Common sense about temperature?

Temperature and its distribution in the second quarter

Teaching requirements

1. Can you illustrate the relationship between temperature and human production and life?

2. Learn to read the annual average temperature distribution map of the world and tell the distribution law of the world temperature.

3. Using the temperature data, draw the temperature curve and read out the changing law of temperature.

content analysis

1. This section of the textbook is about one of the elements of climate-temperature, mainly about the relationship between temperature and life, the temporal change of temperature and the spatial distribution of temperature. This textbook, together with the next textbook, is a natural extension of the first section of weather knowledge, and more importantly, it serves as the basis for understanding the fourth section of climate knowledge. So the textbook is about temperature and precipitation, and the content points to climate rather than weather.

2. The concept of temperature has been explained in the previous section. The textbook starts from life and quickly cuts into the concept of average temperature. Because the average temperature of a place is one of the foundations to understand the climate characteristics of that place.

The daily average temperature is the average of the temperature values observed at different times of the day.

The monthly average temperature is the average of the daily average temperature in January.

The annual average temperature is the average of the monthly average temperature values in a year.

3. The relationship between temperature and human activities is various. Teaching materials do not need to talk about everything, but start from the reality of life and production, and design activities to guide students to think about the relationship between temperature and human activities. The textbook gives five examples to illustrate the relationship between temperature and clothing, diet, housing, crops, transportation and so on.

4. The temporal variation of temperature mainly includes daily variation and annual variation. Figures 3. 12 and 3. 13 show the general trend of daily and annual temperature changes in a modular way. Because the daily variation curve of temperature depends on the observation times, the temperature point value corresponding to the abscissa time is not marked on the curve in Figure 3. 12. The time of daily maximum temperature (around 2 pm) refers to local time, not Beijing time.

Reading and drawing temperature curve is a basic skill in learning geography. The textbook arranges this requirement as an activity to cultivate students' skills. This activity is divided into two steps. The first step is to give the actual temperature curve to guide students to read. The second step gives an actual temperature data, so that students can refer to the temperature curve in the first step of the activity and draw the temperature curve according to the specific requirements.

6. The spatial distribution of temperature includes horizontal distribution and vertical distribution. The key to understand the horizontal distribution is to look at the isotherm diagram; The key to understand the vertical distribution is to master the vertical decreasing law of temperature. The textbook grasps these two points to design charts (Figure 3. 15 and Figure 3. 16) and activities, which not only helps students understand the knowledge about the spatial distribution of temperature, but also cultivates students' skills in reading isotherms and comparing vertical differences of temperature.

Teaching suggestion

Temperature and life

1. At the beginning of this section, students can be guided to review the temperature concept they learned in the previous section. Review the method, ask one student to say his understanding of temperature, and then ask other students to comment and add. Then, ask a question: How to describe the temperature of a place? Ask one or two students to try to describe the local temperature, and draw the concepts of daily average temperature, monthly average temperature and annual average temperature from the problems encountered by students.

2. Read Figure 3. 10 to help students understand the calculation method of daily average temperature. The calculation method of monthly average temperature and annual average temperature is similar to that of daily average temperature, but the difference is that the daily average temperature is the average of the temperature values observed at different times of the day, while the monthly average temperature and annual average temperature are the average of the average temperature values of 1 month and each day of the month respectively. In teaching, students can try to get the monthly average temperature and the annual average temperature first. When students encounter difficulties in activities, they can talk about specific methods in combination with specific difficulties.

3. As a reading material, Observation of Temperature only gives students a general understanding and does not require teaching. The frequency and time of temperature observation in one day mentioned in the material are only general and not uniform.

4. The activity of "Relationship between Temperature and Production and Life" can be carried out according to the following steps in teaching. The first step, please summarize the relationship between temperature and production and life reflected by each data. Step two, please add another example in each aspect according to your own life or what you have seen and heard. The third step, in addition to the aspects given in the textbook, please consider and illustrate the relationship between temperature and other aspects of human activities. Students can deepen their understanding and experience of temperature by participating in activities and learning many examples.

Changes in temperature

1. The teaching of temperature time change can be carried out by guiding students to read Figure 3. 12 and Figure 3. 13.

Guide students to pay attention to the changing law, maximum value, minimum value and daily (annual) difference of the curve when reading two pictures. Figure 3. 12 The highest temperature on the day before was about 3 1℃, the lowest temperature was about 24.5℃, and the daily variation was about 6.5℃. Figure 3. 13 Last month, the average maximum temperature was about 24℃, the minimum temperature was about -6℃, and the annual variation range was about 30℃.

The difference between the monthly average temperature of the mainland and the monthly average temperature of the ocean only requires students to know the conclusion and do not need to explain the reasons.

2. Reading the temperature curve can guide students to read Figure 3. 14 step by step according to the requirements of the textbook.

(1) The highest monthly average temperature appears in July, with a value of about 22℃;

(2) The monthly average minimum temperature appears at 65438 0.5℃;

(3) The annual temperature is 20.5℃;

(4) The temperature in this area is hot in summer and cool in winter. There are great changes throughout the year and four distinct seasons.

Another question can be added: What is the shape of the temperature curve in the southern hemisphere? In addition, it also shows that the temperature curve in the northern hemisphere is peak-shaped, while that in the southern hemisphere is valley-shaped. This is one of the essentials to interpret the temperature curve.

3. Draw the temperature curve according to Table 3. 1. In addition to the requirements and steps in the textbook, students should also be reminded of the following aspects. First, grasp the size of the map. Second, grasp the temperature difference of the ordinate. It is not easy to draw if the temperature difference is too large or too small. Third, mark the monthly temperature data with dots on the map. It is best to draw a cross line on the corresponding month and temperature value first, and then mark the point at the intersection. Fourth, when drawing a curve, make the curve smooth and pass through the middle of each point.

temperature distribution

1. The reading method of isotherm diagram is similar to that of contour diagram. Therefore, students can be guided to recall the reading essentials of contour map in teaching, and then read 3. 15 accordingly. Pay attention to the following points when looking at the picture. First, the isotherm is closed, which is either a high temperature center or a low temperature center, depending on the temperature of the closed center. Second, the difference between isotherm density and horizontal temperature: where the density is high, the temperature difference is large, and where the density is low, the temperature difference is small. Third, the temperature of the concave-convex part of the isotherm. Fourth, the temperature difference between two adjacent isotherms.

2. Figure 3. 15 is a simplified pattern diagram, which is convenient for students to master the above essentials. Then, guide the students to read Figure 3. 17 (activity 1), and apply the reading essentials just learned to the reading of the actual isotherm map (global annual average temperature distribution map).

The answer to this activity: (1) The temperature at and near the equator is the highest, and the temperature gradually decreases from the equator to the poles, mainly due to the different solar radiation received at different latitudes; (2) The areas where the annual average temperature is higher than 20℃ are mainly distributed between the Tropic of Cancer, and the areas below-10℃ are mainly distributed in the polar circle.

After completing the task of looking at pictures required by the textbook, let the students sum up the general law of world temperature distribution from their own experience of looking at pictures: the temperature in low latitudes is high, and the temperature in high latitudes is low; At the same latitude, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low in winter, and vice versa.

It should be noted that there is no need to explain why the isotherms are uneven in some places, so as not to increase the difficulty of teaching, but to compare the distribution law of isotherms in the northern hemisphere: from north to south, the isotherms in the northern hemisphere gradually increase, while those in the southern hemisphere gradually decrease. Judging whether the region is located in the southern hemisphere or the northern hemisphere by the distribution of isotherms is a kind of map reading ability that students should master.

3. The vertical drop rate of temperature needs students' memory. When teaching, it is said that every time 100 meter rises, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃. Then guide the students to do activity 2. Students can deepen their memory of the vertical temperature drop rate by actual calculation and preaching to their classmates. What needs to be explained in teaching is that the vertical drop of temperature is aimed at the same place.