Knowledge points of geographical and meteorological disasters in senior high school

Knowledge is the source of all strength and the capital for literati to express their lofty sentiments and ambitions. It is the source of strength for the country's prosperity and scientific development; It is the cornerstone of people's independence from the world cultural forest. Below I will share with you some geographical and meteorological disasters in high school, hoping to help you. Welcome to read!

High school geography and meteorological disasters 1

Major natural disasters

(1) Meteorological disasters

Meteorological disasters are the most serious natural disasters in the world, with the characteristics of many types, wide range, high frequency, heavy disasters and long duration.

1. Flood: The phenomenon that the water level of rivers and lakes rises sharply or even bursts is called flood, and the phenomenon of excessive water accumulation in low-lying areas is called flood.

(1) Formation reason: The main reason is rainstorm; Other causes include glacial floods (spring), mountain torrents and snowmelt floods (spring).

(2) Occurrence area: The rainy season and humid areas are prone to floods. Due to the seasonal and interannual changes of monsoon climate and precipitation, floods in Asia are serious.

(3) Time and region of flood disaster in China: It mostly occurs in summer and autumn, and the plain area in the eastern monsoon region is the most seriously affected, including Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin.

(4) Defensive measures: ① Meteorological satellite monitoring and forecasting; (2) Engineering measures: construction and reinforcement of river banks, regulation of river courses, construction of reservoirs and construction of flood diversion and storage areas; ③ Ecological construction: protecting natural vegetation, planting trees and protecting wetlands; ④ Non-engineering measures: land management in flood-stricken areas, making emergency evacuation plans and countermeasures for residential areas, and implementing flood control insurance.

2. Drought: the phenomenon that the air is dry and the soil is short of water because there is no precipitation for a long time or the precipitation is abnormally low. Drought is one of the most extensive and serious natural disasters, and it also has the greatest impact on China.

(1) Formation reason:

Natural factors: occasional or periodic precipitation reduction, global warming, etc.

Human factors:

(1) A large increase in population leads to a limited shortage of water resources.

(2) The forest vegetation is destroyed and the water storage function is lost, which leads to the reduction of water in groundwater and soil.

(3) Human activities have polluted a large number of water bodies, resulting in the decrease of available water resources.

④ The waste of water resources is serious, which is mainly used for agricultural irrigation in China, resulting in a shortage of water resources.

(2) Impact: Grain production is reduced, and drinking water for people and livestock is difficult, which affects economic development and social stability.

(3) Drought-stricken areas in China: most areas in China, such as North China (spring drought) and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (summer drought). Surface water leakage is serious in karst areas in southwest China, which is prone to drought.

(4) Defensive measures: implement the agricultural structure combining agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry according to local conditions, carry out the basic construction of farmland water conservancy, build shelter forests, develop water-saving irrigation, build water diversion and storage projects, and select drought-tolerant crops.

3. Typhoon: Typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops strongly in tropical and subtropical oceans, and the wind force near the center (the center is the eye of the typhoon) exceeds 12.

(1) Impact time: Summer and autumn (July-September) are the most concentrated seasons in the northern hemisphere.

(2) Main source: Northwest Pacific (typhoon); Bay of Bengal (hurricane); Gulf of Mexico (hurricane). Typhoons generally move to the west and northwest, and the east coast of low latitude continent is most affected by them.

(3) Impact: Typhoon causes strong winds, heavy rains and storm surges; At the same time, typhoons are also conducive to alleviating the disaster of summer drought.

(4) defensive measures: strengthening typhoon monitoring and forecasting is an important measure to reduce typhoon disasters; Construction of coastal shelterbelt (mangrove forest).

4. Cold wave: refers to a wide range of strong cold air activities.

(1) Impact time: half a year in winter, especially in spring and autumn.

(2) Hazard: The cold wave brings strong wind, low temperature freezing injury, blizzard, freezing rain and sandstorm, which is harmful to agriculture and animal husbandry, transportation and communication, and human health.

(3) China's occurrence area: affecting middle and high latitudes. The cold air that affects China generally passes through Mongolia, Siberia and Central Asia and affects China in three ways. Most areas are vulnerable to cold waves. Affected by topography and distance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Guangdong, Hainan and Taiwan Province Province are less affected by the cold wave.

(4) Defense measures: At present, there is no effective defense method for cold wave. Strengthening weather forecast and issuing early warning of cold wave are the most important measures for disaster reduction.

5. Sandstorm (blowing sand):

(1) Occurrence time: It occurs in the season with less precipitation and strong wind.

(2) Reason: There are many strong winds (cold front activity), drought and little rain in winter and spring in northern China, and the evaporation is large, and the surface is exposed and loose, which is easy to sand. Improper human activities have destroyed vegetation and the earth's surface and increased the source of dust, which is an important reason for the increasing frequency of dust storms.

(3) Affected areas and hazards: Northwest China, most of North China, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Northeast China are the main affected areas of sandstorms. Its harm is manifested in: strong wind, soil wind erosion, sand burial, serious air pollution, affecting traffic and so on.

(4) defensive measures: monitoring and forecasting through meteorological satellites; Do a good job in ecological protection and construction, and stop excessive reclamation and overgrazing; Develop efficient and water-saving agriculture; Strengthen international cooperation, etc.

Geography and Meteorological Disasters in Senior High School II

1. Meteorological disaster: the direct or indirect damage caused by the atmosphere to human life and property, economic construction and national defense construction.

Main types: typhoon, rainstorm, flood, drought and cold wave.

Skills 1: Typhoon

Frequent occurrence time: every summer and autumn.

Location: mostly in coastal areas.

Formation conditions: Typhoon is formed on the vast ocean surface with tropical or subtropical sea surface temperature above 26℃.

Features: (1) is a tropical cyclone with strong development.

⑵ A large vortex intersecting in the north-south direction.

⑶ Structure: typhoon eye, vortex wind and rain area and peripheral gale area.

(4) The Pacific Northwest is the sea area with the highest frequency and intensity of typhoons in the world.

Major disasters: caused by strong winds, heavy rains and storm surges.

Disaster reduction measures: strengthen typhoon monitoring and forecasting, and issue typhoon forecasts or warnings.

Detection means: meteorological satellite.

Tip 2: rainstorm and flood: continuous rainstorm or short-term rainstorm.

Main location: (1) Except for some desert areas in the west, there will be heavy rain in China. Mainly in the southern and eastern regions.

(2) Asia has the most floods every year in the world.

Conditions for the formation of rainstorm: (1) continuous water vapor supply.

(2) A strong upward trend

(3) The weather system that forms precipitation lasts for a long time.

Disaster reduction measures: (1) Monitor rainstorm and flood with meteorological satellites to improve the accuracy of rainstorm forecast.

(2) Flood control: ① Engineering measures (damming, river regulation, reservoir construction, flood diversion area or flood detention area, etc.). )

② Combined with non-engineering measures (land management in flood areas, establishment of flood forecasting and early warning system, formulation of residents' emergency evacuation plans and countermeasures, and implementation of flood control insurance).

③ Biological measures: planting trees in the middle and upper reaches of rivers and creating shelterbelts.

Tip 3: Drought: The air is dry and the soil is short of water because there is no precipitation for a long time or the precipitation is abnormally low.

Main place of occurrence: Drought is a prominent worldwide problem.

Forming factors: caused by many factors.

Drought prevention: (1) Implement the agricultural structure combining agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry according to local conditions, improve the agricultural ecological environment in arid areas, and reduce and avoid the threat of drought.

(2) In drought-prone areas, select drought-tolerant crops.

(3) Carry out capital construction of farmland water conservancy, build shelter forests and improve farming system.

Tip 4: cold wave: the rapid invasion of strong cold air causes a large-scale severe cooling, accompanied by strong winds, rain and snow, freezing damage and other phenomena.

Frequent occurrence time: half a year in winter, and autumn and spring are the most harmful to crops.

Defense method: (1) issue accurate cold wave news or alarm in advance, so that ships at sea can return to Hong Kong before the gale comes.

(2) In advance, relevant departments should prepare for the cold protection of crops and herds in advance.

Tip 5: Dry-hot wind: an agricultural meteorological disaster with high temperature and dryness accompanied by certain wind force.

Hazard: dryness and heat, which is aggravated by wind.

Defensive measures: (1) Get out of the water in time.

(2) Selecting wheat varieties resistant to dry and hot wind.

(3) build a shelter forest.

Knowledge of geographical disasters in senior high school

Correlation between natural disasters and group events

1, all kinds of natural disasters are related.

The relevance of natural disasters is manifested in three aspects:

(1) Genetic correlation: the correlation of geological disasters in the same area. For example, crustal movement leads to earthquakes, landslides and mudslides in a region.

(2) Major disasters: earthquake → landslide, debris flow, fire → epidemic; Typhoon → rainstorm, storm surge → flood; Drought → locust plague.

(3) Correlation with human activities: human activities can directly or indirectly induce geological disasters, such as land subsidence caused by over-exploitation of groundwater; Landslides caused by mining etc.

2. Meteorological disasters have obvious group characteristics.

(1) A variety of meteorological disasters occur in different periods in the same area: floods are prone to occur in the rainy season in Jianghuai area; Drought disasters are prone to occur in summer; Winter is easily affected by cold waves.

(2) Various meteorological disasters occur in different regions at the same time: China has a vast territory, and the Yangtze River basin faces floods in summer, while North China and South China suffer from drought.

(3) The same disaster occurred in different areas at the same time: in the spring of 2008, severe droughts occurred in both North China and South China; 198 In the summer, serious floods occurred simultaneously in Songhua River and Yangtze River.

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