According to the weather conditions

Outdoor, many people don't think of taking off their clothes until they are soaked with sweat. Some people are shivering before they think of dressing. Some people are superstitious about high-tech materials and lazy. The correct way to dress outdoors can help you adjust your body and cope with the environment and weather calmly.

Outdoor, the natural environment changes rapidly, as the mountaineering bible says:

The climate in mountainous areas is very complicated, and sudden thunderstorms, strong winds and snowstorms all test the will, ability and equipment of climbers.

Even in warm seasons, thunderstorms may form in a short time in mountainous areas and suddenly come.

At high altitude, severe climate change may bring blizzard and regional gale.

When the camp is built, the arrival of bad weather will test the quality of tents and camping equipment. As long as climbers rely on adequate supplies in reliable shelters, there will be no great danger.

The risk is more concentrated in the process of travel. Once climbing a mountain in bad weather, the direct test is dress.

It is precisely because the outdoor environment is varied and changing rapidly that correct dress is the basis of outdoor safety. Correct dress will not only make you feel comfortable, but also reduce the risk of travel: when the wind is raging and the storm suddenly comes, clothes should be enough to support evacuation; When the temperature fluctuates, clothes should be able to increase or decrease; During strenuous exercise, the comfort and dryness of the body also depend on the quality of clothes.

The most popular theory of outdoor dressing is the three-layer dressing method. "Three layers" does not mean "three clothes", but the outer layer, isolation layer and foundation layer are composed of multiple clothes. Through the layers of clothes, the comfort of outdoor activities is ensured.

The layered system generally refers only to the upper body, but you can also apply it to the legs.

The safe temperature range of human body is very narrow, that is, 36. 1 Celsius to 37.5 Celsius. Whether hiking, skiing or mountain climbing, you need to stay warm and dry in the natural environment.

Why does this mountain feel bitterly cold? What is the coping principle of layered system? We need to know four ways for the human body to gain and lose body temperature.

Evaporation-whether it is sweat or precipitation, the process of water evaporation will take away the temperature. Sweating is a normal way to cool the body, but in the cold environment, if the body temperature taken away by sweating is not compensated in time, it will be dangerous.

The danger of cotton underwear lies in the construction of a humid environment that wraps the body and realizes heat loss through continuous evaporation.

The advantage of layering is that the basic layer drains water through the wick function, keeps dry during activities, locks the body temperature with the isolation layer when stopping activities, and the outer layer can reduce the probability of rain soaking the body.

An excellent layered system starts water management from the inside, and discharges it through layer-by-layer guidance to avoid overheating during exercise and supercooling during rest.

Radiation-With metabolism, the body generates heat. If too much heat is lost to the outside world, the core body temperature will be lost.

Most of the heat will be dissipated through the head. Of course, if you are naked, the heat will mainly radiate from the core area of the chest. The layered system can keep heat by keeping the core area warm and the head warm.

Conduction-The contact of the body with cold objects will produce heat conduction, which is why sleeping mats should be used to isolate the cold ground when camping. In outdoor hiking activities, the feet touch the ground the most, so the end protection of shoes and socks is very important. Similarly, when climbing ice and other activities, hands also need to touch cold objects, and wearing gloves can provide protection.

The direct contact of rain, snow and hail with the body also leads to conduction, and each drop of rain absorbs body heat through conduction. This is the meaning of waterproof outer layer.

Convection-wind chill can make people lose temperature quickly because it combines convection and evaporation to double the heat.

The principle of convection can be imagined as a person standing under a waterfall. A stream of water rushed through the human body to take away the temperature, and a new stream followed and quickly took away the temperature. Avoiding this situation requires weather protection, so the outer layer acts on it.

The significance of layering is to keep warm and dry, and the design of each layer is targeted. The correct layered system can avoid overheating during exercise and keep warm when stopping. Cooperation at different levels can achieve the expected results.

Each layer of the system should specifically deal with three objectives: sweating, capturing heat and isolating cold air, and blocking snow. Take the following hierarchical analysis as an example:

Wool underwear for the base layer, windbreaker jacket and cotton-padded jacket for the isolation layer, and technical shell for the outer layer. The specific functions are as follows:

The reason why multi-layer clothes are warmer is that hot air will be trapped around the body to varying degrees. The advantage of this system is that it can cope with different outdoor occasions: when the weather is good, you can start wearing the basic layer and wrap other layers in the bag to avoid overheating; When the weather changes, the isolation layer and the outer layer can meet the unexpected needs.

The basic layer directly targets the skin and is the innermost layer of the human body against the environment. It usually adopts a tight-fitting design to fit the body to the maximum extent.

The function of the foundation layer-the foundation layer provides a little warmth, and its main function is still to build a biological environment far away from water. The human body sweats a lot during exercise and generates heat. As the closest layer to the skin, the basal layer plays the role of regulating body temperature and discharging water.

Basic layer material-the basic layer is closest to the skin, which means collecting sweat. The purpose of this layer is to keep dry and realize moisture conduction, so the material should be tight and have certain temperature locking ability. There are two kinds of materials widely used in the base layer:

Synthetic materials do not cause itching and are usually cheaper, more durable and dry faster than wool. The disadvantage of synthetic base is that it is easy to retain odor.

Reject the basic layer cotton-cotton absorbs water, but it will not evaporate after being discharged. Water will evaporate in the close-fitting cotton fiber, thus taking away body heat.

Selection of foundation layer-the selection of foundation layer is based on the permeability and adhesiveness of materials, and the thickness and warmth retention are selected according to weather conditions. Generally, tear-resistant synthetic fabrics have advantages in rock climbing, ice climbing and other activities, while wool, which is more easily damaged, performs well on foot.

The most important task of the basic layer is to condition the skin and choose the degree of warmth according to the intensity of activity: the basic layer with zipper is more convenient to condition the skin; The foundation layer with a cap strengthens the ability of keeping warm; Wool base can provide stronger thermal insulation.

The basic layer includes not only the trunk and leg clothes, but also the fragile and important feet in outdoor activities.

The foundation layer keeps the human body away from the humid environment, and at the same time transmits water vapor into the isolation layer. The isolation layer is like a filter screen, which discharges useless water and leaves valuable heat.

The isolation layer is also called the middle layer, or the warm layer. This layer of clothes can be one or more pieces with different functions.

Function of insulation layer-The main function of insulation layer is to provide insulation, block the body heat that cannot be retained by the foundation layer, and prevent cold air from entering the body. A good isolation layer should be breathable, which helps the water vapor at the grass-roots level to evaporate.

Thermal insulation materials-cotton-padded jacket and thick wool can be used as thermal insulation layer, but the disadvantage of cotton-padded jacket is that it may be soaked by sweat discharged from underwear and lose its thermal insulation effect; The defects of thick wool lie in volume and weight. Under the same weight, the fleece is lighter. Of course, in colder conditions, down is also the choice of isolation layer.

Fleece is excellent in warmth retention and perspiration, light in weight, durable, easy to dry and difficult to absorb water, so it is the first choice for outdoor warmth.

In the past, the disadvantage of fleece was that it was not windproof. Now there are new materials such as Windstopper and Windbloc, but some air permeability will be sacrificed.

Selection of insulation layer-wool is divided into different thicknesses. For example, Polartec fabric has three thickness classifications: 100, 200 and 300 to adapt to various environments. Fine wool can cling to the bottom layer to provide better warmth.

Select isolation layer according to weather and activities. If the weather permits, it is also feasible to wear only the base layer and isolation layer. In any case, wearing more layers is more elastic than wearing a single layer.

Of course, in the process of perfecting the isolation layer, the end protection provided by gloves and hats can not be ignored.

The basic layer regulates temperature and sweats, and the isolation layer keeps warm, but in the confrontation between man and nature, the outer layer that resists wind and rain is needed as the first line of defense.

The outer layer usually refers to a coat that can resist wind and rain and wear it without affecting activities. Its function is to prevent wind, rain and snow. From ordinary windbreakers that emphasize low weight and packing ability to Arab mountaineering jackets that emphasize wear resistance and versatility, they are all used in the outer layer.

The function of the outer layer-the main function of the shell is to keep out the wind and rain, and on this basis, it also requires ventilation to discharge sweat and water vapor.

Outer material-technical shell is the most extreme layer of material. Most of them can not only let sweat steam out, but also adopt DWR (durable water repellent) splash-proof treatment to let water roll down from the fabric surface in the form of beads. The outer layer is divided into the following fabrics:

Outer layer selection-the outer layer is a good partner in bad weather. If water is immersed in the body or sweat can't be discharged effectively, gathering in it will make the body cold.

Generally speaking, the choice of outdoor clothing needs to be combined with environmental conditions and activity intensity. Environmental conditions determine the type of clothes to choose, and the intensity of activity determines how to increase or decrease clothes correctly.

Environmental conditions-weather changes do not necessarily follow the forecast, and local climate changes are also difficult to predict. At the same time, season, temperature difference between day and night, wind speed and other conditions will affect clothing. Wind and rain need a technical shell to resist, warm clothes isolate cold air, and sweat-wicking underwear keeps the skin dry when the body sweats. In different environments, you can intuitively feel the difference in dress:

Considering the environment comprehensively, decide the clothes you need to carry, so as not to be cumbersome and avoid confusion. On the basis of the environment, we should also consider the intensity of activities.

Activity intensity-Activity intensity not only comes from activity types, but also is influenced by individual differences and road conditions. In an ordinary hike, there may be high-intensity sports sections, which will bring rapid heat production; Expeditionary exploration will also have a time to stop and rest to cool down the body. The perspiration caused by activity intensity is different, so it is necessary to increase or decrease clothes in time according to the physical information at different stages: