What to pay attention to when going to Sudan, what necessities to bring, etiquette and other precautions.

As for the precautions: the temperature is high, the highest is 50 degrees, so bring more heatstroke prevention drugs. It's scary to go there to see a doctor and buy medicine!

There are many mosquitoes, so take some mosquito repellent drugs-wind oil, cool oil and so on. Take some antidiarrheal drugs to prevent acclimatization;

I don't know exactly where you went. Anyway, the public security in the north is better, and the south is chaotic because of the civil war. Don't go out without permission. Many people drive or rent a car. You can buy ordinary daily necessities-they are all made in China.

With the computer, my spare time is boring, and I can entertain myself. The wireless network near Khartoum is not bad, and QQ video is basically fine.

Finally, don't buy or buy less ivory products, and care for wild animals. Moreover, domestic airports are also strict, and confiscation is not negotiable. Many of my colleagues lost many ivory bracelets, necklaces and sculptures. It hurts! You can buy some black wood carvings as a souvenir. Lost pocket money in a Swiss army knife shop near Abla Supermarket (the largest supermarket in Khartoum). Saber and military watch are both good. You can go and have a look!

I wish you a safe and happy work and travel!

general situation

Sudan is the largest country in Africa, located in the north of Africa, and there are several areas with obvious topography: Libyan desert and Nubian desert are barren land with little rain, spanning the north; Located in the central Sudan, the banded rocky semi-desert area from the Chad border to the east, including the arid mountainous area along the Red Sea to the Eritrea/Ethiopia border; Located in the southern half of Sudan, it is composed of grasslands and swamps, belonging to subtropical zone, bordering Zaire and Uganda. The White Nile and the Blue Nile flow through these different areas and join the mainstream of the Nile in Khartoum.

Khartoum is usually hot and dusty. In May and June, the daytime temperature is about120 F (49 C), and Habu sandstorms often occur. The weather is not too hot in July, August and September. Although the rainstorm is few, it is very heavy (the average annual rainfall is 8 inches -20 cm), and there are persistent Habu sandstorms. 165438+ 10 to April of the following year, the daytime temperature is about 95 F (35 C). The temperature at night is about 70 F (21c), which is very comfortable. In extremely dry areas, you need to wear sweaters and blankets at night.

Hygienic prevention

General attention point

The recent physical examination and dental examination show that the passengers are in good health. Passengers are advised to bring appropriate health insurance and accident insurance documents and copies of some important medical records. Bring a sufficient number of all prescription drugs and other drugs, as well as some necessary personal hygiene products, including a spare pair of glasses or contact lenses.

It is recommended to drink only bottled drinks (including water) or drinks made with boiling water. Don't use ice cubes or eat raw seafood, half-cooked meat or dairy products. Eat cooked food and unpolluted fruits that can be peeled while they are hot. Don't patronize roadside stalls and street vendors.

It is recommended to swim only in well-maintained chlorinated swimming pools or unpolluted seawater, and not in freshwater lakes, streams and rivers. Wear clothes to reduce exposed skin, and apply insect repellent containing DEET to the still exposed skin. Sleep in a secluded room. Bring antimalarial drugs. In order to reduce diseases caused by sun exposure, it is recommended to use sunglasses, wide-brimmed hats, sunscreen and lip balm.

Health consultation

yellow fever

There is yellow fever activity in Sudan (south of north latitude 12 degrees). It is recommended that all passengers be vaccinated against yellow fever. Sudan is located in an epidemic area of yellow fever. Residents of this country need valid vaccination certificates to travel to other countries.

cholera

There are cholera activities in Sudan, but there are no official cases reported. Although passengers directly from the United States or Canada did not formally ask for cholera vaccine when they entered Sudan, they informally asked for cholera vaccine, and passengers from cholera epidemic areas or other countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East or Asia asked for cholera vaccine. Passengers should consider taking cholera vaccine (one-time dose) or have a written certificate of exemption from cholera vaccine issued by a doctor.

malaria

The whole country, including urban areas, is at risk of malaria. From June to 10, the risk of malaria increased after the rainy season, especially in southern Sudan. In the desert areas of the northernmost and northwestern Sudan, the risk of malaria is very small. About 84% cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, other cases are caused by Plasmodium vivax (9%-20%) and Plasmodium vivax (7%), and rarely by Plasmodium ovale. It is reported that Plasmodium falciparum is resistant to chloroquine in Sudan. At present, travelers to malaria endemic areas are advised to take mefloquine or doxycycline as preventive drugs.

traveler's diarrhea

Tourists in Sudan are at high risk of diarrhea. Local water sources are often untreated and may be contaminated by bacteria. Passengers should pay attention to all food and beverage safety precautions. Quinolones are recommended for the treatment of acute diarrhea. If diarrhea does not respond to antibiotic treatment, or chronic diarrhea, it may be a parasitic disease, such as Giardia, amoebiasis or cryptosporidiosis. Amoebiasis is very common, and it is reported that the carrier of Giardia in children is as high as 69%. Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea in children.

hepatitis

There is a high risk of hepatitis in Sudan. It is recommended that all susceptible passengers be vaccinated with immunoglobulin or hepatitis A vaccine. It is estimated that the proportion of HBV carriers in the national population is as high as 12%- 19%. Passengers are advised to take hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis E is reported to have broken out in Khartoum and other areas.

dengue

It is spread by mosquitoes. It is reported that it mainly occurs in coastal areas. Other arbovirus infections include sandfly fever (widespread transmission), rift valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (tick transmission) and West Nile fever.

Leishmaniasis

Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis) affects the Nuer and Dinka tribes in southern Sudan. Leishmaniasis in the Upper Blue Nile, Blue Nile, Kassala Province, Eastern Equatoria, Darfur and Kordofan. Leishmaniasis also broke out along the Nile River north of Khartoum.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

The risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis is widely distributed. The endemic areas include Darfur, Kordofan and other provinces in central Sudan, as well as along the Nile River north of Khartoum. Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis) also occurs, especially in southern Sudan. Tourists in all these areas should take measures to prevent insect (sandfly) bites.

Snail fever

The risk of schistosomiasis is widely distributed, especially in the main irrigation system of Gezira province between the Blue Nile and the White Nile. Passengers should avoid swimming, bathing or wading in freshwater lakes, ponds or streams.

Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)

Gambia trypanosomiasis occurs in southern Sudan, mainly in western and Equateur provinces. Rhodesian sleeping sickness occurs in areas near Ethiopia and Uganda. The risk of trypanosomiasis is higher in dry season. Passengers should take measures to prevent tsetse flies from biting.

meningitis

Sudan is located in a high incidence area of meningitis in the semi-Sahara desert. The risk of meningitis in central and southern Sudan is relatively high. Passengers who have long-term close contact with local residents are advised to be vaccinated against meningitis.

rabies

In Khartoum and other areas, including rural areas, there is a risk of spreading rabies through dogs. It is recommended that travelers who travel in Sudan for a long time (more than 4 weeks) be vaccinated against rabies.

Other diseases/risks

The prevalence rate of AIDS is low, such as typhus, brucellosis, dracunculiasis, Ebola-Marburg virus disease transmitted by African ticks (the risk of suffering from this disease is relatively high in the southern region), echinococcosis (the prevalence rate is high in the southern region), filariasis (mosquito transmission, which occurs in the Nuba Mountain area near Kadogli in Kudufan Province) and filariasis (deer fly transmission, the occurrence of which is limited to the western equator in southwest China). Leprosy (in Nuba Mountains, Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria in Southern Darfur), leptospirosis, onchocerciasis (high incidence along rivers in southwestern Sudan), relapsing fever (transmission of lice and ticks), toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis (which is a major local health problem) and so on. Animal hazards include snakes (poisonous snakes and cobras), centipedes, scorpions and black widow spiders.

special focus

There are AIDS cases in Sudan. This may be due to insufficient screening of blood products and/or lack of disposable needles and syringes. If possible, it is best for passengers to postpone medical treatment until they find a medical institution that can ensure safety.

Due to the lack of toilet facilities, the hygienic standards for food refrigeration and processing are not up to standard, so passengers need to be extra careful. It is best to prepare your own food and choose your food carefully when eating.

immune

The following suggestions are not absolute and should not be applied to all passengers. The final decision of immunization depends on the passenger's medical history, planned travel route, stay time and travel destination.

hepatitis A

It is suggested that all susceptible passengers consider active immunization with hepatitis A vaccine or passive immunization with immunoglobulin. People who plan to stay in Sudan for a long time, or travelers who often go to areas with high incidence of hepatitis A, should especially consider choosing active immunization. The longer you stay in Sudan, the more important it is to prevent hepatitis A. Active immunization is especially important for travelers who live in rural areas and visit rural areas, eat or drink food and drinks with poor or unreliable sanitation, or have close contact with local people (especially children).

hepatitis B

It is suggested that medical staff, travelers who have direct contact with local blood or have sexual contact with local residents, and travelers who plan to stay in Sudan for 6 months or more (especially those who have used local medical and health care equipment, stayed in rural areas or have close contact with local residents) be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine.

meningitis

Passengers are advised to be vaccinated against meningitis, especially in the dry season of 65438+February-June, because this period is the high incidence season of meningitis. The longer you stay in Sudan and/or the more people you contact, the more important it is to get vaccinated. Pregnant women are relative contraindications for vaccination. The protective effect of meningococcal vaccine on infants aged 3-23 months is less than 2 years old and above.

infantile paralysis

It is recommended that passengers who have received routine polio immunotherapy receive one-time intensive immunotherapy. Passengers who have not been vaccinated or received incomplete immunotherapy can refer to the standards of the CDC for immunotherapy. Pregnant women are relative contraindications for vaccination. But if you need to take protective measures, you can vaccinate inactivated polio vaccine or oral live polio vaccine, which one you choose depends on your personal preference and time.

rabies

Passengers who stay in Sudan for more than 30 days and are bitten by tamed and/or wild animals (especially dogs), or passengers engaged in high-risk work such as cave exploration or taming animals, should consider vaccination against rabies. Passengers who go to rural areas if possible and cannot find enough medical equipment afterwards need to be vaccinated against rabies.

typhoid

Travelers who stay in Sudan for more than three weeks, adventurous gourmets and travelers who venture out of the conventional tourist routes to small cities, villages and rural areas should consider vaccination. Because the local formal medical facilities are limited, vaccination is extremely important. Contraindications depend on the subtype of vaccine.

yellow fever

It is recommended that passengers who want to travel outside the city for more than 9 months be vaccinated.

Note: As a good hygiene habit unrelated to travel, all routine vaccines (such as diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis triple vaccine or diphtheria-pertussis double vaccine, influenza B vaccine, measles, rubella and mumps triple vaccine, polio vaccine, chickenpox vaccine, influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine) should be updated. Summary of disease risk.

Insect-borne diseases

Is the main cause. Many diseases including yellow fever are endemic. Although only sporadic cases have been reported, there will be more widespread outbreaks from time to time.

Dengue fever-incidence

Filariasis-epidemic

Leishmaniasis-onset (both skin and organ types can be found, especially in dry areas)

Malaria epidemic

Onchocerciasis (blindness)-epidemic disease

Relapsing fever-occurrence

Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)-incidence (human trypanosomiasis report, mainly occurring in a relatively isolated small area in southern Sudan)

The occurrence of typhus (all cases of transmission by lice, fleas and ticks will occur)

Food-borne and water-borne diseases

It is endemic and has a high incidence. Dysentery, diarrhea, Giardia, typhoid fever and viral hepatitis are common. Echinococcosis (echinococcosis) is very common in pastoral areas.

Dracunculiasis-occurrence

Intestinal worm (parasite) infection-epidemic disease

Schistosomiasis is widespread (except in the fast-flowing Blue Nile Valley near Khartoum).

Other dangers

Diseases such as measles and diphtheria are often reported. Polio cases still occur regularly.

There is a risk of getting the flu all year round.

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis-onset (the dry season of 65438+February-June has the highest risk of onset, and this period may also be the most prevalent time of the disease).

The occurrence of rabies

Trachoma-popular