Meeting the Challenge: Innovative Civilization Promoted by Climate Change

From about 9, years ago, during the interglacial period, anatomically speaking, modern humans were able to use favorable climatic conditions to migrate to the whole of Africa and Asia.

Soon after that, recognizable cultures can be found in archaeological records.

It can be said that Homo sapiens living in Africa was the earliest symbolic painting, but Neanderthals soon achieved it.

Modern people showed a remarkable performance. Because they continued to thrive in the whole New Ice Age called Wisconsin or Ulm Ice Age (which happened between 35, and 35, years ago.

The Neanderthal population was either assimilated by modern people or extinct during this period. A reconstructed Neanderthal skeleton (right) is on display next to the modern human skeleton in new york Museum of Natural History.

At this extreme climate moment, people have expanded their social contacts. Complex and changeable artworks and increasingly complex burial customs prove this point.

These Mesolithic people also began to domesticate all kinds of animals and plants, which opened the way for the later agricultural revolution.

About 15, years ago, as the glacial climate became more and more mild, human beings prospered.

Archaeological evidence shows that with the new technology and the warming climate, the amount of food available suddenly increased. At this time, the population surged.

However, far from the majority of the world's population, several glacial lakes broke out in North America about 13, years ago, and their fresh cold water was injected into the salty and warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

The impact of these glacial lakes flowing into the ocean was obviously much faster than previously thought.

In a few months, the climate began to change. About 12,8 years ago, a glacier cold current occurred.

It was called the young dry land, and it was named after a common flower in this rapidly changing period.

The return of extreme weather that lasted for about 1,5 years witnessed the collapse of population and the reorganization of early cultural life style.

During this period, the sea level rose by 1 meters (328.

. It may lead to the massive displacement of coastal population, which may provide the basis for the "flood myth" and the rising sea level after the glacier (image: "Earth"), while human beings have retreated from the climate disaster.

With the change, the animals and plants they depend on are no longer so rich-for many people, the hunting and gathering lifestyle is no longer enough.

With the development of new technology and material culture, A new way of life began to develop relatively rapidly.

This change was reflected in archaeological records through improved stone tools, which led to the Neolithic Age or Neolithic Age about 12,5 years ago.

A special culture that reflected these changes was the Natufi people in the West Levant.

Their appearance was consistent with that of the young Delea, indicating how specialized they were. A huge mortar from Natufi culture.

(Hanay/CC BY SA 3.

), part of this cultural change can also be seen in the stone structure that began to appear at this time.

About 11, years ago, a stone temple was built for the first time on the sacred site of Gobe Cretepe in southern Anatolia.

At the same time, The first stone building has also been built in the Levant, more than 6 kilometers (nearly 4 miles) south of Jericho.

The work in Gobe Cretepe was the most tense in its early stage, which means a transitional culture that is rapidly emerging with climate change, and implies that under the rising ocean, The magical things may have disappeared.

The whole area is full of stones and mud. (SA 3. CC) From 75 BC to 57 BC, Jericho and another settlement in Anatolia, San Atal Hook (4 miles west of Gobek Park Jung Su Pei) enjoyed a period of large population and stability.

But they lacked cooperation in a specialized society, which we regarded as the community institutions of the first cities.

Also during this period, the sub-climate stage of the Neolithic Age began in North Africa from 75 to 7 BC. It lasted until about 5 BC.

In this era, the Sahara desert was much wetter than it is today, equivalent to the prairie.

With the end of the sub-glacial period of Neolithic Age, the Sahara desert began.

Many people and animals living on the prairie in North Africa came to the Nile Valley, which became one of the few places in Northeast Africa where the concentrated population could find reliable fresh water supply.

(Kev Moses/CC BY 2.

), when the cold of young dry land ended, more than 1, years ago, the modern geological era, that is, the Holocene interglacial period began.

The Holocene brought obvious warmth.

Soon, agriculture appeared in almost all major population groups in the world. Especially successful is Mrs. Hala in the Levant, who built community-centered villages, which are the pioneers of walled cities in the next millennium.

The warming of the temperature at this time also led to the further rise of sea level and the change of rainfall patterns.

In some areas, the reliability of seasonal rainfall decreased, which may lead to changes in some population patterns. This can be seen in archaeological records in the Near East.

Long-term population migration eventually led to a relatively dense population along the main rivers, which is a Neolithic grain millstone.

(José-Manuel Benito? Lvarez/CC BY SA 2.

5), even though the climate is getting warmer, an event with uncertain origin but some influence has occurred from the younger dry land.

This sudden and short-lived cold weather called 8.

2, years, It coincides with the end of any remaining cultures of Jericho, Lehuk, Sanata and Geberitepe.

They are mainly replaced by Halaf, hasuna samara, Hassouna, who built canals, and Ubaid, a culture in Mesopotamia. All these cultures adopt a land-centered way of life.

In archaeological records, these different cultures are mainly distinguished according to the pottery style they developed.

Pottery is a sign of a new agricultural lifestyle, and it needs the ability to store food. By 8, years ago, the climate of the earth became warmer and wetter. It created the best climate period known as Holocene.

This is the warmest period in the past 12, years, with the least glaciers and the highest sea level.

During this period, due to the rising sea level, Britain was gradually isolated from the European continent, and by 65 BC, the land bridge leading to the European continent was submerged. Known as the people of the Mesolithic Age in Duogelan.

(Alexander Maleev) In the first two thousand years of the Holocene, with the melting of a large number of glaciers, the sea level continued to rise sharply.

It may be that at some point in this era, the Black Sea was flooded by a flood that spilled from the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus Strait.

Although the time and speed of this flood are still under debate, it is obvious that a large area of inhabited land, Just like Duogelan, it has been submerged by sea water.

These rising oceans finally reached 1m (3.

28 feet) above the modern sea level, and the Holocene sea level (photo: southeast corner), and the warmest period of Holocene coincided with the agricultural revolution in Neolithic Age.

It was at this point that most cultures began to survive from a hunter-gatherer around 6 BC. To a necessary transformation based on agriculture and domestication of animals.

In the archaeological records of Southwest Asia, under this suitable climate, the first evidence shows that clay is used to represent trade commodities.

It was at this time that the culture of Ubeid in Mesopotamia began to develop its own advanced trade and farming methods, Ubeid seal and modern impression: horned beasts and birds.

(Metropolis Although these cultures were very successful for a period of time, the climate on which they lived and their agricultural methods gradually changed.

The warm and humid weather changed from the most suitable climate to a milder modern climate, which once again led to the change of rainfall patterns. At the same time, the sea level slowly dropped by several meters, down by 5 meters. In 4 BC, a new culture was specially adapted to the new climate. Based on the irrigated agriculture on the south bank of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River,

We call these ethnic groups Uruk culture, which is the main archaeological site after a region.

It is at this time that towns like Eridu and uruk, which are about to develop into mature cities, began to develop, which is the archaeological site of uruk in Mesopotamia.

(SAC Andy Holmes/OGL), Around 37 BC, with the appearance of the modern sub-Atlantic climate period, the climate became milder.

In the 5 years of our modern climate, Uruk culture occupied a dominant position in Mesopotamia, and we can see the development of writing and all the decorations of civilization that we think.

Since that period, due to the dependence on irrigation technology, Uruk culture is famous for its role in the world agricultural revolution.

In East Asia, along the Yellow River where Yangshao people thrive, in Africa, in the Nile Valley where Egyptian culture takes root, and in the Indus Valley where they have their own unique and mysterious culture, ancient Egyptian sculptors can see this.

(Underground Science) With the use of irrigation, people's dependence on good weather has decreased. The ability to control the food supply has been greatly enhanced.

This stable production capacity led to the growth of population and cities, which in turn led to the expanded use of metal manufacturing technology, which led to the Bronze Age and finally entered the modern era.

In the whole Asia-Europe climate, the solid foundation of our culture remained unchanged.

Irrigated agriculture and livestock provided most of the food supply in the world.

Considering another climate change, Whether these methods can maintain the global population will be a speculation, but obviously, climate change has not only completely changed the survival mode of a culture, but also may be the only thing that has done so. Above: the details of m an depicted on a uruk vase in the Pergamon Museum.

uruk civilization came into being as it skillfully adapted to the new climate.