What were the reasons for the commercial prosperity in the early Qing Dynasty?

What were the reasons for the commercial prosperity in the early Qing Dynasty?

1, the development of handicraft industry

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, due to the long-term war, handicraft production was also seriously damaged. After about fifty or sixty years, the handicraft industry gradually recovered and developed after the middle period of Kangxi.

(1) Silk weaving industry played an important role in handicraft industry in Qing Dynasty.

At that time, the silk industry in Jiangning, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Foshan and Guangzhou was developed. Although the rulers of Qing Dynasty set up weaving yamen in Jiangning, Suzhou and Hangzhou, which hindered the normal development of silk industry in Jiangnan to some extent, the folk silk industry in Qing Dynasty developed rapidly. For example, there are more than 30,000 looms in Jiangning when it is dry and sunny, which is much higher than in the past. "There are more than 100 kinds of satin looms", and the silk products produced sell well all over the country. Even in remote Guizhou, the silk industry has been greatly developed. During the Daoguang period, Guizhou Zunyi silk "competed with Wuling and Shujin in Zhongzhou", which attracted merchants from Qin, Jin, Fujian, Guangdong and other places to buy and traffic. But on the whole, silk weaving in Qing Dynasty has lagged behind that in Ming Dynasty.

(2) In the Qing Dynasty, the cotton textile industry in some parts of the south of the Yangtze River was also increasingly developed.

Cotton textile tools have been significantly improved. For example, the spinning bicycle in Shanghai can be "three yarns in one hand and wheels in one hand (a famous bicycle), which is labor-intensive and sensitive." Loom also has some improvements and innovations. At that time, the production of cotton cloth, both in quantity and quality, was greatly improved than before. Shanghai's "Sobu, the clothes are the best in the world, and Liang Jiaduo started from this". Suzhou's "Yimei Famous Brand" is famous for "the beauty of cloth, users compete for the market" and "eliminating one million pieces of cloth a year". As a result, "in the past ten years, rich businessmen have appeared everywhere, and cloth has spread all over the world." "In the past 200 years, there is no place in Mobei, southern Yunnan that is not beautiful." Subu's "Famous Quartet" shows its wide reputation. Wuxi is also rich in cotton cloth. When it was dry, it was known as the "cloth wharf". "It was collected by Jia, and it was bundled in Huai, Yang, Gao, Bao and other places. At least tens of millions of transactions were made at the age of one."

(3) Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province was still the largest porcelain-making center in China in Qing Dynasty.

When I arrived in Gan and Jia, I didn't talk about the official kiln, but only said that "there are hundreds of thousands of craftsmen in the 200-300 area of the folk kiln all the year round." The porcelain industry in other places outside Jingdezhen has also developed. According to statistics, there are more than 40 famous ceramic producing areas in Qianlong period, all over the country. For example, the porcelain kilns in Wuqing, Zhili, Linqing, Yixing, Dehua in Jiangsu, Chaozhou in Fujian, Guangdong and other places are large in scale, and the porcelain produced is colorful and exquisite.

(4) The sugar industry in Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan is very developed.

During the period from Kangxi to Qianlong and Jiaqing, sugarcane production in Taiwan Province Province was extremely prosperous, with an annual output of "more than 600,000 baskets" and "170 kilograms" of sucrose, which were sold in Beijing, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and exported to Luzon in the south and Japan in the east. Sugar in Guangdong is also sold everywhere. In addition, sugarcane planting and sugar industry in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces are also developing day by day.

(5) Mining and metallurgy also developed further in Qing Dynasty.

Copper mines in Yunnan, lead mines in Guizhou, and iron mines in Guangdong, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong are all relatively large.

For example, in Yunnan's copper mines, when Gan and Jia were at their peak, there were more than 300 copper factories in the province. There are large factories run by the government and commercial enterprises, as well as small private factories. "In the past, 70,000 to 80,000 people from large factories and more than 10,000 people from small factories all went to provincial factories. There is no need to worry about millions. The poor people in the province came to the factory to beg for food." From 1740 (five years of Qianlong) to181year (sixteen years of Jiaqing), the highest annual output of Yunnan copper mine reached14.67 million Jin.

During the Qianlong period, the annual output of black lead in Guizhou lead mine also reached more than140,000 kg. Guangdong's iron smelting scale is also very large. The iron manufacturing industry in Foshan Town, Guangdong Province is also very developed. There are industries such as casting pot, frying iron, thread making, nailing and needle making, among which casting pot is the most famous. Cast iron pots are not only sold all over the country, but also exported abroad in large quantities.

2. Business prosperity

The continuous prosperity of business is the increasingly stable performance of the merchant class.

(1) At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, commercial trade was very prosperous, and all kinds of goods were exported at home and abroad, and the circulation in the four directions became closer.

For example, cotton from Henan and Northeast China is sold all over the country, while cotton is sold back to other provinces. All kinds of ironware in Foshan Town, Guangdong Province are sold all over the country. At that time, there was a saying that Foshan ruled the world. Others, such as Suzhou silk and cotton cloth, Nanjing satin, Jingdezhen porcelain, Guangdong and Taiwan Province sugar, Anhui, Fujian and Hunan tea, are also sold all over the country.

(2) Especially the silk fabrics in the south of the Yangtze River, the Qing Dynasty has a broader domestic and international market than the Ming Dynasty. For example, silks and satins produced in Nanjing are sold almost all over the country. At that time, China's handicraft output value accounted for 30% of the world's industrial and handicraft output value.

Cash crops such as cotton and mulberry are only allowed to be planted in places where food cannot be grown. Crops other than food are also banned, not to mention industry and commerce. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty thought that "the more people work in shops, the less people plow crops in the fields", and repeatedly said that "it is absolutely impossible to attract investment to open factories" and "there is no second opinion except that mining is strictly prohibited" (Emperor China thought so, mainly because of the productivity at that time).

(3) Beijing is a national commercial city.

(4) Huizhou merchants are the most active.

Huizhou people have a deep-rooted tradition of going out to do business: "It is a custom for a man to take home his house, and the honorable person is the supervisor who makes him go home, and he can't go home quickly unless he wins or loses." For decades, he has been undisciplined recently. "

(1) Therefore, "those who started out as ceramic artists can't be testified."

② There are many kinds of business.

(5) Shanxi merchants.

In the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), the imperial edict on Michelle Ye's southern tour pointed out: "I heard that there are great merchants in southeast China, so-called convergence. Today, I traveled all over the counties of wuyue and inspected its stores. Most of them came from Shanxi Province. "

(1) However, the activity area of Shanxi merchants is not limited to wuyue. Once again, it is Shaanxi merchants. "Shaanxi is prosperous, Sanyuan and Jingyang are the first, and most of them take Jia Wuzhong."

(2) Shaanxi merchants have a long history of operating cotton industry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the scale is no less than that of Shanxi merchants. In addition, Shaanxi is adjacent to Sichuan. At that time, Sichuan immigrants first promoted Huguang, followed by Shaanxi, so Shaanxi businessmen were quite influential in Sichuan. In the early Qing Dynasty, Sichuan well salt developed rapidly, but "there were seven or eight well stoves in Sichuan Province, and two or three in Sichuan."

③ The banking business of Ziliujing started at the time of Yungan, and was mostly manipulated by Shaanxi businessmen. The famous Xiqin Hall (now Zigong Salt Industry History Museum) was also built by Shaanxi businessmen, with as many as 152 silver donation firms. They not only invest in drilling salt wells, but also engage in salt trafficking in wells, both of which are very profitable.

What was the reason for the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty? Emperor Wen established the Sui Dynasty, which ended the disputes between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and enabled the people to settle down. So the prosperity developed to the situation that Yang Di, the son of Wendi, seized the throne by force and then practiced tyranny, which eventually led to the chaos of the earthen jar and died in Jiangdu. But before and after two dynasties, decades.

What is the reason for the prosperity of novels in the late Qing Dynasty? . . Actually, I don't know.

What poems describe the prosperity of business? 1, a bright moon hangs high in the capital, and ten thousand washing mallets are knocked. -Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge Qiu Ge

Commentary: There is moonlight in Chang 'an, and thousands of families are smashing clothes.

2, Tianxiang Guan Chang 'an, full of golden armor. -Huang Chao's "Last Happiness"

Commentary: The blooming chrysanthemums are dazzling and the fragrance permeates Chang 'an. The whole city is bathed in fragrant chrysanthemums, and there are golden chrysanthemums like armor everywhere.

On the third day of March, it was sunny, and many beautiful women were walking along the Chang 'an River. -Du Fu's "Two Ways"

Commentary: On March 3rd, spring was full, and beautiful women gathered in Qujiang, Chang 'an.

4. Chang' an Street is narrow and oblique, with green cows and white horses and seven fragrant cars. -Lu's "Chang 'an Ancient Meaning"

Description: Chang 'an Street is connected with various small streets and alleys. Buffalo, white horses and cars come and go in the street.

5. Nine doors of heaven reveal the palace and its courtyard, and the coat of many countries bows to the pearl crown. -Wang Wei's Early Audience with the Temple of Light and Minister Jia Zhishi

Commentary: Jiuchong Palace opened the golden red palace door, and the envoys of various countries bowed down to the emperor.

6, BMW carved cars are full of fragrance. Phoenix flute moves, jade pot turns, fish dragon dances all night. -Xin Qiji's Jade Case Yuan Xi

Explanation: The luxurious carriage is full of fragrance. The melodious sound of the phoenix flute echoed everywhere, the moon like a jade pot gradually tilted westward, and the fish dragon lantern danced all night.

7. Zhang Zhi riding a horse is like taking a boat, dizzy and falling into a deep sleep at the bottom of the well. -Du Fu's Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking

Commentary: He rode a horse after drinking, wobbling like a boat. He fell into the well with dim eyes and fell asleep at the bottom of the well.

8. When does the West Lake Song and Dance close? -Lin Sheng's "Title Lin 'an House"

Explanation: Castle with no end in sight on the green hill. When will the songs and dances on the West Lake stop?

9. Recalling the heyday of Kaiyuan, Xiaoyan still hides thousands of families. -Du Fu's Two Memories of the Past

Explanation: As early as the heyday of Kaiyuan, there were 10,000 people in small cities.

10, I once danced in the east wind, and I enjoyed a trip to the Spring Garden. -Li Shangyin's "Liu"

Chasing the east wind was like dancing at a banquet. It was a spring day, and people were playing in Leyuan Scenic Area.

The city is full of jewels, and every household in Luo Qi is competing for beauty. ..

Willow painting bridge, wind curtain and green curtain, there are hundreds of thousands of homes.

From Wanghai Lake in Liu Yong.

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What was the reason for the prosperity of Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty? 1, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, with a large population and strong consumption power;

2. Convenient water transportation is conducive to the implementation of overseas trade;

3. The rulers of Southern Song Dynasty encouraged commercial development.

"What are the manifestations of the commercial prosperity in Han Dynasty?" They are huge: Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. They are called Oriental Beijing and Western Beijing. Erjing was a rare big city in the world at that time. Chang 'an has a population of about 500,000, while Luoyang had a population of more than one million in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The circumference of Chang 'an city wall is 25.7 kilometers, which is three times larger than the famous Roman city in the west at that time. There are 12 kuanchengmen and eight streets (vertical streets) and ten streets (horizontal streets) in the city. The central street is 5.5 kilometers long from north to south, which is very wide.

Layout: The streets in Chang 'an City are wide and straight. There are palaces, yamen, armory, commercial handicraft area and residential area in the city, and the layout is neat. There are trees on both sides, and there are relatively perfect drains and sewers.

Business activities: There is a special business district in the city called "City". The business is divided into three cities in the east, six cities in the west and nine cities. There are many business activities in this city. There are many merchants, including raw materials, tools, daily necessities and various foods. There was a "tower" in Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as "flag pavilion", which was a market transaction management institution. Urban management: during the Han dynasty, there were still some regulations on urban management: for example, there were certain restrictions on market trading time; Don't dig out the eggs in the bird's nest in spring and summer, and don't "eject the birds"; Houses in the city must be planted with trees, or they will be punished.

What was the reason for the prosperity of science and technology in Sui and Tang Dynasties? Reasons and characteristics of cultural development in Sui and Tang Dynasties ①. The country is strong and the economy is prosperous. The unification of the Sui Dynasty made the social order of the whole country stable, and the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South took place. In the Tang Dynasty, from the reign of Zhenguan by Emperor Taizong to the flourishing age of Kaiyuan by Xuanzong, the feudal economy was highly developed and the politics was relatively stable for a long time, which laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of culture. ② An enlightened and compatible cultural policy. On the basis of highly developed economy, the rulers in Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially in Tang Dynasty, advocated the imperial examination and set up schools vigorously, which broke through the restriction of family background in selecting talents, constantly increased examination subjects and expanded the scope of assessment. In terms of ideology and culture, whether it is foreign Buddhist culture or China Taoist culture, the rulers can always accept everything. This emphasis on cultural undertakings and an open and compatible cultural policy not only cultivated a large number of cultural talents, but also created a good atmosphere for cultural prosperity. ③ Frequent cultural exchanges. The opening of the Canal in Sui Dynasty and the smooth traffic in Tang Dynasty maintained the close relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the frontier minority regimes, thus promoting frequent economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides. The minority cultures in the western regions and other places have greatly enriched the content of the Central Plains culture and made Chinese culture have a strong multi-ethnic color. Due to the prosperity of feudal economy and the strong national strength, the Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world and developed foreign transportation, which made the exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Asia, Europe and Africa unprecedented. In the process of mutual absorption and promotion between Chinese and foreign cultures, Sui and Tang cultures became more colorful. ④ Inheriting traditional culture. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, China's feudal culture has been developing continuously, and it is in a leading position in the world in many fields. By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the development of the northern minorities in China and the development of the south of the Yangtze River laid a foundation for the further development of science and technology, literature and art, and on this basis, the culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties was in full prosperity. Features: ① All-round prosperity: the culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties was prosperous in science and technology, religious philosophy, history, education, literature and art, etc. (2) eclectic: the enlightened and compatible cultural policies of the ruling class created an atmosphere conducive to cultural development. Developed internal and external transportation, close contacts between various ethnic groups in China and cultural exchanges and integration have enhanced the multi-ethnic color of China culture, which is vigorous, bold and lively. China has frequent contacts with Asia, Europe and even Africa. Culturally, it can absorb foreign excellent ingredients, which is more prominent in religion and art. (3) It is ahead of the world: in Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were block printing and gunpowder, and monks and their party began to measure the meridian length of the earth by scientific methods. Both Tang Medicine and Zhao Zhouqiao are in the leading position in the world. ④ Far-reaching influence: The culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties was the peak of China feudal society and culture, and it was also the peak of world culture at that time, which had an important influence on the development of China culture and the history of world civilization.

What are the reasons for the prosperity of ancient cities in China? Market distribution center and developed trade.

Politics: an important political city with developed construction and a large population.

Religion: religious center, urban prosperity

Transportation: an important transportation hub

Resources: There are unique resources, such as river resources and mineral resources.

What are the factors that promote business prosperity in today's society? Generally speaking, it is the continuous development of productive forces and the influence of policy orientation.

Keeping wealth in the people, so that people can have money to buy the goods produced, so that the social economy can return to a virtuous circle.

The factors that promote business prosperity in today's society are:

Natural environment and commercial layout

Humanistic environment and commercial layout

Technology is an important factor of productivity, which includes the scientific management level of commercial enterprises.