How to grow honey pomelo? Is it soaked in water?

Cultivation techniques of honey pomelo

With the improvement of farmers' planting techniques, we can enjoy all kinds of fruits at any time. You see, there are grapes, apples, peaches, grapefruit and so on. These fruits are delicious and nutritious, and are very popular with consumers.

Today, I will introduce the cultivation techniques of Guanxi honey pomelo. Guanxi honey pomelo is a kind of fruit with good taste, high nutrition and long storage time, and is known as "canned natural fruit".

Guanxi honey pomelo is native to Guanxi River, Pinghe County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China. It has been cultivated in Pinghe County for more than 500 years. Now, in addition to Pinghe County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, Nanjing, Changtai and other counties in Fujian Province and Meizhou, Guangdong Province are also planted.

Guanxi honey pomelo is orange in color and rich in flavor. The fruit is thin and tender, sweet and sour, and the fruit juice is seedless, and the storage period can reach more than 3 months. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 9. 17- 1 1.6 grams of total sugar, and the pulp contains 10 kinds of mineral elements beneficial to human body. It has the functions of regulating human metabolism, lowering blood pressure, relieving anxiety, resolving phlegm, moistening lung, reducing fire and diuresis. It is a natural health food, known as "grapefruit". It was listed as a court tribute during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. In recent years, with the expansion of planting area, Guanxi honey pomelo has been exported to more than 20 countries and regions, and has been welcomed by people all over the world.

So how did this fruit grow?

I. Biological characteristics

Let's learn about Guanxi honey pomelo first. Guanxi honey pomelo is a subtropical evergreen arbor fruit tree with round crown, strong tree potential, drooping branches, dense branches, large oval leaves. In the case of sufficient fertilizer and water, pomelo trees can be branched 4-5 times a year in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Except winter shoots, all kinds of branches may become fruiting mother branches, but spring shoots are the main ones, and summer and autumn shoots are the few fruiting mother branches. The flower buds of Guanxi honey pomelo began to bloom in September-65438+February, and bloomed in the middle and late March and around mid-April, and the fruit matured in the late June of 65438+ 10. In the third and fourth years after planting, the fruit yield per plant can reach more than 15 kg, and in the fifth and sixth years, it can reach 100-200 kg. When the yield is high, the yield per mu can reach 20 thousand Jin. If cultivated properly, the fruiting period of pomelo trees is about 50 to 60 years, and the length can reach 70 to 80 years.

Second, the growth environment

Guanxi honey pomelo enjoys a humid climate of 23℃-29℃, with air humidity of 75%, annual average temperature above 18℃ and extreme minimum temperature not lower than -5℃. Guanxi honey pomelo has strong shade tolerance and likes diffuse light, with annual sunshine 1200- 1500 hours.

Guanxi honey pomelo is a deep-rooted fruit tree, which requires loose and breathable sandy loam with a soil thickness of 100 cm or more, and the soil organic matter content is preferably above 20%. In addition, it is advisable to choose the southwest or southeast slope with good road supporting system and irrigation and drainage facilities, with the slope below 25 degrees and the groundwater level below 1 m to prevent root rot after flooding.

Providing a suitable environment for grapefruit is only a prerequisite, and there is still a lot of knowledge in the next planting.

Third, the cultivation and management of seedlings.

Because the seeds of Guanxi honey pomelo are degraded, there are basically no seeds in the fruit. Seedlings should be grafted with rootstocks. Taking rootstock grafting as an example, the seedling raising method of Guanxi honey pomelo was introduced.

(A) rootstock cultivation

Generally, Tupoleo is used as rootstock to cultivate Kansai honey pomelo. Although Tupoleo is not delicious, its seeds are big and strong, and it has good affinity with Kansai honey pomelo, strong barren tolerance and developed root system, and its survival rate is high after grafting with Kansai honey pomelo.

We cut open the ripe grapefruit, take out the seeds, wash them with clear water, and put them in a ventilated place to dry for later use.

1 1 month to1February, select fertile and flat land for seedling raising. The land is leveled into a strip-shaped border with a width of 1.5 m and a height of 0.2 m, and about 300,000 pomelo seeds are sown per mu 100 kg. Then cover it with a thin layer of fine soil. From sowing to seedling emergence, each border should be supported with bamboo pieces as small supports and covered with plastic films to form a small arch shed. In the cold evening, cover the film in time to keep warm, and press both sides of the film with heavy objects to prevent the film from being blown up by the wind. When the temperature is 10- 16 degrees on cloudy days, the sheds at both ends should be open to facilitate ventilation. The sun is out, so we should open it in time. It should be noted that continuous cropping is not allowed in the nursery.

(2) rootstock seedling management:

In February-March of the following year, when the rootstock seedlings grow 2-3 true leaves, weeding is done manually and fertilization is started. In order to achieve thin fertilization, generally every 10 day, 25 kg of water is added to 0.4 kg of calcium-phosphorus compound fertilizer, stirred evenly, and sprayed on the border two or three times.

Rootstock seedlings can be transplanted when their height is above 10 cm and there are 4-6 true leaves. About 240,000 plants per mu can be used as rootstocks.

(3) rootstock transplantation and management

1, transplant method and plant spacing:

Fully irrigate the seedling field the day before transplanting, so as to facilitate the emergence of seedlings and reduce the damage to the root system when pulling out seedlings.

Leveling the nursery land according to the method of cultivating rootstock seedlings, applying organic fertilizer 1000 kg and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 100 kg per mu, and then mixing the soil and fertilizer evenly. You can plant saplings. The seedling spacing should be10cm, and the row spacing should be 20cm. It is advisable to plant 15000 ~ 20000 plants per mu. When planting, pay attention to make the root system stretch, not too deep, cover the root neck to 1-2 cm, and then water the root. After the rootstock is transplanted, we should pay attention to soil moisture, loosen the soil in time, remove weeds, erase the buds and branches at the base of rootstock seedlings at any time, and keep the stems smooth for grafting.

2, fertilization:

Fertilization began ten days after transplanting, and 0.4 kg of calcium-phosphorus compound fertilizer was added with 25 kg of water, and topdressing was performed every 10- 15 days. Before grafting, apply fertilizer once every 10- 15 days, and then stop water supply and fertilization.

Generally, after one year, the rootstock seedlings can be grafted when the height is more than 25 cm and the stem diameter is more than 0.5 cm from the ground.

(4) grafting

The grafting method of Guanxi honey pomelo seedlings mainly adopts abdominal grafting, and the specific process is as follows:

1, cutting anvil

2 ~ 3 days before grafting, the rootstock is cut off at the top of 10 ~ 15 cm above the ground, which is called cutting seedling. Remove the leaves below 6 cm from the ground and leave 4 ~ 6 leaves from top to bottom.

Step 2 dig your ears

Guanxi honey pomelo tree was selected as the cutting tree in the full fruit period. Harvesting should be carried out on a windless cloudy day, a sunny morning, after the dew is dry, or in the evening, preferably in the high-quality bamboo shoots of that year. Cut the leaves, put them on the wet cloth prepared in advance, carefully wrap them, and take them to the rootstock planting field to pick the ears. The picked scion should be used when picking.

Step 3 trim earplugs

First, cut a knife at the position of 0.5 ~ 1 cm in front of the bud at an angle of about 30 degrees backward, then cut it at an angle of 70 ~ 80 degrees at the position of 0.4 ~ 0.5 cm above the back of the bud, and then take off the bud with a length of about 1.2 cm and put it in the pot for later use. Be careful not to hurt the bud eye when cutting.

4, rootstock incision:

In the smooth part of the rootstock about 5 cm from the ground, cut a knife obliquely from top to bottom, and slightly hurt the xylem when cutting, and you can see the white leaves are green. The length is about 1.5 cm, and then the cut cortex is cut off by 2/ 3. Pay attention to the smooth surface.

5. Binding of earplugs

Insert the cut ear bud into the rootstock incision, and ensure that the cut surface of the ear bud is aligned with the cambium on one side of the rootstock incision, and the cut surface is tight, and there is no gap between them. After the ear bud is buried, it is wrapped with plastic film strips for 4 times from bottom to top, and then the film strips are tightened from the holes left under the index finger, so that the ear bud is closely combined with the trunk and the scion bud is stable. All the scion buds should be coated in autumn, and the ears can be exposed in spring and summer.

6. Management of grafted seedlings:

Select the mild weather about 15 days after grafting in summer, carry out the first pruning, and leave two or three leaves under the knife edge. If it is cloudy or sunny, you can cut off the leaves at one time. After grafting in autumn, cut the anvil and generally leave two leaves. /kloc-release the film after 0/8 days. When the seedling is about 30 cm high, the top is picked for the first time to promote the germination of its lateral branches and form the first-class main branches.

During this period, it is necessary to keep Miao Di moist and do a good job of "dry irrigation and waterlogging drainage". Fertilization is mainly based on available nitrogen and compound fertilizer, and thin fertilizer is often applied.

Generally well managed, summer seedlings can leave the nursery at the end of the year, and autumn seedlings can leave the nursery from February to May of the following year.

(5) the seedlings leave the nursery

Seedling out of the nursery is the last step of seedling raising. Generally, nursery seedlings require developed root system, 40-60 cm high, more than 3 branches, strong growth and pure varieties.

It is best to leave the nursery around Tomb-Sweeping Day or in the middle and late June of 10. It is best to transplant with soil.

Generally, there are 10 plants and 50 ~ 100 plants in a large bundle, and the roots are tied together with cloth. Tie another rope to the trunk and branches.

According to the growth of seedlings, qualified pomelo seedlings can be divided into grade one and grade two, and seedlings worse than grade two cannot guarantee high quality and high yield.

Specification for grading primary and secondary seedlings of honey pomelo

project

grade

Level a

assistant

Minimum number of lateral roots

Articles 5 to 7

Articles 3 to 4

Miaogao

40-80 cm

30-40 cm

Stem diameter

≥0.8 cm

≥0.6 cm

Trunk height

25-35cm

25-35cm

bough

2-3 cm

1-2 (cm)

Foot leaf

With strong feet and leaves.

Incomplete foot leaf

plant diseases and insect pests

not have

not have

(Table description method: at least 5-7 primary lateral roots and 3-4 secondary lateral roots; The height of the first-class seedlings is 40-80 cm, and the height of the second-class seedlings is 3-4 cm;

The diameter of the stem is not less than 0.8 cm in the first grade and not less than 0.6 cm in the second grade; The height of the trunk is 25-35 cm at the first level and 0.6 cm at the second level; The first level has 2-3 branches, and the second level has 1-2 branches; Foot leaves The first foot leaves are thick and the second foot leaves are incomplete. There are no pests and diseases at the first level and no pests at the second level. The first-and second-grade seedlings can't have pests and diseases. )

In order to improve the survival rate of seedlings, seedlings should be planted as soon as possible after they are unearthed. Before planting seedlings, if it is found to be too dry, spray water on the roots. To prevent the leaves from rotting, don't spray water on them.

Four, seedling planting and management

Seedling planting of Guanxi honey pomelo can be divided into two stages:

(1) Heel inward

When transplanting rice seedlings, the seedlings are moved to the land to be planted in the future, and the plant spacing of 66 cm× 100 cm is adopted for temporary planting for a period of time. Its purpose is to improve the land utilization rate, facilitate management, make seedlings adapt to the environment and improve the survival rate of colonization. High-density heels are also convenient for maintaining proper temperature and humidity.

When the roots in seedlings are 50-60 cm high, they should be pulled out to promote the germination of lateral branches. Generally speaking, after transplanting rice seedlings for one year, the seedlings can officially go to the fields.

(2) Planting

Planting is transplanting seedlings to a pre-selected fixed garden for cultivation. The best planting time is September-65438+1October.

1, colonial law

Dig a planting pit with length, width and depth of 1 m. When digging a pit, the topsoil and subsoil should be stacked separately. Put 25-50 kilograms of green manure such as weeds at the bottom of the pit as the base fertilizer, and first backfill the topsoil steadily with your feet. Then put weeds and sprinkle quicklime 1 kg on them. The function of lime is to kill harmful bacteria in green manure, accelerate the decay of green manure and improve the acidic environment of soil. Backfill the core soil, rake it flat, then use 1 kg organic fertilizer to mix it evenly with the core soil, and dig planting holes.

Prune the excessively long roots of pomelo seedlings properly. Planting pomelo saplings in the middle of planting holes, gently shaking the saplings upward during the soil covering process, so that the roots of the saplings are extended and the root necks are flush with the ground, then covering the roots with hard soil, stepping on them from all sides with your feet, gently lifting the saplings upward when stepping on them, and continuing to step on them, keeping the roots extended and fully contacting with the soil; The last layer of soil is slightly higher than the ground. Keep the seedlings upright. And pay attention to the interface should be exposed to the ground10 ~15cm.

Cut off the top leaves immediately after planting to avoid excessive evaporation of water from pomelo seedlings. Pour enough water to fix the roots. Cover the trunk with weeds to keep the soil moist.

2. Planting density:

Planting distance: the spacing between young trees is 6m× 3m, so as to be pulled out alternately at the first fruit stage, and the spacing between young trees is adjusted to 6m× 6m.

Planting pomelo trees on the flat land, keeping 25 trees/mu. Planting 30-40 pomelo trees on sloping land.

Five, the management of honey pomelo in each growth period

The whole process of Guanxi honey pomelo from colonization to senescence and death can be divided into four stages: vegetative growth stage, initial fruit stage, full fruit stage and senescence and renewal stage. The aging and updating period will only happen after decades, so the following mainly introduces the management of the first three time periods.

Management of vegetative growth period

The grafted seedlings of Guanxi honey pomelo grow to the first flowering and fruiting, which is called vegetative growth period. During this period, the root system and crown expand rapidly, which usually takes 2-4 years.

In order to achieve the goal of early flowering, early fruiting and high yield, the management of vegetative growth period is very important.

1, pruning

Pruning in vegetative growth period is a very important job.

Name of each part of the (1) tree:

Speaking of pruning, let's first introduce the relationship between the main branches and branches at all levels of pomelo trees. The lower part from the root to the first branch point is called the trunk, and the big branches that grow upright on the trunk are called the central main branches.

Branches drawn from the central main branch are called main branches, also called primary branches; Branches that branch from the main branch are called secondary branches. Branches drawn from secondary main branches are called side branches, also called tertiary branches; Branches that grow on side branches are called small side branches, also called four-level branches. And so on.

(2), fixed drying:

After survival, cut off the top of the seedlings at a height of 35 ~ 40 cm from the ground. This step is called fixing the stem. Choose three or four main branches with vigorous growth to extend obliquely upwards, and adopt the method of bracing to make the main branches form an included angle of 40-45 degrees with the extension lines of the main branches.

Pull: Pull the main branch to a suitable angle with a rope and fix it on the ground.

Support: Use wooden sticks to support the main branch and each trunk, which can form an appropriate included angle.

(3) Keep the second, third and fourth branches:

During the vegetative growth period, 2 ~ 3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch and extend outward. Shorten the extension branches of the auxiliary main branches to promote pomelo trees to produce more new shoots. Leave 2 ~ 3 lateral branches on the auxiliary main branches, and let them extract the vegetative branches and fruiting branches. If the lateral branches are not growing well, they can be recovered, and the branches below the lateral branches can be re-cultivated. The messy branches need to be cut off in time.

According to the principle that the upper, middle and lower parts of the crown are slightly placed to promote the flower bud differentiation of young trees, the crown area can be expanded by promoting the branches.

After 3 ~ 4 years of reasonable shaping and pruning, it naturally forms a heavy periphery and a light interior; High-yield tree frame with reasonable branch structure, clear master and slave, compact branch group, firm skeleton, ventilation and light transmission.

In the vegetative growth period, besides pruning, we should also pay attention to fertilizer and water management.

2, fertilization and irrigation management:

(1), fertilization:

A large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is needed in the process of crown formation of young trees. 1-2-year-old young trees can dig two ditches with a depth of 30 cm, a width of 20 cm and a length of 80- 100 cm symmetrically on both sides of the drip line of pomelo trees. In order to reduce the acidity of soil and avoid the lignification of fruits in the future, first sprinkle 0.25 kg of quicklime on the bottom of the ditch, then pile weeds and twigs on the ground in the pit, then sprinkle 0.25 kg of quicklime and backfill a layer of topsoil. Each plant is applied with 0.2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus compound fertilizer and 0.3 kg of organic fertilizer, and then the topsoil is backfilled first and then the core soil is covered. Fill should be slightly higher than the ground.

In the next fertilization along the drip line, the position of ditching should be changed to 90 degrees from the previous one to ensure uniform soil fertility in the garden. The amount of fertilizer applied in the second year will increase by 40-60% accordingly.

(2), thin fertilizer frequently:

Fertilize the shoots in spring, summer and autumn at about 15 and when the leaves turn green. Shoot it three times a year and fertilize it six times a year. Use less each time to avoid waste or loss of fertilizer. 5- 10 kg of decomposed human and animal manure is applied to each plant, and 50- 100 g of urea or compound fertilizer 100- 150 g is added. The application ratio of NPK fertilizer is 2: 1: 0.5. Dig a ditch.

(3) applying flower-promoting fertilizer

One year before the young trees are put into production, and 9-65438+ 10 month before the autumn shoot, the vigorous young trees are reduced in nitrogen fertilizer and applied with phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer or cake fertilizer to promote the differentiation of branches and buds. In winter, compost 10- 15 kg and phosphate fertilizer of about 200 g are required for each plant.

The soil water content in pomelo orchard should be 60%-80% of the maximum water content in local fields. Therefore, no matter whether it is planted on sloping land or flat land, there must be drainage ditches to reduce the water level of the soil in the pomelo orchard.

3. Intercropping:

The soil in pomelo orchard consumes about 2% humus every year, so soil organic matter should be supplemented in time. Intercropping is an economical and effective measure to maintain the strength of pomelo orchard. Intercropping crops should choose varieties that are beneficial to the growth of pomelo trees. Crops should be short, with short growth period, shade tolerance, many branches and leaves, and it is not easy to spread citrus diseases and insect pests. Such as leguminous soybeans and mung beans. This can not only solve the source of fertilizer, but also increase income, so as to achieve the purpose of cultivating gardens with gardens and growing them with short ones. Intercropping can also prevent soil erosion and improve the microclimate of pomelo orchard.

Intercropping crops should be more than 50 cm away from the trunk of young trees. When the diameter of pomelo crown exceeds 1 m, the intercropping crops should be about 30 cm away from the outer edge of drip line crown.

4, pest control

Pest control in this period can not be ignored.

(1), aphid control

Aphids are enemies of young shoots and leaves. They suck the juice from the stems and leaves, causing new buds and leaves to wither, and buds and young fruits can also fall off, which is more serious in spring and autumn. When aphids occur frequently, 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate can be sprayed 2500~3000 times.

It can also be combined with winter pruning to cut off damaged branches and branches with eggs.

(2) Control of Liriomyza huidobrensis

Liriomyza sativae is also the most important pest in the tender branch stage. Adults lay eggs on the back of young leaves in summer and autumn, and larvae dive into the leaf epidermis to eat mesophyll, which makes the leaves wither. When there are many larvae, 20% fenvalerate EC 5000- 10000 times and 3% acetamiprid 2000-2500 times can be sprayed.

After two years of careful cultivation by fruit farmers, a tree with good growth and high yield has been formed, which laid a good foundation for Guanxi honey pomelo tree to enter the first fruit stage. In the next episode, we will continue to introduce the scientific management methods of Guanxi honey pomelo in the first and full fruit periods, and the management work that should be carried out after picking pomelo trees.

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