What was the daily life of the ancient county grandfather?

Pingyao county, according to the practice formed in feudal society for many years, the official residence must be located on the central axis of the city, the Forbidden City in Beijing is located on the central meridian of the old Beijing city, and the Shanxi Governor's Office (where the provincial people's government is now located) is also located on the central axis of the old Taiyuan city. Probably because the emperor is a favored son of heaven and should be among them. Appointed officials in various places obey the "Son of Heaven", leading the water and soil on one side and herding the people on the other, with the government in the middle. Moreover, the yamen is in the middle, which is also a place for fair trial.

Compared with the original Zhaobi, the outer partition road of the county gate is built according to folk customs, so the south of Zhaobi is called "Zhaobi South Street". There is a "Shen Ming Pavilion" on the right outside the gate of the county government, which was built in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1620). In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, ordered all counties in the country to repair Shen Mingting. All disputes over civil marriage, land property, inheritance, fighting and other disputes must be mediated by the captains of the Shen Ming Pavilion first, and drums can only be played if mediation fails. Actually, Shen Mingting is a civil mediation office. The establishment of Shen Ming Pavilion was also a procedural reform in the early Ming Dynasty, which solved the bad habit that the county grandfather was trapped in civil disputes for thousands of years and could not get away from rectifying and developing a county's politics, economy and culture. Deng Wengu was set under the porch and built in the early years of Hongwu. People can drum and smell it and complain about injustice. There is an original "Zhang Tuo Pavilion" in the east outside the gate, which was built in the forty-eighth year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1620) and has been restored. It is a place to promote good and eliminate evil and correct social morality.

The entrance of the county government is inside, outside the instrument door, and the hatchback is the service room. According to Pingyao County Records in the 46th year of Kangxi (1707), in the 19th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (159 1), He Qizhi, a magistrate of a county, built three "Yin hotels" on the east side. In the forty-eighth year of Wanli (1620), Yang, a magistrate of a county, built seven service rooms on both sides of Yimen, totaling 10. The eighth year of Guangxu (1882) edition of Pingyao County Records also has five tribute rooms on each side. In recent years, the relevant departments of the county have wrongly repaired Room 12, with 6 rooms on the east and west sides. It does not conform to the odd-numbered ritual system used in building houses in feudal times, and there is no historical record to prove it, which makes tourists feel suspicious as soon as they step into the gate of the government office. This kind of commercial consciousness of not respecting historical and cultural connotations and simply accelerating the reconstruction of historical sites and scenic spots can only leave a legacy to future generations, which makes people laugh and cry.

The service room is the office where the county government collects service fees and food. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the national finance came from the land tax and Ding Yin collected from farmers. Land tax is levied according to the land owned by farmers, while Ding Yin is levied according to the population. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Pingyao was divided into 10 square meters in the city and 30 miles in the countryside, with 224 administrative villages and 55 natural villages. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the county * * * land 10 16427 mu, population 104822, land tax 64 177 and land tax 7882. Most farmers can only produce grain, not silver.

After the autumn harvest, the state collects tribute and grain. At that time, the collection was large and the means of transportation were backward. In order to complete it as soon as possible, the county government arranged the tribute date of each workshop in advance and concentrated on it.

In the north of the service room, a small room was built on both sides, with a stove in the east and firewood in the west for the servants to boil water and cook.

Yimen, the Gate of Etiquette, was built in the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 19), which is a building to strengthen the feudal etiquette system. According to the ethics of Confucianism in feudal society, all human behaviors must be different, distinguished and so on, and no ceremony can be overstepped. In and out of the office, you must also abide by the etiquette system. The middle gate is usually closed, and it is only opened when the county magistrate is on patrol, returning to the official residence, welcoming guests and major celebrations. Usually take the side door, which is the "people's door" to the east and the "ghost door" to the west. Ordinary people can go in and out through two doors, but when interrogating and escorting prisoners, they must go to the gate of hell.

Go through the instrument door and you arrive at the lobby courtyard. The courtyard here is very spacious, and the lobby with platform is towering in front. There are 1 1 rooms, collectively referred to as "six rooms". It was founded in the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 19). The name of the Sixth Academy originated from the system of "three provinces and six departments" in China feudal society. That is, since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in the central government under the emperor's autocracy, there are Zhongshu Province, Shangshu Province and Menxia Province, with Zhongshu Province responsible for legislation, Shangshu Province responsible for administration and Menxia Province responsible for supervision. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the function of Shangshu Province was prominent, with six departments: official, household, ceremony, soldier, punishment and industry. The titles of all ministries are ministers, and the deputy titles are assistant ministers. The work of each part is very clear, and the responsibilities are also very clear. The emperor is in charge of different aspects of the ruling authority. Make the ruling order of feudal society orderly. In order to adapt to this perfect and strict administrative procedure, the provincial governor's yamen, prefecture and county governments have set up corresponding offices in six forms, namely "six rooms", also known as "six rooms". This system refined feudal rule, improved the degree of specialization of state machinery, enhanced the efficiency of emperor's control over ruling institutions, and made the feudal system and form develop to the peak.

The "Sixth Hospital" is based on the ritual system of "writing left and fighting right". In the east, there are officials, households and etiquette departments, which are generally in charge of counties, while in the west, there are soldiers, criminals and industry departments, which are in charge of canon history. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, there was no separate organization for the county-level "Six Rooms". Although it has not been established, officials still have their own departments for the six rooms, and all kinds of documents, files, account books and utensils of the official department are still kept separately by departments.

Each room of the six departments in Ming and Qing Dynasties has its own division of labor.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official department was responsible for the assessment of officials and handling the procedures of appointment, removal, promotion and transfer of officials. The official residence of the county government is different, and its main responsibilities are four:

One is to sort out and record the achievements of all officials in this county and the extraordinary events that happened in this county, and report them to oversight in time. This is of course a good thing that fell from the sky. At the same time, assist the magistrate to assess the government chores, and play the role of selling workers and food.

The second is to investigate and register the family background, moral character and knowledge attainments of the registered Jinshi, Juren and Gong Sheng, and report them to the government and Taiwan. Some of them may also be referred to the governor's office and the official department's office for reference, so that all kinds of talents can attract the attention of the court.

The third is to investigate the situation of the county's employees abroad, so as to go down in history, and issue certificates for the employees abroad, such as giving leave, worrying, and resuming their duties after serving their sentences. At the same time, it is convenient to coordinate with their close relatives in the countryside and take care of each other.

The fourth is to undertake official title donation, shade sealing and other affairs.

The family has four responsibilities.

The first is to examine the land and population of every angel lee in the county and distribute land tax and silver. Most of the money and grain collected are handed over to designated places according to the instructions of the government or Taiwan Province. Keep some counties and counties and hand them over to the "Money Grain Depot" (on the left side of the lobby), which is managed by Xiancheng and led by the magistrate of a county.

Secondly, responsible for the storage of granaries directly under the county, such as normal warehouses and abundant warehouses. Organize each village to inspect the village's cooperative warehouses and voluntary warehouses, manage the market and collect illegal salt.

The third is to keep the standard parts of imperial measuring instruments (ruler, bow), measuring instruments (lifting, bucket) and scales (scales, shovels) to manage the social, economic and trade order. At that time, the scale was per catty 16.2 systems. In earlier years, the formula was "one refund, 625,2125 ...", which was used in the transaction of 16.2 system scale, that is, if the price of a thing is one yuan per catty, then every two sixes are 2.5 cents, and 220 is a dime. It is said that the old scale weighs two ounces per catty 16, symbolizing sixteen stars, namely, "Southern Buck, Big Dipper, and Three Stars for Blessing Life". Businessmen who are short of gold and beams will lose their lives, their wealth and their happiness, so as to warn the world, advocate good business ethics and show the wisdom of the ancients. This kind of regulation is very complicated. After liberation, it was changed to 12 scale, and now it is changed to kilogram scale. However, in ancient Chinese medicine books and classic works, the dosage used is still 16, so don't confuse it. The scattered silver coins recovered by each household should be cast into official silver ingots and then handed in, which are generally divided into five or two and twelve kinds. The casting mold is kept by the residents, and the quality is also supervised by the residents. However, copper coins in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were not allowed to be cast in the county government, but were cast by Baoquan Bureau of the Central Household Department. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the provinces were specially allowed to set up bureaus for casting.

Fourth, according to the instructions of the magistrate of a county, handle disaster relief and poverty alleviation.

The ceremony room is responsible for ceremonies, celebrations, scientific research and other affairs.

The first is to host and organize major celebrations in the county, greet guests and organize official ceremonies, such as Confucian Temple, Wu Temple, City God Temple, Yi Tan Li and National Altar. Organize rural drinking ceremony, Spring Festival banquet and other routine etiquette.

The second is to arrange the logistics of "county review". County examination is an examination for a scholar. The imperial court appointed officials such as Oracle (Grade 8) and Discipline (Grade 8) to each county, specializing in educational imperial examinations. They are responsible for the proposition, marking and admission of county exams. He is also responsible for social learning and voluntary learning in counties and counties, supervising teaching and correcting students' manners. The courtiers here only listen to their deployment. However, the school property belongs to the gift room.

Third, contact students to participate in the re-examination of the government and the provincial capital Taiwan Province, and arrange the expenses for students to take the examination. Send someone to send the good news to the home of overseas students in China, organize a farewell ceremony for the bus party, and so on.

Fourth, posting a list in the Zhang Tuo Pavilion at any time, denouncing evil and promoting good, strengthening the Confucian etiquette system, guiding the social atmosphere, and formulating rural rules and regulations. Declare, erect flagpoles, build archways, carve inscriptions, etc. As a scholar, a juren, a righteous man, a filial piety, a martyr, a virtuous woman, etc. , thus showing the advantages and disadvantages. To undertake the formalities of donating reputation.

There was no fixed military camp in Pingyao in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but there was a patrol inspection department (later changed to the military shop department) in Pudongguan, 40 miles southwest of the city, led by the patrol inspection department (from Jiupin), and there were 49 military shops, all of which were young and middle-aged people in the city. They guard checkpoints, check pedestrians and maintain social order. Contact them through the armory staff. Occasionally, troops pass by and are approached by the armory. The armory is also responsible for supervising the manufacture of weapons and guarding the "armory" (west of the lobby). Once the political situation is unstable, the county government is ordered to organize group training, and the armory also undertakes specific affairs. The "third-level officer" is also responsible for the management, training, selection and transportation of Wushu personnel.

The torture room is not a room for executing prisoners. Its main responsibilities are:

First, it is responsible for recording and filing the trial documents, and looking for the applicable provisions in the national criminal code for the magistrates. According to the instructions of the county grandfather, write relevant articles such as summons, seizure, seizure of stolen goods, summons of witnesses, seizure of property, and judgment. And the cases reported in the first instance of major cases.

Second, manage prisons (heavy prison, light prison, women's prison) and supervise the custody of instruments of torture and restraint.

Third, copy the newly issued decrees, bans and wanted orders from higher authorities and post them on city gates, streets and traffic cards to inform the people.

Fourth, organize medical personnel to diagnose the offenders and verify the injury and illness. Lead the coroner (forensic doctor) to collect evidence.

The main duties of the Ministry of Industry are to organize the maintenance of temples and altars, city walls and official shrines of government agencies, build official memorial archways, and supervise and maintain major water conservancy, bridges and access projects. Undertake the casting of official silver ingots and build weapons and instruments of torture. Send personnel to lead migrant workers to the major construction sites designated by their superiors to complete their work.

Liu Fang's functions basically summarized the main responsibilities of the magistrate of a county in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the past, many people often had the illusion that the duty of the magistrate in feudal society was only to adjudicate cases and break prisons. In fact, the responsibilities of the magistrate can be roughly summarized as 10: managing Tianding, collecting taxes, persuading farmers and mulberry, building water conservancy, maintaining etiquette, promoting education, judging prisons, helping the poor, maintaining public order and suppressing rebellion. "Official Three Counties in the Draft of Qing Dynasty" records that the duty of a magistrate is "the magistrate is in charge of the governance of a county, trying lawsuits to break the monarch, persuading farmers to help the poor, seeking rape and eliminating rape, and promoting education." Fan Gong, reading the law, supporting the elderly and worshiping God, is invincible. " . It seems that it is not easy to benefit one party and be a good parent who is loyal to the monarch and loves the people.

The lobby is the main place for the magistrate to handle official business. It is the center and theme building of county government office, with the largest scale and the highest ceiling. There is a platform in front of the main hall, which symbolizes the nobility and dignity of imperial power.

The lobby of Pingyao County is a five-row lobby with three rows of halls in the middle. In the middle of the back, there is a picture of mountains and rivers rising on the screen. There is an official platform in front of the screen, and there is an official pavilion on it, also known as the "warm pavilion". There is a plaque hanging above the pavilion, which reads "Mirror Hanging High". The language of the plaque seems to be the common language of all ages. The allusion of "mirror hanging high" was first seen in volume 3 of Miscellanies of Xijing (written by Han and Liu Xin): "When Gaozu first entered Xianyang Palace, Zhouxingku House was a treasure of gold and jade, which cannot be described. It's amazing ... there is a square mirror, four feet wide and five feet nine inches high, which is bright inside and outside. People shine straight, but the shadows are upside down. Touch your heart with your hand, and you will see the five internal organs of your stomach, but it won't hinder you. People have diseases. Only when you take care of your heart will you know where the pain lies. If there is another woman's evil heart, she will have confidence. Qin Shihuang often took care of the imperial secretary and killed all the bold ones. " Later generations used "mirror hanging high" as a metaphor for officials to strictly enforce the law, judge cases fairly, or do things completely and fairly. The official platform is a symbol of authority. The podium set up at the meeting that continues to this day seems to have this connotation. There is no podium in the forum to show that everyone is equal and can listen freely. Similar customs were built for this purpose.

There is a case on the official stage, with "Four Treasures of the Study", a fire sign tube and a gavel, and an official seal box on the right. On the same day, the magistrate of a county went to court, which happened to be the position where the morning sun rose, indicating that the sun was shining and the law was fair. The viewer can't help admiring the design ideas of the ancients.

In the lobby, there are some ceremonial ceremonies of Qipin purlin, also called "deacons". According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, "magistrate of a county is surrounded by green flags, touch of green umbrella, touch of green fan, two tung sticks, two leather needles and two silent cards". There is no sign of "avoidance" in the etiquette ceremony of county magistrate, because the county government in feudal society is the most basic political organ, and the duty of county magistrate is to handle all kinds of affairs in his own city. There is no reason to avoid the people. The magistrate should "get along with the king day and night, and don't be isolated from the world." (Ding Richang's Collection of Pastoral Orders, Volume 7) Officials above the magistrate generally do not directly accept civil cases, and they are qualified to use the "withdrawal" card when inspecting.

On the east and west sides of the lobby are the "Money and Grain Depot" and the "Military Equipment Depot" respectively.

On the east side outside the lobby is Zanzheng Pavilion. Praise the people involved, praise the political pavilion, that is, the place to participate in and discuss state affairs. The magistrate of a county often receives celebrities and retired officials from old people, squires and other places here to show "sympathy for the people", but this is actually a place where officials form alliances with local forces. But in the Qing dynasty, people who were not officials and famous were not allowed to ask about political affairs. In the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1652), the imperial edict said: "The military and civilians are good at diseases, and health workers are forbidden to write and speak. If a word is established, it will be punished for violating the system. "

On the west side outside the lobby is the Luanjia Library. The armor is another name for the emperor's ceremonial. Where can Luanjia come from? It is found that the rule of "welcoming the imperial edict and forgiving instrument" in Hongwu period is: "Where an envoy receives the imperial edict and forgiving order, the officials of this department will greet Guo with the dragon court, ceremonial ceremonies and drum music." (History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 56) Therefore, all governments, prefectures and counties should be prepared to welcome and guide the imperial edict. And this kind of ceremonial is an imitation of the palace. I don't need it at ordinary times, but it is stored in the library. This ritual system was still in use in the Qing Dynasty. The setting of "Luanjia Library" should come from this.

The second hall behind the lobby is a quadrangle, which is connected with the inner hall behind it, so the courtyard door of the second hall is also called the zhaimen. The janitor is called "entrance guard", also called "door". The gate is guarded day and night, and no one is allowed to enter. If you have any requirements, you must trouble the door. In the Qing Dynasty, men and women earned six taels, but many tourists often rewarded them with tips for convenience. Of course, this position is a fat job. It is also because of this that modern people talk about the word "Guo Men".

In addition to being promoted to the lobby every morning (around 9 o'clock) to act as an official, the magistrate of a county mainly works in the second hall, which is used to handle daily official business, summon subordinates individually, secretly ask about the case, meet visitors and so on. So there is no such strict atmosphere as the lobby. What is striking is a plaque on the east side of the back wall of Ertang, which was given to Xiliang, then a magistrate of a county, by a citizen of Wang Xi in the eighth year of Guangxu reign (1882). This plaque is an original and has been hidden in the ceiling of the second hall. It was only discovered when the roof of the second hall was renovated in recent years. Here is a story: Xiliang is a scholar holding a blue flag in Mongolia. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), he was appointed as Pingyao county magistrate, and in the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), he was transferred to Yangqu county magistrate with the same title. Later, because of his repeated political achievements, he was promoted to Beijing official. In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), he was promoted to the governor of Shanxi from Hunan in August. In the winter of the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), Wang Ximin, an antique dealer in Luoyi Village, Pingyao County, received a pair of "bronze" chess, which turned out to be made of pure gold and became rich overnight. Several hooligans in the village got wind of it and robbed the Wangs at night, but failed. Leave an anonymous letter and threaten to hand over chess, or I will kill you.

After Wang Ximin rushed to the county government to complain, Xiliang sent people to visit privately incognito, repeatedly verified and analyzed, and sent people to stay. Finally, these villains were captured, and countless crimes they committed in the past were tried, and they were severely punished. People applauded. Wang Ximin was even more moved. In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), he printed the plaque and presented it to the county government.

The plaque "Legacy of Zhong Zhang" hanging on the east wall is also an original. It was given to the county magistrate Wu Jie by the people in the early years of the Republic of China.

The east and west wing rooms of the second hall are "simple rooms" and "recruiting rooms" respectively.

"Housing Construction" is Xiancheng's office. Xian Cheng is an assistant to the magistrate of a county. Indoor display of the Qing Dynasty county government's work and rest system, the magistrate worry, full pay, sealed system. In the old society, when parents died, children had to go home to be filial for three years (actually 27 months), which was called "Ding You". If an official encounters the death of his parents, he needs to report the vacancy in the official department. After the mourning period expires, the official department will rearrange the work according to the situation. The Confucian etiquette of the Han nationality is based on filial piety (filial piety of all virtues comes first), so even scientific research was not allowed during Ding You's period, otherwise it would be punished. For example, the son of Wu Zhi, in case of an emergency military situation, or a national disaster, or an imperial edict, can "be loyal and filial" and stay at a respectful distance. This fully embodies the norms of Confucian etiquette of Han nationality on people's moral behavior in feudal society.

"Full salary" refers to the system that officials in Ming and Qing Dynasties set an example for promotion after serving for a certain number of years. "Qinghui Hall Official Department Seven Selected Works Official Department Four": "Beijing officials are paid for two years, and foreign officials are paid for three years. Those who do not receive wages will not be promoted to deep classes. "

"Feng" means that every year around the Spring Festival, the magistrate of a county has a month's holiday. At this time, it will be closed down and sealed up. The date of seizure shall be decided by the court. "Clearing banknotes in December": "Take the official office of the capital as an example. Within December 19th, 20th, 21st and 3rd every year, Qin chooses an auspicious day, seals it as usual, announces it to the world, and abides by it as a whole."

The west wing of the second hall is the "recruiting room", which used to be the office of classical history. There is no official product in the classical history of Ming and Qing dynasties, that is, "no inflow" "Palm record prisoners in prison. No sincerity, no books, and manage it. " (official 3 of the draft clearance) Although there are few historical works, they are generally filled by local "blasted people". Commonly known as "the fourth master of yamen" (following the magistrate, Cheng and the main book). Sometimes, when the magistrate went out or was sealed, the official history acted on his behalf. There was no master book in Qing dynasty, which made the power of canon history more expanded. There is a kind of "cross-sequence", which is a classic specially used to describe history:

Living life is an honor, but it takes two boards.

Thirty pay silver collar, four rural insurance.

Five blows, six documents to send.

Seven-pin hall officials follow it, and the eight-character house opens.

I'd be happy to borrow Jiupin makeup service.

The sources of classical history are miscellaneous, and it is easy to monopolize power. The magistrate of a county who was born in the imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty was very wary of this, preferring to trust teachers and scribes rather than rely on classical history.

"Zhao Fang" now shows and introduces the "yanglianyin" system in Qing dynasty. In the early Qing dynasty, the salaries of officials were very low and it was difficult to make a living. The annual salary of senior officials is 180 Liang, while the annual salary of senior officials is only 45 Liang. The abuse of power for personal gain and misappropriation of public funds is difficult to eradicate. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Yong Zhengdi approved the invitation of Shanxi Governor Nuo Min, and all government officials in all parts of the country were turned over to the state treasury and paid according to official subsidies, so it was called "Yanglianyin". If you don't work, you won't, which is equivalent to today's "job subsidy." The annual silver in Yang Lian, Zhengpin County is 400 taels to 2000 taels. According to the size of counties and cities, total tax revenue, etc. It is also an incentive mechanism for those who live in frontier fortress or uncivilized areas (ethnic minority residential areas)

On both sides of the second hall, there are "Qian Gu Favourite" room and "Criminal Favourite" room.

"Master" is neither an official nor an official. It is a special name produced by the bureaucratic system in Qing Dynasty. It is actually the "screen friend" of the chief executive, similar to the "master" and "diners" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the Qing dynasty, from the governor's yamen to the county yamen, it was everywhere. They have more prestige and status than officials. They have no formal administrative duties, but they are actually responsible for hearing cases in the yamen. County Grandfather called them "Xibin", and they respectfully called County Grandfather "Dongweng" and "proprietor". Officials and people respect the county magistrate as a teacher, and these screen friends are "teachers".

Passing through the second hall is the inner house, which is the residential area of magistrate of a county in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are five compartments in the main room, three compartments in the middle are the living room, and one compartment on each side is the study and bedroom. There is a plaque hanging on the front of the living room, which reads "Shen Miantang" and is signed by Yang, a magistrate of a county in the forty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 19). In fact, the name of this museum was fabricated by exhibitors who ignored history. The Records of Pingyao County in the eighth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1882) contains the Preface of Rebuilding Pingyao County Records written by Yang in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1620). At the end of the article, the inscription is "Forty-eight Years of Gengshen Mengqiu Jidan Wanli (1620)". He also taught Wen about Pingyao County, and asked Yang to write a letter in Zhong 'ai Hall. Yang's study was called "Loyalty and Love Hall" at that time, that is, loyalty to the monarch and love for the people, in line with the inscription of feudal social officials. In fact, if exhibitors paid a little attention to historical research, they would not make such jokes.

According to the "Qing Chao" cloud, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the magistrate of a county was an official and was not allowed to bring his family. It was not until the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty that the emperor issued a decree that this rule could be broken. Therefore, in the past, the county magistrate was changed to 500 miles, and the county magistrate was thousands of miles away. Even teaching and instructions are not allowed to serve in this "government". Family members are generally not allowed to visit anywhere. In addition, social concepts are closed. After handling official business, the magistrate of a county can only study, write, recite poems and play the piano in this Xiaotian court. Life is boring and it is difficult to enjoy family happiness. Unlike today's ex situ officials, who returned to yamen every Friday and took office on Monday, even drove home every day, leaving early and returning late, giving full play to the advantages of modern means of transportation, and could not understand the difficulties of ex situ officials in feudal times.

The east and west rooms of the inner room are guest rooms, where visitors from Shangfeng, classmates and friends can stay. However, the messengers who sent the official documents from their superiors can only be sent to the second hall. They are not allowed to enter the inner room, let alone stay in the inner room. They can only live in "Yin Hotel" or "Mansion", which is probably also a hierarchy.

The last building on the central axis of Pingyao County is "Daxian Building", which is dedicated to Daxian, that is, Fox Fairy. The official of the Qing Dynasty honored Fox Fairy as the immortal who kept the seal, but somehow. The great mother of seal cutting has a colorful cloud with gold characters on a red background, a sumeru, and a shrine outside.

Daxian Building is the only original building in Pingyao County, so the terrain is low. Formerly known as Guanyunlou, it is a place where the magistrate of a county observes the sunny days in four townships after meals every day, reflecting the position of ancient Pingyao agriculture in the feudal economy. It was renamed Daxianlou in Qing Dynasty.

The central axis building of the county government, except the stone archway from Yimen to the lobby, has basically been rebuilt, although some mistakes contrary to history have appeared in the process of reconstruction. It is difficult to rebuild historical sites without making mistakes. According to the map of the old county annals, there are still prisons, arrest halls, Hongshan Post and Mawang Temple on the west side that have not been rebuilt. The Land Temple, Mianhou Temple, Wugutang, Flower Hall and Zhuang Banfang on the east side have been rebuilt and opened to tourists.

The "strong class room" and the original "servant room" under the platform of the lobby (east-west symmetry, which has not been rebuilt so far) are the residences of the "three class officials" of the county official's son. The so-called "three classes" are soap classes, fast classes and strong classes. Although they are all government officials, their division of labor is different. Soap class is a soap official, responsible for standing in the hall, reporting things, leaning on a stick and other internal affairs. In the Qing Dynasty, the building of Huaishan in Pingyao County was compiled as 16, which was the magistrate, the county magistrate, the canon history, the Hongshan post and the delivery. Each worker in the building can get 6 taels of silver. Fast class, fast step by step and fast horse, responsible for arresting criminals. In the Qing Dynasty, Pingyao County Command Department set up 8 catchers with an annual income of * * * 134.4. A strong class is a strong class of the people. Every year, young people are sent by local people in turn, whose main responsibility is to maintain local public security and labor services in yamen. Everyone works for a year and eats six taels of silver.

In addition, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Pingyao County Ya also had handymen such as jailers, bearers, lantern bearers, guards, umbrella fans, warehouses, bucket ranks, and post-mortem. Industrial and food silver is also 6 Liang per person per year.

The "third-class officials" and handymen, whose status is lower than that of petty officials, are regarded as public servants by the society, except that the children of the Zhuang class take turns to serve the good people, and most of them are local street hooligans. In the Qing Dynasty, officials were not allowed to marry good citizens, and their son Sun San was not allowed to take the imperial examination, let alone be an official. Therefore, many families stipulate that their descendants are not allowed to hold official positions, otherwise their nationality will be cut and they will not be allowed to enter the temple.

Officers have low salaries and poor treatment, so there is no such thing as "keeping money cheap". However, relying on the "summons" and "chains" in their hands, they can blackmail people everywhere when they perform official duties such as arresting criminals, taking crutches in class, escorting criminals, investigating stolen goods, urging departments, and autopsy. It is really "where does the strength come from, not the size." Ji Xiaolan of the Qing Dynasty said: "In the eyes of the people, officials are second only to the emperor." In Yan Ping, Da Kui of the Qing Dynasty listed the eight evils of prisoners: "Forcing thieves to divide their wealth, making thieves harm the people, blackmailing victims, taking civilians privately, lynching handcuffs, taking stolen goods privately, and insulting thieves." Captives often use the trick of "thieves blossom", that is, when a theft happens, they falsely accuse some well-off people of being nest owners, detain them by the way, and force them to pay for "clearing the thief's name". Others rummaged in the name of "taking stolen goods" and stole more than thieves. What's more, take thieves as disciples and divide them into three parts.

Through the research on the development of Pingyao county's old county government in Ming and Qing dynasties, we can see that in feudal society, county-level political institutions were in direct contact with the people, and whether their governance was effective or not was related to the stability of the whole world. Ming and Qing dynasties have a complete set of county-level administrative experience. The first is to strengthen the power of the official seal. Although there are two officials, Xian Cheng and Jiao Yulu, who perform their respective duties, the regime will eventually be unified to the magistrate. The rank of an official, official, servant, etc. Especially strict, can't be confused. Secondly, from thousands of years of practice, a set of perfect firms has been formed. "Three classes and six rooms" each perform their duties, and screen friends can also be hired to ensure the effective use of the magistrate's ruling power. There are clear regulations on post, recruitment, term of office, post-employment exit, etc. The third is to formulate complete laws and regulations on grass-roots political power. In addition to the relevant provisions in the Canon and Detailed Rules, the Qing government also specially edited the Book of State and County Affairs and Pastoral Order, which is a political book specifically aimed at state and county officials, restraining and standardizing state and county officials, so that they can have laws to follow and rules to follow. County-level administrative organization in Qing Dynasty was the most complete stage of feudal society in China.