Which verbs become gerunds when used as non-predicate verbs?

Classification table of commonly used irregular verbs in junior high school English

(People's Education Press Edition)

In order to help students remember irregular verbs, we now list the irregular verbs that appear in the textbook Irregular verbs are divided into several types, and each type is divided into several groups. Try to find the most common points in the changing forms of each word in each group to help memory.

1. A---A---A type (present tense, past tense and past participle have the same shape)

Verb base form (present tense) past tense past participle

cost cost cost cost

cut cut cut cut, cut

hit hit hit

let let let

put put put put down

read read read read

hurt hurt hurt hurt

2. A---A---B type (present tense and past tense

beat beat beaten

3. A---B---A type (present tense and past participle have the same shape)

come came come

become became

run ran run

4. A ---B ---Type B

(1) Add a consonant letter d or t after the original form of the verb to form the past tense or past participle.

burn burnt burnt burn

learn learned/learnt learned/learnt learn

mean meant meant

hear heard heard

p>

(2) Change the last consonant letter "d" in the original form of the verb to "t" to form the past tense or past participle.

build built built

lend lent lent lent

lose lost lost

send sent sent

< p>spend spent spent

(3) Others

pay paid paid

lay laid laid laid eggs

say said said said

bring brought brought

buy bought bought buy

think thought thought

sleep slept slept

< p>keep kept kept

sweep swept swept

stand stood stood stood

understand understood understood

win won won

shine shone/shined shone/shined shine

catch caught caught

teach taught taught teach

feel felt felt< /p>

fight fought fought

find found found

get got got

hang hanged/ hung hanged/ hung hanged, hung

have had had

hold held held

leave left left

make made made

meet met met met

sell sold sold

shoot shot shot shoot

tell told told tell

smell smelt/ smelled smelt/smelled smell, smell

sit sat sat sit

dig dug dug dig

5. A---B---C type (now (form, past tense and past participle are all different)

(1) Add -n or -en after the original form of the verb to form a past participle.

eat ate eaten ate

fall fell fallen

steal stole stolen

give given given

freeze froze frozen freeze

take took taken

see saw seen

write wrote written write

ride rode ridden ride< /p>

drive drove driven

throw threw thrown

blow blew blown

grow grew grown

< p>know knew known know

fly flew flown 飞

draw drew drawn

show showed shown show

（2 ) past tense plus -n or -en to form the past participle.

speak spoke spoken

break broke broken broken, broken

wake waked/ woke waked/ waken wake up

choose chose chosen

forget forgot forgotten

(3) The vowel letter "i" in the stressed syllable of the changed word is "a" (past tense) and "u" (past participle) respectively. ).

begin began begun

ring rang rung ring the bell

sing sang sung sing

sink sank sunk

< p>swim swam swum swim

drink drank drunk drink

(4) Changes of other irregular verbs.

be(am, is) was/ were been

be(are) were been

do did done

go went gone

lie lay lain lie down

wear wore worn

past tense of verb

indicates an action or action in the past Event

I met him yesterday. I met him yesterday.

Verbs expressing the simple past tense are usually expressed in the past tense form of the verb, and the past tense of the verb changes on the basis of the original form of the verb. The past tense of verbs can be divided into regular verbs and irregular verbs. The past tense of regular verbs changes as follows:

Generally, -ed is added to the end of the verb, such as:

worked played wanted acted

With the silent -ed e ends the verb, add -d to the end of the verb, such as:

lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped

For verbs ending with a consonant + y, change -y to -i Add -ed, such as:

studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied

For stressed closed syllable verbs ending with a consonant, double the final consonant and add -ed , such as:

stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped

Note: The past tense changes of irregular verbs are not regular and need to be memorized.

go - went make - made get - got buy - bought come - came fly-flew is/am-was-were see-saw bring-brough

Past participle

p>

The past participle has only one form. Generally, -ed is added to the end of the verb. Irregular past participles of verbs must be memorized one by one. In sentences, they are usually used as attributives, predicates, object complements and adverbials.

1. The past participle is used as an attributive

(1) The past participle is used as an attributive. In terms of voice, it indicates passiveness; in terms of time, it indicates that the action has occurred or been completed, and it is related to what it is. The modified noun has a logical verb-object relationship. When the past participle is used as an attributive, the noun it modifies is logically equivalent to the subject in the passive sentence, and the past participle is equivalent to the predicate. The action expressed by the past participle took place before the predicate action and has been completed and has a passive meaning. The past participle used as an attributive is usually changed from a transitive verb, because only transitive verbs have a passive meaning.

(2) The past participle of an intransitive verb can also be used as an attributive. It is usually placed in front of the noun it modifies. It only expresses active meaning, emphasizing the completion of the action, and does not express passive meaning.

The risen sun looks very beautiful. The rising sun looks very beautiful.

(3) When a single past participle is used as an attributive, it is usually placed in front of the noun it modifies.

The polluted water is harmful to people’s health. The polluted water is harmful to people’s health.

(4) A single past participle serves as an attributive. When emphasizing the action, it can be placed after the noun it modifies.

He decided to change the material used. He decided to change the material used.

(5) A single past participle serves as an attributive. When modifying an indefinite pronoun, it is placed after the pronoun it modifies.

There is nothing changed here since I left this school.

(6) When a past participle phrase is used as an attributive, it must be placed after the noun it modifies, and its function is equivalent to an attributive clause.

Most of the students invited to the garden party came from our school. (=Most of the students who were invited to the garden party came from our school.) Most of the students invited to the garden party came from our school. Our school.

2. The past participle is placed after the linking verb as a predicate to express the state of the subject. Its relationship with the subject is passive, but when the past participle of an intransitive verb is used as a predicate, it does not indicate passivity, but only the completion of the action. When the past participle is used as a predicate, the subject mostly refers to a person's noun or pronoun, and usually a single past participle is used as the predicate.

You seemed interested in that book.

3. The past participle can be used as an adverbial of time, an adverbial of cause, an adverbial of condition, an adverbial of result, an adverbial of accompanying, an adverbial of manner, an adverbial of concession, etc. The past participle forms a verb-object relationship with the subject of the sentence, and the action expressed is generally Occurs before the predicate action of the sentence. It can be converted into the corresponding adverbial clause, and the predicate of the clause is in passive voice.

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city of Chongqing looks very beautiful with lights on at night. (=When it is seen from the top of the mountain, the city of Chongqing looks very beautiful with lights on at night.) Viewed from the top of the mountain, Chongqing City looks extremely beautiful when the lights are first put on at night.

4. The past participle can be used after the conjunctions when, while, as once, whenever, if, unless, though, although, even if, even though, as though, as if, as, because, etc., Make adverbial sentences together.

When heated, water will be turned into steam.When water is heated, it will be turned into steam.

5. When the past participle is used as an object complement, it means "passive" and "complete".

You must get your article finished before going home. You must get your article finished before going home.

Present Participle (Present Participle) (also known as -ing form, present progressive tense) is a type of participle. Participles are divided into present participles and past participles. They are both non-finite verbs, that is They cannot serve as predicates alone in sentences, but can serve as other components (attributive, predicative, complement and adverbial), and they have the nature of verbs, so they are also a type of verb-like words.