Method of growing tobacco

Tobacco blossoms and bears fruit in summer and autumn. Mainly distributed in South America, South Asia and China. So how to grow tobacco? The following are the methods I have compiled for you to grow tobacco. I hope they are useful to you.

Methods of growing tobacco. Environmental conditions of tobacco growth

1, temperature: tobacco is a thermophilic crop, and the ground temperature is 8? All plants can grow in the range of 38℃, and the optimum temperature for growth and development is 25? 28℃, 2 degrees below zero? 3C, tobacco plants will die. The underground part is at 7? It can grow at 43℃, but the optimum temperature is 365438 0℃. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 24? 29℃, minimum temperature 7.5? 10C, the highest temperature is 35C. When the temperature is lower than 7.5℃, the seed germination process stops; Above 30℃, the germination process is slow; If the temperature exceeds 35℃, the germinated seeds will gradually lose their vitality. Generally, the transplanting period of tobacco should be after late frost, the temperature should not be lower than 65438 00℃, and the ideal daily average temperature of leaf maturity should be around 24℃ for 30 days, so as to produce high-quality tobacco leaves.

2. Moisture: Generally, water is needed in the early stage of growth, most in the middle stage and less in the later stage. It is advisable to keep the soil moisture at about 70% of the field capacity at the seedbed stage, and it is 10 before transplanting. 15 days to stop water and harden seedlings. Transplanted to seedling stage, the leaf transpiration is small, and the average daily water consumption is 3.5? 6.4 mm daily average water consumption 6.6? 7.9 mm, the soil moisture should be kept at 60% of the field capacity; Below 40%, the growth will be hindered, and above 80%, the root growth will be poor, which is not good for the later growth. The average daily water consumption is 7. 1? 8.5 mm, the soil moisture should be kept at 80% of the field capacity. During this period, if there is water shortage, growth will be hindered. If there is a long-term drought, there will be early flowering or early drying up. From germination to maturity, the average daily water consumption is 5.5? 6. 1 mm, the soil moisture should be kept at 60% of the field capacity, and the moisture is slightly less at this stage, which can improve the quality of tobacco leaves; If there is too much soil moisture, it is easy to delay maturity and reduce quality.

3. Sunshine: Tobacco always needs sufficient sunshine, but most varieties are not strict about the length of sunshine. The growth period of flue-cured tobacco requires sufficient sunshine, but it is not very strong, and the daily sunshine time is 8? 10 hour is suitable, especially in the mature period, and sufficient sunshine is a necessary condition for producing high-quality tobacco leaves. Sunny days with short wave components are beneficial to improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

4. Soil: Although tobacco can grow on various types of soil, the requirements for planting high-quality tobacco are strict. Red soil is the best, followed by red loess, sandy soil and mixed soil, and tidal soil (black soil) is the worst.

5. Weather phenomenon: gale and hail weather do more harm to tobacco leaves than any other crops, which may cause serious losses in seedbeds or fields. Therefore, tobacco cannot be planted in areas where strong winds and hail often occur during the tobacco growing period.

Second, tobacco planting management

1, seedling raising: tobacco seeds should be placed in 15 before germination. The sun basked at 20℃ for 2? 3 days, improve the germination potential and germination rate of seeds. To cultivate strong seedlings, the first is to adopt the new technology of double-layer film paper tube, with a diameter of not less than 4 cm and a height of 6? 7 cm, 625 seedlings per square meter, 4 mu of tobacco field can be planted 1 bed 10 square meter. The second is to prepare nutrient soil, with 60% field soil and 40% decomposed pig manure as the substrate, and the need for each border is about 0.8? 1 m3, disinfected and then mixed with compound fertilizer 3? Four kilograms. Third, timely early sowing and early transplanting can increase yield by 20% and improve quality by 25%. Huanghuai tobacco-growing areas should be planted from spring to mid-February. Four, seedbed management, due to the low temperature when sowing, vulnerable to low temperature hazards, should be adjusted in time according to the requirements of tobacco seedling growth on temperature and humidity. Generally, there are two intervals, the first time is in? Intertemporal? After that, the seedling spacing is 1.5? 2 cm, the second (fixed) seedling with 4? When there are 5 true leaves, the seedling spacing is 6? Eight centimeters.

2. Transplanting: timely and early planting is the key to producing high-quality tobacco leaves. The best transplanting period in Huanghuai tobacco-growing areas should be completed before Qingming to Grain Rain. The planting density should be controlled at per mu 1200? 1300 strains. Planting tobacco with plastic film mulching can not only increase temperature and preserve moisture, but also improve the drought and waterlogging resistance of tobacco plants and prevent tobacco black storm. If it rains thoroughly before transplanting, it can be covered with plastic film in time to keep warm after the rain. If it doesn't rain, you should bring water from the soles of your feet when planting cigarettes, and cover them tightly with plastic film after planting cigarettes (if you plant cigarettes before and after Qingming Festival, because the temperature is low, you can cover the seedlings with plastic film first, and then cut the plastic film after the temperature is stable, take out the tobacco seedlings and seal the film at the roots to prevent water loss).

3. Field management: The most prominent problem in flue-cured tobacco production is the contradiction between yield and quality. Generally speaking, the higher the output, the worse the quality, but not the lower the output, the better the quality. Therefore, management should strive to stabilize production and ensure quality. ① Suitable fertilization: base fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and new balanced fertilization technology is adopted. Before transplanting, the amount of pure nitrogen fertilizer per mu was 6 kg in low-fertility field, 5 kg in medium-fertility field and 3? 4 kg, and the ratio of NPK fertilizer is 1: 2: 3. When fertilizer deficiency is found in the middle and late stage, foliar spraying is used for topdressing. (2) timely irrigation and drainage: under the condition of drought in tobacco field during the critical period of tobacco water demand, sprinkler irrigation 1? Doubling it can increase the yield by 8. 1? 43. 1%, which improves the quality. If the tobacco field is flooded 1? Will the output decrease by 47.8 in 2 days? 65%。 Pay attention to ditch cleaning and drainage in low-lying tobacco fields or rainy seasons. ③ Pay attention to intertillage and soil preparation: intertillage in time under drought conditions is of great significance for water conservation. Timely intertillage after rain can reduce soil moisture, increase soil permeability, increase ground temperature and promote root growth. Farming can also eliminate weeds and reduce pests and diseases. Combined with intertillage, timely soil cultivation can promote new roots, expand the ability to absorb water and fertilizer, be beneficial to drainage and waterlogging prevention, and enhance the ability to resist drought, wind and lodging. ④ timely topping and bifurcation removal: topping and bifurcation removal can not only increase production by 365,438+0? 49%, or the main way to improve the quality of tobacco leaves. Topping should generally be done in two times according to the number of leaves left, so as to promote the orderly growth and uniform yellowing of tobacco plants and facilitate baking. The branches should be cleared in time. ⑤ Strengthen pest control: give priority to prevention, and combine chemical control with manual killing.

Third, harvest.

Mature harvesting is one of the important links in the production of high-quality tobacco leaves. The characteristics of tobacco ripening are: the leaves change from green to yellow-green, the hairs on the leaves fall off, and the angle between leaves and stems increases (about 90 degrees). Only when the main veins of the lower leaves are white, the branches of the middle leaves are white, and the main branches of the upper leaves are white, and yellow spots appear on the leaves, can they be harvested and baked.

The morphological characteristics of tobacco are annual or limited perennial herbs, all of which are glandular hairs; The roots are thick. The stem is 0.7-2 meters high and the base is slightly lignified. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong or ovoid, tapering at the top and tapering at the base into spikes, with a length of 10-30(-70) cm and a width of 8- 15(-30) cm, and the stalks are inconspicuous or winglike. Inflorescence terminal, conical, flowery; Pedicel 5-20 mm long. Calyx tubular or tubular bell-shaped, 20-25 mm long, lobes triangular-lanceolate, different in length; The corolla is funnel-shaped, reddish, the tube is light in color, slightly arched, 3.5-5 cm long, the brim width is 1- 1.5 cm, and the lobes are sharp; Among the stamens, 1 is obviously shorter than the other four, does not extend out of the corolla throat, and the filaments are hairy at the base. Capsule ovoid or oblong, approximately equal to persistent calyx. Seeds round or broadly oblong, about 0.5 mm in diameter. , brown. Flowers and fruits in summer and autumn.

Besides being made into cigarettes, dry cigarettes, pipe cigarettes and cigars for human consumption, tobacco has many medical uses. Although tobacco has brought a lot of harm to human beings, it is even called? Poisonous weeds? Many countries or regions explicitly restrict circulation or smoking, and members of the World Health Organization have also signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. However, as a medicinal plant with a long history, its medicinal value cannot be denied because of its harmfulness.

According to the National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine, tobacco is warm, sweet and toxic, and has the effects of detumescence, detoxification and insecticidal. It is mainly used for furuncle, tinea capitis, tinea versicolor, alopecia, snake bite and other diseases, such as neck carbuncle, back carbuncle, wind phlegm, knee crane (including bone tuberculosis and chronic suppurative knee arthritis). Can also be used to destroy? Four evils? (Oncomelania snails, mosquitoes, flies, mice) and pesticides.