Geography in senior one requires that the review outline be as long as the first two units.

The morning coil passes through the center of the earth, and the day and night span breaks the morning dusk. (Dawn line or faint line)

The earth rotates from west to east, so remember clearly that it will be reversed sooner or later. (Judging the moving direction of the termination line)

Winter and summer poles, the vernal equinox and meridian coincide. (breaking solar terms)

The equator intersection is very important, and it will be clear at 6: 00+08. (intermittent)

The meridian bisects the spherical surface of day and night, with the highest turning latitude in the morning and evening, and passes here at noon and midnight. (termination line, relationship between latitude and longitude and time)

2. Local time calculation method:

Subtract on the same side and add on the other side to accurately calculate the longitude difference.

The difference is one degree and four points, the east is early and the west is late.

If the value is large or negative, add or subtract 24 push days.

3. The position of the eight planets in the solar system:

Water, gold, wood, earth and sky, Neptune is around outside. Bruto's demotion was only a small one, and he didn't finish sweeping the track obstacles.

4. Remember the special longitude and latitude lines:

Tropic of Cancer passes through: desert Nile Arabia, constant triangle of Indian estuary. On the north side of Mengwan, Taiwan Province Province is wide, and the ancient island belongs to China.

The 30-degree north latitude line passes through the following areas: Cairo Canal, Persian Gulf, Evergreen River on Iranian Plateau, Hawaii in California, Hangzhou, and Flory on the north side of Mowan.

The area passing through 45 degrees north latitude: the Alps are dark and salty, and the northern Xinjiang Mongolia is cold. There are five lakes and five lakes in the central plain along the western coast.

Equatorial crossing area: Lake Vito in Guinea and Congo, Madev in the East African Plateau. Indonesia, Kito and Yama rivers flow into the equator.

Tropic of Capricorn passes through: Mada, Australia, South Africa, Lapp Plain, Sao Paulo, the capital of Brazil, at the foot of Tropic of Capricorn.

Crossing at 60 degrees north latitude: North Sea, Baltic Sea, Eastern Europe, and Siberia, even Bering. Labrador Hades Bay, Alaska Rocky Mountains.

5. "When you ask about the return date, late rain will rise in the autumn pool. When * * * cuts the candle at the west window, it talks about the rain at night. " Geographical explanation:

Affected by topography, the temperature in Bashan area is higher than that in the basin at night, resulting in low pressure, while the temperature in the mountainous areas on both sides, especially on the east side of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is lower, resulting in high pressure, resulting in mountain wind at night. When the cold mountain wind blows into the basin, the original heating mass will rise, and in the process of rising, it will cool down and condense into rain, so it rains many nights.

West Window: Especially in the north of China, quadrangle-style buildings in the past were divided into four compartments: southeast and northwest. The north compartment has the best phototropism, and there are more elderly people living in it. The son lives in the east compartment and the daughter lives in the west compartment. After the son gets married, the wife naturally lives in the East Chamber, and the windows of the East Chamber naturally face west. So * * * cut the candles in the west window.

6. Temporal and spatial characteristics of rain belt in eastern China;

4.5 landed in the southeast, moved to the Jianghuai coast in 5.6, and went to the "Three Norths" (North China, Northeast China and Northwest China) in July and August. In September, it withdrew to the south by 65438+ 10, and slowly retreated from north to south.

7. East monsoon boundary:

Daxing Yinshan Helan Mountain, Bayangang Bottom Monsoon Circle.

8. Write down the main railway lines and major cities in China:

Beijing-Guangzhou line-Jingha line: Zhenghan has a long factory and a wide factory, Zhenghai has a strong factory, and North Tongliao Ji Heilongjiang (Harbin).

Beijing-Kowloon Line: Beijing (people) make friends with Longshang, while Dutch (drinking) horses (men) are fragrant and deep.

Beijing-Shanghai line: Beijing and Tianjin aid Xubang, Nanjing Town Suzhou Merchants.

Longhai Line: Li Anyun, Xú Zhēng, Luoyang West, Dalan crossing Baoji.

Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou line: Shanghai-Hangzhou Golden Eagle Factory is expensive, while Guikun is trapped in Liupanshui.

15. China's land neighbors and maritime neighbors:

It borders on Russia, Mongolia and North Korea, and Mount Everest is on the border between China and Nepal. Haji Taba is an old country of Afghanistan, India and Vietnam, and has six maritime neighbors, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan and South Korea.

16. Temporal and spatial law of the length of day and night:

The days are long in summer, and the higher the latitude, the longer the days. In winter, the days are short, and the higher the latitude, the shorter the days.

17. Qinhuai dividing line:

The Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains is divided into two parts, the wet part, the 800mm precipitation line, and the temperate sub-heat line, which happens to be the 0℃ line in winter.

18. Micro-geomorphology judgment:

Overlooking the mountains from a distance, the landform looks fixed.

The scenery is reflected on the boat, and the gods look up at the waterfall.

The cave in the canyon is a scene of the sky, so close to it.

Take advantage of the pavilions in the rivers and lakes to overlook the river.

19. International international date line:

If you cross 180 eastward, the date will go backwards and you will be called human. If you cross 0: 00 eastward, the date will definitely increase forward.

20. Topography of Sichuan Basin:

Western Sichuan is in the west, Wushan is in the northeast and Yunnan-Guizhou is rugged in the south. Four big rivers flow into Sichuan. (The Yalong River originates from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Jialing River originates from the confluence of Daba Mountain and the Yangtze River in Chongqing, the Wujiang River originates from the confluence of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Yangtze River in Fuling, Chongqing, and the Minjiang River originates from the confluence of Minshan Mountain in western Sichuan and the Yangtze River in Yibin. )

2 1. Main iron ore sites in China:

Inner Mongolia Baiyun Qian Ji An, Liaoning Benxi and Anshan, Hainan Shiluwan Maanshan, Hubei Daye Panzhichuan.

22. Non-ferrous metal producing areas in China:

Shuikou lead zinc Jinchang nickel, Baiyun Obo rare earth iron.

Pingguo, Guangxi is rich in aluminum, and Dayu tungsten mine is in Gannan.

Tongren produces mercury but not copper, and tin mine Wuxi has a strong antimony flavor.

Zhaoyuan Jindexing Copper is the best tin mine in Gejiu.

23. Solar installation inclination:

The installation inclination angle α is exactly equal to the latitude difference.

24. Contour problem:

Large within the same size, small within the same size (isolines usually meet the characteristics of equal difference between two adjacent isolines, but it should be noted that if the value on the closed line is equal to small, the value in the closed area will be smaller. On the contrary, it is even bigger. ); High and low (when the value is high, the high value bends into a low value, and when the value is low, the low value bends into a high value. )

25. The nearest way on earth:

North-South-South (further north in the northern hemisphere, that is, near the North Pole; Further south in the southern hemisphere, near the South Pole. That is to say, walking along the great circle of the earth is the shortest way, and the north-south direction may turn).

26. Looking for groundwater according to topographic features;

Palm land, the most favorable; Two mountains are sandwiched by ditches, and the valley flows; Two ditches intersect and springs surge; Mouth to mouth, there is good water under the mouth; Two mountains are isolated, often without water; Two mountains and one mouth, with springs below; The mountain is low and the well water is large; The mountains turn and there is water; The convex mountain is opposite to the concave mountain, and the good water is concave; The mountain has a big mouth and there is much water in the well; Bay to bay, water does not dry; Two mountains meet, and the spring water flows below; There are many pebbles on the beach, and underground diving is like an underground river; There is diving under the gravel of the ancient river along the river.

27. According to the geological structure to find groundwater:

Synclinal strata have good water storage, abundant water and easy to find; There is water in the fault; The rock formation is like a slope, with a lot of groundwater; Floodpoles and terraces on both sides of the river generally have water sources; Alluvial fan far away from mountain pass; There is water source underground; The landslide is a half circle with water in it; Listen to the sound of limestone cave. There is water under the nozzle.

☆ The application of common geographical formulas in solving problems

1. Interpretation of terminator lines in the side view of the earth: "Left night morning, right night faint"

That is, in the side view of the earth, the left side of the terminator line is the night hemisphere, so the line is the morning line; If the right side of the termination line is the night hemisphere, then this line is a dark line.

2. Interpretation of the "equinox" in the Earth's revolution map: the side of "left oblique left winter, right oblique right winter" is the winter solstice. As long as we judge the winter solstice, we can judge the vernal equinox, summer solstice and autumn equinox according to the direction of the earth's revolution.

3. Calculation of local time (time zone): "Find the time difference, add east and subtract west"

Different longitudes, different local time. Because the earth rotates from west to east, in the same latitude area, the relative position of the east is earlier than that of the west, so the time is earlier. The calculation method is divided into two steps: (1) Calculate the time difference between the two places according to the longitude difference of 15 and the longitude difference of 1' for 4 minutes; (2) Unknown time = known time plus or minus time difference. If the unknown time is in the east of the known time, add; If the unknown time is to the west of the known time, subtract it.

4. Air pressure comparison: "Up and down, high and low"

The comparison of air pressure in the vertical direction conforms to the principle of "up and down", that is, the higher the altitude, the thinner the air and the lower the air pressure; The further down, the higher the air pressure. The comparison of horizontal air pressure shows that the bending condition of isobaric surface accords with the principle of "high and low", that is, isobaric surface bends to high pressure and to low pressure.

5. Direction of ocean circulation: "Up and down two 8 characters"

The global ocean circulation is divided into two major circulations: one is the mid-low latitude circulation centered on the subtropical zone and the other is the mid-high latitude circulation centered on the subtropical zone. You can write an "8" in the northern and southern hemispheres to grasp its moving direction, and the two "8" characters are bounded by the equator. Each character "8", the upper circle of which rotates counterclockwise, can indicate the movement direction of the circulation in the middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere and the circulation in the middle and low latitudes in the southern hemisphere; The clockwise rotation of the lower circle can indicate the moving direction of the mid-low latitude circulation in the northern hemisphere.

6. The movement direction of monsoon circulation in the North Indian Ocean: "Summer P winter B, summer shun winter reverse"

In the North Indian Ocean, influenced by the monsoon, a monsoon current is formed. The southwest monsoon blows in summer, and the ocean current flows clockwise, like the letter "P"; In winter, the northeast monsoon blows and the ocean current flows counterclockwise, like the letter "B". The line segment with letters indicates the wind direction of monsoon, and the arc indicates the flow direction of ocean current, which is intuitive and easy to understand and master.

7. Interpretation of contour map: "Convex height is low, convex low is high"

"Convex height is low" means that a group of contour lines are convex from low value to high value, so the terrain of this area is lower than that of adjacent areas and is a valley; "Convex low is high" means that a set of contour lines from numerical high to numerical unpaid leave are convex, so the terrain of this area is higher than that of the adjacent areas, which is a ridge.

8. Interpretation of temperature in isotherm diagram: "high and low, high and low"

That is, compared with the same latitude, the isotherm protrudes in the direction of high value, indicating that the temperature is lower than the same latitude; The isotherm protrudes to the low value direction, indicating that the temperature is higher than the same latitude. The formula of "height" can also be applied to the interpretation of mountains and valleys in contour topographic maps. That is to say, in the contour topographic map, the contour value protrudes in the high (large) direction and the contour value protrudes in the low (small) direction, which is the ridge.

9. Interpretation of the numerical value in the closed isoline between two isolines: "greater than the larger value, less than the smaller value"

That is, if the closed isoline value is equal to the large value of two isolines, its internal value is greater than the large value; If the value is equal to the small value in two isolines, its internal value should be less than the small value.

10. Interpretation of the influence of ocean currents on isotherms: "Cold is low, warm is high" (low refers to latitude).

That is, the cold current bends the isotherm to the low latitude and the warm current bends the isotherm to the high latitude.

Example 1. Look at the longitude and latitude network and terminator circuit diagram below. What is the Beijing time at this time?

A.0 in B. 6 in C. 18 in D.22

Analysis: According to "Left Night Morning", the terminator line represents the morning line, so the local time at the intersection of meridian (60 W) and equator is 6 o'clock (because the equator has the same length of day and night all year round, the local time is always 6 o'clock at sunrise and 0/8 o'clock at sunset); It is also known that Beijing time is the area of the East Eighth District, that is, the place of 120 e. According to the longitude difference "difference+",it is known that the longitude difference between the two places is 180, that is, the difference is12 hours. According to the time "East+",it is known that Beijing time is 18 hours. Answer: C.

Look at the schematic diagram of the earth revolution below. The following statement is correct.

(1) When we turned to A, Cape Town was in the rainy season.

(2) When the revolution reaches A, the earth is close to perihelion and the revolution speed is slow.

(3) When the Yellow River moved to the vicinity of A, ice flood occurred in the Yellow River.

(4) The wheat in North China Plain turned green when it moved to the vicinity of B ..

(5) When the revolution approaches B, the height of the midday sun in Singapore is close to 90.

(6) To travel near C, you can go to Norway to watch the midnight sun.

A.( 1)(2)(3)b .(2)(4)(5)c .( 1)(2)(5)d .(2)(5)(6)

Analysis: The key to this question is to determine the solar terms represented by A, B, C and D. In the figure, the earth axis is tilted to the left, and according to the law of "left leaning and left winter", the left C is the winter solstice. Judging from the direction of the earth's revolution, D is the vernal equinox, A is the summer solstice, and B is the autumn equinox. Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate, and it is winter (because Cape Town is in the southern hemisphere) and rainy season when the earth revolves to A, so (1) is correct; The earth's revolution to perihelion should be in early July, and the first place is the summer solstice, so (2) is correct; Ice flood in the Yellow River mostly occurs when the ice freezes and melts in winter and spring, so (3) is wrong; Wheat in the North China Plain will turn green in spring, and the second place is the autumnal equinox. (4) it is wrong; When the earth revolves around B, the sun shines directly at the equator, and Singapore is located near the equator, so its noon sun height angle is close to 90 degrees, (5) is correct; The place to watch the midnight sun in Norway should be the summer solstice, while the place C is the winter solstice (6)

Is wrong. Answer: C.

Example 3. The following figure is a schematic diagram of contour lines, which is called a>B, so the correct description of the terrain of A and B is

(1) A is a depression on the hillside (2) B is a depression on the hillside (3) A is a hill on the hillside (4) B is a hill on the hillside.

A.( 1)(2)b .( 1)(3)c .(2)(3)d .(2)(4)

Analysis: As a>B, according to the law of "greater than large, less than small", then A is greater than A, and B is less than B. Therefore, A should be a hill and B should be a depression. Answer: C.