How to use whose, when, which and why in attributive clauses?

Analysis of the jingle of attributive clauses in paragraphs:

1. There is a mystery in the classification of definite and non-finite clauses, and the comma is the difference between finite and non-finite;

Attributive clauses are divided into two categories : Restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses. There are two criteria for distinguishing them: 1) From the content point of view, the restrictive attributive clause is closely related to the antecedent it modifies and cannot be removed. If removed, the meaning will be incomplete. ; The non-restrictive attributive clause only serves to supplement the antecedent and will not affect the integrity of the sentence if removed. 2) From a formal point of view, there is no comma between the restrictive attributive clause and the antecedent, but there is a comma between the non-restrictive attributive clause and the antecedent. Please see the example sentences:

The girl who is wearing a blue necklace is Mary. (restrictive)

The girl, who is also a student, is planting trees in the field.( Non-restrictive)

Analysis: Who is wearing a blue necklace in the first sentence is a restrictive attributive clause. There is no comma, so remove it, otherwise the meaning will be incomplete.

There must be an antecedent before the definite word, and the two types of noun and pronoun are most suitable;

Example sentences:

1) There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.

Someone wants to talk to you.

2)Those who were for the plan raised their hands.

Those who were in favor of the plan raised their hands.

3) This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

Analysis: In the example sentence, someone and those are pronouns, and novel is a noun. It is a word modified by an attributive clause, which is called an antecedent. There are two types of antecedents: nouns and pronouns.

The antecedent of definite subordinate is very close, and the two words of pronoun and adverb are related;

Attributive clauses are after the antecedent, and the words that connect definite subordinate and antecedent are called relative words. There are two types of relative words: relative pronouns and relative adverbs. Two points should be noted about relative words: 1) Its person, number and meaning are completely identical to the antecedent, 2) Relative words serve as certain sentence components in the attributive clause.

Example 1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

Analysis: who=boys is the subject in the attributive clause, so the predicate is followed by are.

Example 2) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

Football is a game that is liked by most boys.

Analysis: which=game, serves as the subject in the attributive clause.

Example 3) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

Analysis: when is a relative adverb = on the day, used as a time adverbial in the attributive clause.

Example 4) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

Analysis: where is a relative adverb = in the house, used as an adverbial of place in the attributive clause.

Example 5) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

Analysis: why is a relative adverb = for the reason, used as the adverbial adverb of reason in the attributive clause.

2. There are six relative pronouns, let me explain them one by one;

The six relative pronouns are: that/which/ who/ whom/ whose/ as , pay attention to the relative pronouns in In the attributive clause, the subject and object express the attributive.

Which is used to express things and people, and people all have that;

The antecedent is a thing, and the relative pronoun uses which, and that can also be used; the antecedent is a person, and the relative pronoun uses that Who, you can also use that; the antecedent contains both people and things, so you can only use that as the relative pronoun.

Example sentences 1) This is the mountain village (which/ that ) I visited last year.

This is the mountain village I visited last year.

Analysis: The antecedent mountain village is a thing, and it can be used which or that. Because there is no object after visit in the attributive clause, it means that which or that should be the object in the attributive clause, so it can be omitted.

Example 2) The man (that/whom / who ) you met just now is my friend.

The man you just met is my friend.

Analysis: The antecedent man represents a person, and the relative word can be who/that/whom. Because the attributive clause lacks an object, the relative pronoun should be the object in the attributive clause, so it can be omitted; in addition, who is It is specially used as an object, while who is only used in spoken language.

Example 3) This magazine belongs to the teacher who(that) teaches us history.

This magazine belongs to our history teacher.

Analysis: The antecedent teacher is a person, and the relative pronoun is who or that. Because it is the subject in the attributive clause, it cannot be omitted.

Example 4) He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited.

He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited.

Analysis: There are both people and things in the antecedent the teachers and schools. The relative pronoun can only be that, and because that is the object in the attributive clause, it can be omitted.

Which is used after a comma to mean that you need to know the previous sentence;

This is a use of which in a non-restrictive attributive clause.

Example 1) He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

Analysis: which is a relative pronoun, referring to the previous sentence: He seemed to have missed my meaning.

Example 2) Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

Analysis: which is a relative pronoun, referring to the previous sentence: liquid water turns into steam.

Who is very competent as the subject, and who is used as the object;

The antecedent is a word that represents a person. If the subject is missing in the attributive clause, who should be used as the relative pronoun. If there is no subject, who should be used as the relative pronoun. For object, whom is used in formal situations, and who can also be used in spoken language.

Example sentences 1) He is the boy who often goes to school late.

He is the boy who often goes to school late.

He is the boy who often goes to school late.

Analysis: The antecedent the boy refers to a person, and the following attributive clause lacks a subject, so the relative pronoun who is used.

Example 2) She is the old woman whom I saw this morning.

She is the old woman whom I saw this morning.

Analysis: The antecedent the old woman refers to a person, and the following attributive clause lacks an object, so who is used. Who can also be used in spoken language.

3. The usage of that is really interesting, it does not go to two places;

It does not go after a comma, and it is not considered after a preposition;

That is used as a relationship Pronouns cannot be used in non-restrictive attributive clauses, that is, they cannot be used after a comma; they cannot be used after prepositions in attributive clauses. After a comma or a preposition, use which when referring to things, and who or whom when referring to people.

Example 1) They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.

A. whom B. who C. which D. that

Analysis: To refer to things after the preposition of, choose C which.

Example 2) The engineer with _____my father works is about 50 years old.

A. whose B. who C. which D. whom

Analysis: Choose D whom. After a preposition, it refers to a person.

Example 3) The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.

A. which B. that C. whom D. who

Analysis: Select D who. The word after the comma refers to the person and serves as the subject in the attributive clause.

4. That which represents something, let me describe the difference;

If the antecedent is indefinite, then use that;

When the antecedent is anything , everything, nothing, all, any, much, many, one and other indefinite pronouns, only "that" can be used, not "which".

Example: Is there anything that I can do for you? Can I do something for you?

If there are two numbers before the antecedent, use that to make sure it is correct;

When the antecedent is a cardinal numeral or an ordinal number, you can only use "that" instead of "which" .

Example: That is the second time that I have been to Japan.

The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.

The two buildings that lay on the banks of the River Thames fell down last week.

When the antecedent is the superlative form of an adjective or is modified by the superlative form of an adjective, you can only use "that" instead of " which".

Example: This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.

This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.

If there be, that in the sentence should be replaced by which;

Example: There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters. Talk about animals. There is no basis for having a mysterious sixth sense that can predict natural disasters.

Predicate the subject first to avoid repeating the clause;

Example sentences: 1) This is not the hospital that it used to be.

This is already It's not the same hospital anymore.

2) Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.

Mr Thomson is no longer the man he was before.

Analysis: The antecedent of the attributive clause is used as a predicate in the main clause.

Example: Which is the course that we are to take?

Which course are we going to take?

Analysis: If there is already which in the sentence, which will not be used later to avoid repeated use of that.

（Just the only very same last, also use that after that;）

There are words such as Just, the only, very, same, last before the antecedent, and the relative pronouns are used that, do not use which.

Example sentences: 1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.

The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.

2) This is the same bike that he lost.

This is the bike that he lost.

Pay attention to the distinction:

3) This is the same bike as he lost.

This bike is the same as the one he lost. (But not)

5. To refer to people, you can use that who, and who is often used in the following situations;

Those people are used first, in the structure of There be;

Example sentences ：

1) Those who are for the plan, please raise your hands.

Those who are in favor of the plan, please raise your hands.

2) People who create computer viruses are called hackers.

People who create computer viruses are called hackers.

3) There was once a little boy who came to the net bar to play games every night.

There was once a little boy who came to the net bar to play games every night.

There was once a little boy who came to the net bar to play games every night.

The antecedent refers to the indefinite pronoun of a person, from which who decides;

The antecedent refers to the indefinite pronoun of a person, such as one, someone, anyone, nobody, etc., or refers to a person When the relative pronoun serves as the subject in an attributive clause, who should be used instead of that.

Example sentences:

1) Nobody who knows a little scientific knowledge will believe you.

Nobody who knows a little scientific knowledge will believe you.

Analysis: nobody refers to the indefinite pronoun of a person, use who instead of that.

2) The thief who pretended to be a manager was caught stealing a car.

The thief who pretended to be a manager was caught stealing a car.

Analysis: who refers to a person and is the subject in the attributive clause.

Two attributive clauses come together, do not repeat "You are talented";

When an antecedent has two attributive clauses, the relative pronoun should be avoided to be used repeatedly.

A plant that can cure diseases, which was known by the ancient Chinese, is called Chinese herbal medicine.

6. There are few attributive words in Dingcong, whose sings a song for you;

Whose refers to both people and things, so remember the affiliation.

Whose is also a relative pronoun. It is used as an attributive in an attributive clause to express the belonging relationship between people, people and things, or things and things. Pay special attention to the relationship between things and things. Use whose.

Example sentences 1)Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the country?

Analysis: anyone is the antecedent, whose=anyone’s, which serves as the attributive in the attributive clause.

Example 2) Pass me the book whose cover is red.

Analysis: the book is the antecedent, whose=the book’s, which is used as an attributive in the attributive clause.

7. As/which is at the end of the sentence, it is wrong to negate as;

Both as and which can refer to the previous sentence, please see the example sentence:

1) Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.

Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.

Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.

2) The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

If negative as is wrong;

3) The result of the experiment was very good, _______ we hadn't expected.

A. when B. that C. which D. what

The simple answer is C. Since the non-limiting attributive clause is a negative structure, it can only be introduced with which, and as cannot be used to replace which.

Only as can be used at the beginning of a sentence, as well as cognitive guess words;

When placed at the beginning of a sentence, non-limiting attributive clauses can only be introduced with as. For example:

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

As we all know, the moon travels around the earth once every month.

When used with words expressing cognitive conjecture, such as know, expect, see, report, use as.

1) As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

We know that smoking is harmful to one's health.

2) As is expected, his daughter entered a key university.

As expected, his daughter entered a key university.

For fixed structures, use as, the same /such/so/as;

1) In the same…as….structure. It means "like..." For example:

Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.

Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.

Pay attention to the distinction: the same….that…., please see the example sentence:

This is the same pen that I lost. This is the pen that I lost. (Same)

This is the same pen as I lost. This pen is the same as the one I lost. (Similar, not the same)

2) In the as...as structure, it means "like...". For example:

No period in history has had as many important changes _______ have taken place in the past century. No period in history has had as many important changes as _______ have taken place in the past century.

3) In the structure of such…as…, it means “like…”. For example:

Mathilde had to work hard day and night and bought such a diamond necklace as she had lost to pay back to Jeanne.

Mathilde had to work hard day and night and bought such a diamond necklace as she had lost to pay back to Jeanne.

Mathilde had to work hard day and night and bought such a diamond necklace as she had lost to pay back to Jeanne. Working on the land, she came to buy a diamond necklace like the one she threw away and give it back.

So /such...that object cannot be separated, so/such...as object must be abandoned;

In the so/such...that structure, what is followed by that is not the attributive clause, but the attributive clause. For adverbial clauses, there must be an object in the clause; in the so/such...as structure, as is followed by an attributive clause, and there is no object in the clause.

For example:

1) He studies in such a good school that all other students in his village admire him.

He studies in such a good school that all other students in his village admire him. He studied so hard that other students in the village envied him.

Analysis: That is followed by an adverbial clause, and the adverbial clause contains the object him.

2) He studies in such a good school as all other students in his village admire.

He studies in such a good school as all other students in his village admire. school.

Analysis: as is followed by the attributive clause, as replaces the antecedent school, and serves as the object of admire in the attributive clause.

8. At this point, the relative pronoun plays the role of determining the subject and object;

The relative pronoun serves as the object, and it is up to you to omit or omit it;

This is it So far, we have learned six relative pronouns in one day, namely: which, that, who, whom, whose, as. These relative pronouns can be used as subjects, objects, predicates and attributives in attributive clauses. The relative pronoun which When /that/ whom is used as an object, it can be omitted.

9. Relative adverbs when/where/why, don’t slack off in making statements;

Use when for time, reason why, and location where often;

Attributive clause There are three relative adverbs in: when, where and why, which serve as adverbials of time, place and reason respectively in the attributive clause. when refers to time, where refers to place, and why refers to reason. For example:

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

The factory where his father works is in the western suburbs of the city.

That is the reason why I did the job.

That is the reason why I did the job.

That is the reason why I did the job.

The relative adverb can be replaced by adding the preposition and the relative pronoun;

The relative adverb can be replaced by the preposition plus which. For example:

1)This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago.

In this sentence, where= in which

2 ) Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?

In this sentence, when= on which

3) This is the reason why (for which) he came late.

In this sentence, reason= for which

Relational generation, relative generation, excluding that and who;

Be smart when choosing prepositions , must look at verbs and antecedents;

Relative pronouns can be used after prepositions, but only which or who can be used, not that and who. So, how to choose this preposition? First, you can look at the predicate verb in the attributive clause; second, you can look at the antecedent. For example:

1) The pain from which the poor suffered in this area has attracted the attention of the public.

In this sentence, use from plus which, from in the attributive clause Predicate verb collocation, buffer from.

2) English is a useful tool in which I can communicate with foreign friends.

In this sentence, in plus which is used to match the antecedent. The antecedent expresses the language, so it is used in.

Cleverness is misled by cleverness, just because of the misuse of the relationship vice;

The relationship vice, the relationship vice, there is a definite lack of host and guest, it cannot live;

It cannot live , it can’t stop, relative pronouns are used to play cool;

Relative adverbs are used as adverbials in attributive clauses, where is used as place adverbial, when is used as time adverbial, and why is used as reason adverbial, but special attention should be paid to if If what is missing in the attributive clause is not an adverbial, but a subject, object or predicate, do not use a relative adverb but a relative pronoun. For example:

1) I still remember the days _____ we spent together in the mountains last summer.

Let’s first look at the missing sentence elements in the attributive clause. spend is a transitive verb. There is an object missing, so you cannot fill in when, but use the relative pronoun which or that.

2) This is the house ______ his grandfather once lived in.

First look at the missing sentence components in the attributive clause, lived in, obviously missing an object, in is a preposition, preposition There should be an object after it, so you cannot fill in where, but use which or that.

3) Is that the reason _______ you explained to the teacher for your being late for school?

First look at the sentence components missing in the attributive clause. Explain should be followed by a double object , lacks an object, so why cannot be used, but which or that must be used.

10. Just remember that the above is not allowed, and I will tell you in special circumstances;

Use way first as an adverbial, in which/that / is slightly OK,

Antecedent It is way, which expresses manner. It is used as a manner adverbial in an attributive clause. The following relative words can be processed in three ways, namely: in which/that or omitted.

Example:

I like the way he smiles.

I like the way that he smiles.

I like the way in which he smiles.

one of + plural is used as antecedent, and the predicate from it is plural.

If there is only/ very before one, the predicate from it is singular;

Example:

Ling Qing is one of the volunteers who are ready to go to the countryside.

Ling Qing is the only one of the volunteers who is ready to go to the countryside. .

Definite and noun can be converted, all that is replaced by what;

Words such as what/whatever/whoever in noun clauses can be used as subjects, objects or expressions in the sentence. When used, it can be converted into an attributive clause.

Examples:

1) I don't believe whatever he says.= I don't believe anything (that) he says.

2) Whoever breaks the law will be punished. = Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

3) The driver didn't hear what the policeman said. = The driver didn't hear the words that the policeman said.

4) The students can do all (that) they can to help the old teacher. = The students can do what they can to help the old teacher