 2g/kg can promote the absorption of hematoma in experimental acute cerebral hemorrhage in rabbits, reduce the inflammatory reaction and edema around brain tissue, relieve the increase of intracranial pressure, improve local circulation, and be beneficial to the recovery of neurological function; It can also promote the absorption of local experimental hematoma in rabbit ears. 3. Anti-early pregnancy effect: subcutaneous injection of 40% leech decoction 2.5 ~ 3.0g/kg for 2 days can terminate all stages of pregnancy in mice, including implantation, early, middle and late stages, but early pregnancy has the best effect; If exogenous progesterone is injected with leech at the same time, it can resist the anti-early pregnancy effect of leech. Edit this paragraph of modern research.

major constituent

Mainly including protein. It also contains many trace elements such as iron, manganese and zinc. The saliva of fresh leeches contains an anticoagulant called hirudin, which belongs to peptides. Because there are no tryptophan and arginine in its molecular composition, it has anticoagulant effect. But hirudin has been destroyed in dried medicinal materials. Leech saliva also secretes histamine-like substances, heparin and antithrombin, which has synergistic effect with hirudin.

pharmacological action

1, the effect on blood hirudin can prevent thrombin from acting on fibrin and hinder blood coagulation. Hirudin will not be destroyed by heat or ethanol. Leeches can also secrete a histamine-like substance, which can dilate capillaries and increase bleeding. The alcohol extract of leech has stronger inhibitory effect on blood coagulation than tabanus, rhubarb and rhubarb. The effect of worm and peach kernel is stronger, and the effect of leech alcohol preparation is stronger than that of water preparation. 20mg hirudin can prevent 100g human blood coagulation. Leech water extract has obvious inhibitory effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rats and normal people, and has antithrombotic effect. The results showed that leech had a strong fibrinolytic effect in vitro, and its activity was significantly higher than that of salvia miltiorrhiza and rhubarb. It also has fibrinolytic activity in vivo, which can significantly shorten the euglobulin lysis time (ELT) of rabbits. So leeches can activate the chemical fiber dissolving system and dissolve thrombus. It has also been reported that hirudin can obviously inhibit experimental thrombosis and dissolve experimental venous thrombosis caused by thrombin. Leech water extract can reduce the specific viscosity of whole blood and plasma in rats. Shorten erythrocyte electrophoresis time. Clinical research shows that leech can improve the concentration, viscosity and aggregation of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease caused by abnormal hemorheology. 2. Effects on cardiovascular system It is reported that leeches can increase myocardial nutrient blood flow to some extent; It has protective effect on tissue ischemia and hypoxia. Hirudin can antagonize the coronary artery spasm caused by pituitrin in rabbits and has the therapeutic effect of inhibiting myocardial ischemia. Leech can obviously eliminate atherosclerotic plaque, make collagen fiber proliferate in plaque and reduce cholesterol crystallization. It is suggested that leeches have potential application value in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Leech can dilate capillaries, improve microcirculation and increase renal blood flow. Its effect on improving microcirculation is similar to heparin, but its action time is short. Experiments show that leech can dilate peripheral blood vessels, increase blood flow and reduce vascular resistance, which is similar to papaverine hydrochloride. 3. The experiment of pregnancy showed that leech can terminate the pregnancy of mice at all stages (including implantation and early, middle and late pregnancy). Different routes of administration have a good termination effect on early pregnancy. If exogenous progesterone and leech are injected at the same time, premature delivery can be prevented. Leech has inhibitory effect on decidual lesions. 4. Other effects Leech can obviously reduce cholesterol and triglyceride in experimental hyperlipidemia rabbits. Hirudin can inhibit the growth of tumor cells and mouse liver cancer. Because leech has high anticoagulant effect, it is beneficial for anticancer drugs and immunocompetent cells to infiltrate into cancer tissues and kill cancer cells. Edit this paragraph function instructions.

Irregular menstruation, abdominal pain, hematocele, blood stasis, carbuncle and erysipelas. (1) Classic: "The main evil blood, blood stasis, closed moon, blood stasis, childless, beneficial to waterways." 2 "Do not record": "Abortion." ③ Compendium of Materia Medica: "If a person suffers from erythema and carbuncle, take more than ten pieces from the affected part, with wrinkled skin and white flesh." 4 "Materia Medica": "Treating injuries and folding." Editing this paragraph should be avoided.

Physical deficiency and blood deficiency, no blood stasis, pregnant women should not take it. (1) "Japan in Materia Medica": "Fear of lime." 2 "Materia Medica": "Fear of salt." 3 "Pinhui Essentials": "Do not take it during pregnancy." Edit the selection of this paragraph.

① For women with irregular menstruation and men with acute bladder congestion, there are 30 leeches (boiled), 30 scale insects (boiled with wings and feet removed), 20 peach kernels (peeled and pointed) and three or two rhubarb (wine bubbles). Take five liters of water, boil three liters, and raise the temperature except me. ("Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" Didang Decoction) ② Treating blood stasis in women's bellies, it is not suitable for moonlight, or intermittent or coming, full of anxiety: 32 peaches (soaked in soup, peeled, pointed, Shuang Ren, brownish with bran), 40 beetles (fried slightly yellow, wings and feet removed) and 40 leeches (fried slightly yellow), Sichuan University. The medicine is pounded into powder, and the honey is pounded into hundreds of pestles, and the pills are as big as buttonwood. Take fifteen pills with hot wine. ("Shenghui Fang" Taohua Pill) ③ Treatment of menstruation, postpartum lochia and abdominal pain: 42 pieces of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, 50 pieces of tabanus (fried in Toma Evelle), 50 pieces of leech (fried in glutinous rice with peeled tips) and 50 pieces of peach kernel. The top is the bottom, honey pills, and tung fruit is big. Take five or seven capsules each time, hollow warm wine. ("Women's Good Recipe" Dihuang Tongjing Pill) 4 Blood leakage: leeches are treated with a sieve and a sum of money is taken from the wine. The next day, the evil blood was cured. ("Qian Jin Fang") ⑤ Cure the wound: Leech, baked on a new tile, is fine powder, add a dollar of hot wine, eat it, it hurts, and take more pills to stop its pain. Then seal the bone-breaking medicine and fix it with something. (Experience) ⑥ Treatment of golden sore, falling injury from a height, crushed wood and stone, internal injury and blood stasis, pain in the heart, constipation and exhaustion: half a piece of red leech (parched with lime until brown), 2 pieces of rhubarb and 2 pieces of black morning glory. Every time you take San Qian, you should adjust it with hot wine. For example, after walking four or five miles, you should adjust it with hot wine and use two yuan to urge it. You must turn down the evil blood in the viscera and make it into pieces or blocks, and it will be fine as soon as the evil blood is consumed. ⑦ To treat the pain of fracture, leech (brown glutinous rice is removed), white cotton (burnt ash), myrrh (grinded separately) and frankincense (grinded separately) are blood residue (boy's hair) 15 group (burnt ash). The last 50 yuan is one yuan, the last 20 and a half yuan, and half a word for children. Let people eat poisonous blood. (Pian Yu Shuxin) 9 Treatment of initial swelling of hair and back: Take (live) leeches and let them suck blood. (After leeches suck blood, their abdomen swells and falls, and they are nourished with fresh water to survive [1]. (10 1 choice) Edit the clinical application of this paragraph.

① Treat acute conjunctivitis with three live leeches and put them in 6 ml of raw honey. After 6 hours, take out the immersion liquid and store it in a bottle for later use.

Optical diagram

Eye drops 1 time, each time 1 ~ 2 drops. 380 cases, mostly bilateral conjunctivitis, were cured. The shortest cure time is 1 day, and the longest is 5 days. During the treatment, there was no adverse reaction except slight pain 1 ~ 2 minutes after eye drop. It also has certain curative effect on chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium. ② Treatment of corneal scar: put the live leech in clean water for 2-3 days, remove the dirt in the body, spit out the dirt in the abdomen, then take it out, weigh it and put it in pure honey. The ratio of honey to leech is 1: 2.5 or 1: 3. Leech died about 1 hour after contacting honey, and turbid liquid appeared, which took 6-8 hours to float and sink again, and brown transparent liquid was obtained after filtering. Leave it at 0℃ for 3 ~ 5 days, and it can be used as external eye drops, 3 ~ 4 times a day, each time 1 ~ 2 drops.

Leech-medical therapy

Or made into injection, injected under the anesthesia of 1% procaine, with a small amount at first, and then gradually increased, generally 0.3 ~ 0.5 ml, injected every two days 1 time, and applied with antibiotics for half a day after injection. * * * 7 1 case of corneal scar cloud and adhesive corneal scar, 26 cases were markedly effective (corneal scar was obviously thinned and shrunk, and vision was improved), 39 cases were improved (corneal scar was thinned and shrunk, and vision was slightly improved), and 6 cases were ineffective; All kinds of cataract 124 cases, 65 cases were markedly effective (visual acuity improved by more than 5 times), 5 cases were improved (visual acuity improved by more than 3 times), and 8 cases were ineffective; In 37 cases of vitreous opacity, 26 cases were markedly effective (visual acuity improved by more than 5 times), 9 cases were improved (visual acuity improved by more than 3 times) and 2 cases were ineffective. It is observed that hirudin is safe to use and has few side effects. More than 5000 times of subconjunctival injection, only 2 cases were accidental: 1 case of primary glaucoma, and the intraocular pressure increased after injection; 1 patients with hypertension (blood pressure 210/110mmhg) have a sudden drop in vision after injection. Topical eye drops have a good effect on simple corneal scar, and the general course of treatment is about 2 months. But the curative effect on adhesive corneal scar is poor.