The origin of the minister's surname

Slaves and prisoners of war from occupations and ancient times belong to the name of identity. Ministers are male slaves who are willing or unwilling to obey. In ancient times, prisoners of war or slaves were regarded as inferior people with no status, even if their original status was removed by Lu, they were collectively called "ministers" and "ministers". After addressing, it gradually became the surname of its descendants, called Chen surname, which is one of the very old surnames.

With the development of human society and the formation of power politics, "minister" and "minister" have gradually evolved into exclusive titles for those who voluntarily serve the emperor and monarch with their own strength, mostly called ministers, courtiers and lieutenants. And their titles have gradually become the surnames of their descendants, called minister names, pronounced as), which originated from the surname Mi, and came from the merchant minister of Chu King Mu in the Spring and Autumn Period, belonging to the name of the ancestor. According to the history book "strange surname child", "minister, surname. Tang Chenyue, and Chen Ji. " According to the historical book "Historical Records of Chu Family", during the Zhou Chengwang period, the state of Chu began to be quiet, and there was a viscount named Zhou who lived in Danyang. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family declined, and the summer in the Central Plains was in chaos, while the political situation in Chu was relatively stable. It conquered some countries in Jianghan Basin and gradually became stronger. When Xiong Tong was in power (740 ~ 690 BC), he openly challenged the Zhou royal family and demanded to be king. When the Zhou royal family refused, he became a self-respecting Chu Wuwang. Chu Wuwang constantly fought against the surrounding governors, and the territory of Chu expanded rapidly to the north.

Xiong Zi, the son of Chu Wuwang, King of Chu (reigned from 689 BC to 675 BC), continued to pursue the expansion policy, cut interest rates, and constantly opened up access to the Central Plains. Yun Xiong, King of Chu (reigned from 672 BC to 628 BC), turned his finger at Zheng, who was guarding the throat of the Central Plains. Since then, it has finally aroused the anxiety of China countries. Qi Huangong led the allied governors to attack Chu in the south, forcing Chu to join forces in Zhaoling. The alliance of Zhaoling temporarily prevented the Chu army from advancing northward, but King Chu turned to Jianghuai, surrendered to small countries such as Sui and Tang Dynasties, and became the overlord of Jianghan Basin. King Chu Cheng reigned for forty-six years, and his achievements were remarkable, which made Chu's position and influence in the vassal States unprecedented. However, he was not determined on the issue of choosing an heir, and he wanted to abolish the long and establish the young, which eventually led to a palace coup and his son's death. According to the hereditary system of "Zong Zi Wei Cheng" formulated by the Duke of Zhou, the heir to the throne of Chu is the eldest son Xiong Shangchen. However, Chu is located in the south of the Yangtze River, and its customs are different from those of China. The throne is often replaced by the youngest son. Therefore, the Xia people in the Central Plains regarded Chu as an alien and called it "Chu". In order to conquer the north easily, King Chu planned to change his previous practice and make his eldest son Xiong Shangchen the heir to the throne according to the ceremony of Zhou. This can not only show sincerity to Zhou, but also avoid palace fights. However, he was afraid that this practice would violate the customs of Chu and cause people's dissatisfaction. So I hesitated for a moment. Compared with other Wang brothers, the older Xiong Shangchen is quite calculating. He often gave Zhu Yuhuan Pei and other gadgets to the near ministers around King Chu Cheng in order to know the news in the palace. Seeing that his father was hesitant, Xiong Shangchen stepped up his activities, fearing that others would get an heir, and sent more things to his recent ministers, asking them to put in a good word. He took the opportunity to visit the palace himself and showed great courtesy and respect in front of King Chu Cheng. King Chu Cheng heard all the kind words praising Xiong Shangchen, saw all the modesty and courtesy of Xiong Shangchen, and finally made up his mind to make Xiong Shangchen a prince. He said to your son, Yin Doubo, "The minister of commerce has the legacy of his ancestors and will certainly be able to take on a great responsibility. He is older than other scholars. I want Minister Shang to be the Prince. What does Ai Qing think? Dou Bo had already seen clearly Xiong Shangchen's behavior. When he saw the question of Wang Cheng, the king of Chu, he answered bluntly, "Your Majesty is not old, so why should you establish a prince early?"? "Even if you want to make a prince, you can't make a minister of commerce. As a result, when Chu Jun succeeded to the throne, he didn't stand up for a long time, just like all previous dynasties. A king cannot break the rules of his ancestors. Secondly, the appearance of businessmen and ministers is cruel and insidious. If you love him now, you must fix him up and depose him when you are bored. If you do this, you will be in trouble. Please think twice! " But the king of Chu did not listen to Dou Bo's advice, made Xiong Shangchen a prince, arranged Pan Chong to be his master, and moved to the East Palace that day. Xiong Shangchen heard that Dou Bo was opposed to being a prince, and he was resentful and wanted to get rid of Dou Bo.

In the 25th year of Zheng Ji, King of Zhou Xiang (627 BC), Jin Wengong Ji Chong 'er, the overlord of the first generation, died of illness. Xu and Cai, two vassal States in the Central Plains, fought against Jin and attached Chu. Duke Xiang of Jin, the new king of Jin, worshipped Yang's father as a general and launched an eastward expedition. King Chu Cheng has long had the ambition of going north to the Central Plains. Seeing this opportunity, he ordered Dou Bo as the main commander and Cheng Daxin as the assistant commander, and led the Chu army to save Xu and Cai. The Chu army worked hard day and night and soon reached the water's edge. The two armies have been at loggerheads for more than two months, and it's almost the end of the year. The 8 Jin Army is running out of food and grass, and the soldiers' fighting spirit is scattered. Yang's father can't help secretly worrying. He wants to withdraw, afraid of being caught by the Chu army; There is also the suspicion of avoiding Chu's notoriety and being laughed at by the world; I am also worried about the opposition from the ruling party and the opposition party in our country. After careful consideration, Chu Yang's father finally figured out a decent way to quit the army. So he called the special envoy, gave him some secret instructions and sent him to the camp of the Chu army. He sent a message: "I am told by the commander that the two armies are deadlocked and the outcome is unpredictable, which is not good for both sides." If the general wants to fight a decisive battle, the British army is willing to retreat (three miles) and let the general help the water and fight for life and death; If the general refuses to cross the river, please step back and let the soldiers cross the south bank of the river and win the battle. I will drive a carriage and wait for the general's orders. " Hearing this, Dou Bo was furious and said angrily, "I've stayed for a long time, Mr. A Jin, and the old soldier is exhausted and vulnerable. Why don't you bite off more than you can chew? Can't you bully me into crossing the river? Pass the word on, prepare horses, eat enough every day, and cross the river to attack Jinshi! " Cheng Daxin hurriedly advised: "Jin people are obviously uneasy and kind. They said they would give up their troops, but they really lured us in. If they attack when our army is crossing the river, our army will retreat and lose ground. It is better for our army to retreat temporarily and let the Jin people cross the water for a decisive battle. " When Dou Bo heard this, he ordered the whole army to retreat and set up another camp. When the Jin army crossed the river, his father saw that the Chu army was retreating and said to all the soldiers in the camp, "Chu will be afraid of Dou Bo, but I am strong in Jin and dare not cross the water to fight a decisive battle. Now he has slipped away. The enemy has retreated, and it is useless for our army to cross the river. And it is cold all year round, which is not conducive to fighting. It is better to go back to China to raise interest rates and wait until the weather gets warmer before sending troops. " Men are homesick. When they hear this, they all jump for joy. After a while, they were ready early. So, his father led the army back to Jin.

The Chu army retreated and waited for two days, but there was no movement of 8 jin j, so they sent people to scout and learned that 8 jin j had retreated. Dou Bo had to order the team to act. Dou Bo returned without a fight, defeating Chu's plan to take the opportunity to enter the Central Plains. The king of Chu was very angry. Seeing that the time had come, Xiong Shangchen leaned down and said, "The two armies were at loggerheads for two months, but Dou Bo refused to attack. Finally, he evaded the Jin state and retreated, making the Jin state famous all over the world. I heard that he accepted a bribe from his father in Yang. How can he have a father and a king in his heart when he does this? " After hearing this, the king of Chu was furious and sent someone to send Dou Bo a sword, asking him to commit suicide. Dou Bo wanted to enter the palace to defend himself, but was stopped by Xiong Shangchen at the gate of the palace. When he couldn't get an audience, Dou Bo couldn't help but sigh: "Dou Bo's loyalty can show the sun and the moon, but today he can't see the king. The prince blames me. It's all caused by succession. Its cruel nature can be seen today. " Then he drew his sword and committed suicide at the foot of Cheng Daxin. Cheng Daxin buried Dou Bo's body, put on prison clothes, broke into the palace, knelt in front of King Chu Cheng, kowtowed and wept bitterly, and reported in detail the whole process of returning to the army. He also said: there is no bribery at all. It is meritorious to work for Cai. If the king thinks retreating is a crime, that's my suggestion. I should be punished for my crime, which has nothing to do with Dou Bo. King Chu Cheng was surprised and said, "Why didn't Dou Bo explain? It can be seen that there is a ghost in my heart! " As a result, Cheng Daxin reported something in front of the palace. Hearing this, the king of Chu suddenly changed color and stamped his foot: "Alas! The prince misses me and I miss my country. " Since then, I have had doubts about Xiong Shangchen.

What happened to Dou Bo cast a shadow over King Chu Cheng's heart, so he paid attention to it. One day, he saw a recent minister wearing something he gave the prince. He was surprised and asked him where he got it. The recent minister was speechless. King ChuCheng was furious and asked. I can't deny it, so I have to tell the truth. King Chucheng suddenly realized that he regretted Dou Bo's death and did not listen to Dou Bo, so he alienated the prince. Later, when the king of Chu saw that his youngest son Xiong was clever, he wanted to abolish Xiong Shangchen and become a prince. But at this time, he remembered what Dou Bo had said to Xiong Shangchen, and he was afraid that the abolition of legislation would cause riots, so he was too slow to make a move. At this moment, I married Jiang Guo's younger sister, Mi, and went back to China to stay at home and live in the palace. King Chu Cheng told his sister Gracilaria about his worries. Jiang Peng mused, "Abolishing legislation is a major event, and we must not act rashly. If you can find his fault and abolish his ministers, Xiong will naturally succeed. " King Chu Cheng felt justified and forbeared. The conversation between brother and sister of King Chucheng spread like wildfire, and Xiong Shangchen was reported early. Xiong Shangchen has realized your father's alienation. After hearing the rumor, Xiong Shangchen was anxious and asked the master for advice. Pan Zhong said, "I have a plan to prove the truth of this statement. Wang Meijiang, impatient, easily gets angry and speaks frankly. The prince gave a banquet for her, deliberately bowed back and angered Gracilaria. When people are angry, they have no scruples, and there must be leaks in their words. " Xiong Shangchen was overjoyed and decided to stick to the plan. On this day, Xiong Shangchen hosted a banquet in honor of Gracilaria. Gracilaria was invited to the East Palace, and Xiong Shangchen was greeted from a distance. He respectfully asked his aunt Gracilaria to sit in the middle of the room and personally held a longevity lamp for Gracilaria. After three rounds of wine and five flavors of food, Gracilaria was slightly drunk, and Xiong Shangchen deliberately gradually showed his snub. First, he asked the blisters to send food directly to Gracilaria, but he didn't get up. Later, he whispered to the bartender himself. Jiang Peng was very unhappy and asked again and again, but Xiong Shangchen turned a deaf ear and enjoyed it. Why did Jiang Peng get such a cold shoulder? He suddenly flew into a rage. Finger Xiong Shangchen scolded: "How are you the Prince of the East Palace?" Xiong Shangchen replied: "I am the heir to the throne. What can you do to me? " Ginger turned slightly red and scolded, "You smelly son, you are full of nonsense. No wonder the king wants to abolish you and set up a bear position! " Xiong Shangchen stupidly, pretending to apologize, stood up slowly, his nostrils facing the sky. "Those who don't know what is good and what is bad should ruin you ..." Gracilaria became more and more angry, cursing, and got on the bus swinging his sleeves.

Back in the palace, Jiang Qi was still very angry. He went to see King Chu Cheng and said harshly, "This minister of commerce is unreasonable, rude, arrogant and rude, and can't bear the great responsibility of the country. He should be abolished immediately! I think business ministers are cruel and unfriendly. If they drag on for a long time, something will happen. " ChuChengWang nodded and said, "Wang Mei is absolutely right. As the poem says, "an impolite person doesn't know what he can do." Abolishing the Minister of Commerce is the best reason. Tomorrow morning, I should tell all the ministers and put them into practice. "Mi turn anger into joy, got up and left. King Cheng of Chu told him, "Yunmengwei presented a wild bear, and I have ordered Yubao to cook it. My sister Wang Can came to Shen Shi Palace, and I have invited the prince to taste the bear's paw and discuss important matters. When Xiong Shangchen saw Jiang, he came to see Pan Chong for advice. Pan Chong asked, "Can the prince condescend to serve the North Bear? Shang Chen shook his head again and again: "I can't do it because I am young." . Pan Chong asked again, "If you can't bow to the first person, can you escape to other countries?" Shang Chen objected, "There is no reason why it is only a shame to take refuge in other countries. I can't do it. " Pan Chong spread out his hands and made a helpless gesture, saying, "There is no one else except these two things. Xiong Shangchen threw the robe, knelt down and begged. Pan Chong frowned and said slowly, "Well, there is a good plan. Is the prince to start ... "Speaking of which, Pan Chong stopped, sly eyes staring at Xiong Shangchen, heavy silence. Xiong Shangchen stood up and said decisively, "What can't be tolerated in this do or die?" Pan Chong approached Xiong Shangchen and whispered, "If you want to ascend to the throne, you must do great things. Do it tonight and you will win. " Xiong Shangchen understood, and the two obeyed, and there was a whisper.

In the winter of the twenty-sixth year of King Xiang of Zhou (626 BC), it was completely black the day before the bid. Xiong Shangchen surrounded the palace with a great army on the pretext that the palace had changed. With a sword in his hand, Pan Chong led dozens of warriors and rushed into the inner bedroom, taking Chu as the king. Knife, sword, spear, cold light shining, brave and combative. The ministers nearby were scared away. King Chu Cheng stood up in fear and said sharply, "The prince is a teacher and doesn't live in the East Palace. What are you doing here? I broke into the palace without authorization and should be executed! " Pan Chong stepped forward fearlessly, waving his sword, and said coldly, "I don't know who will die, so why should your majesty put on airs?" ! When the new king comes, the old master should abdicate. "Say, a wave of his hand, a full face of murderous warriors immediately surrounded ChuCheng king. King Chu looked around in dismay, but there was no one around. Suddenly discouraged, he said, "I am old and tired, and I am willing to leave the palace to give way to the prince." Pan Chong said, "When one monarch dies, one monarch stands." . Does a country have two masters? The king does not have to leave the palace! "The king of Chu looked at his son Xiong Shangchen with sad eyes. Seeing that Xiong Shangchen was indifferent, he moved Pan Chong again. He pleaded softly, "I like to eat game. I have ordered the bear's paw to be boiled, although I have no hatred for death. " Pan Chong gnashed her teeth and said, "Bear's paw is hard to cook. Does your majesty want to delay waiting for foreign aid? We can't wait for your majesty to come. King, please help yourself, don't ask for it! " After that, he tied Xiong Shangchen's waist and threw it at the feet of King Chu Cheng. King Chu Cheng picked up his belt and shouted to the sky, "Aggressive Bob! Aggressive Bob! Regret not listening to good advice and ask for trouble. Today, I died at the hands of a rebel. How can I see loyal ministers underground? " Say, tie a slipknot and put it around his neck. Pan Chong ordered the samurai to start work quickly, and the two warriors pulled up their straps. In a short time, King Chucheng breathed his last. Jiang Peng hurried into the palace for dinner. When he saw the upright body of King Chu Cheng, he immediately fell on the ground and cried, saying sadly, "Brother, brother, I hurt you!" " Said, grabbed the belt and hanged himself. Xiong Zhi, my younger brother, was not spared. The next day, Xiong Shangchen told the ministers that the king of Chu died suddenly and he became king on his own. This is the king of Chu in the history of going abroad. Interestingly, after the death of King Chu Cheng, he refused to close his eyes. It turned out that he was not satisfied with his posthumous title. At first, the king of Chu thought posthumous title was his father's "soul". This is an "evil evil": "chaos does not harm the spirit. Later generations saw that he died unsatisfied and had to change posthumous title to "Cheng". This is a "beautiful compliment": "An Min established the government and said it was successful"-King Chu Cheng closed his eyes with satisfaction.

King Chu Mu was in power for twelve years, and the domestic situation was basically stable. Especially in the ninth year of King Chu Mu (6 17 BC), the Chu doctors Dou Yishen (Zixi) and Gui Zhong (Zijia) who tried to murder themselves were suppressed, and their rule became more stable. At this time, new changes have taken place in the situation of various countries. In the fifth year of King Chu Mu (62 1 BC), Duke Xiang of Jin died, and Jin Qing attacked each other and killed each other for the new king. The following year, Duke Ling of Jin, the son of Duke Xiang of Jin, succeeded to the throne. Jin Linggong is young and promising, but his strength is not as good as before. The Qin Dynasty in Hexi gradually rose, and Qin Mugong also tried to set foot in the Central Plains.

In the forty-fourth year of King Chu Cheng (628 BC), Jin Wengong died and ordered General Meng and others to attack the State of Zheng. The following year, he destroyed the slippery country (now Yanshi, Henan) and returned. Jin and Jiang Rong stopped Qin Jun in Yaoshan (now between Lingluo and Lingbao in Henan), and Qin Jun was wiped out. The State of Qin owed the State of Jin, and from then on, the world became enemies and attacked each other. Chu and Qin were like-minded, and married. According to the historical book "Curse Chu Wen", "In the past, I was Mu Gong and Chu, and the two countries were one. Stumbling in marriage, [crushing/absolute] fasting alliance. " The friendly relationship between King Chu Cheng and Qin Mugong is helpful for Chu to continue to dominate. After Qi Huangong's death, Qi was not prosperous, and its expansion to Chu did not form an obstacle. It is in this favorable domestic and international situation that King Chu Mu continued to advance northward and eastward.

At the beginning of the second year of King Chu (624 BC), the State of Jin joined forces with Song, Lu, Chen, Wei and Zheng to attack Shen (now Shenqiu, Anhui), a vassal state of Chu, and Shen was defeated. In April of the lunar calendar, Qin Jun crossed the river and attacked the state of Jin to Yaoshan, where Qin Jun's bones were buried. In autumn, the Chu army sent troops to attack Jiang Guo (now Xixian County, Henan Province) and the State of Jin, that is, to send troops to attack Chu to save the river. The next year, the State of Qin attacked the State of Jin, and the King of Chu took the opportunity to destroy Jiang. Jiang Guo is not only an ally of the State of Jin, but also a namesake of the State of Qin. King Chu Mu took advantage of the battle of Qin Jin to destroy it quickly, which shows that he was witty and decisive.

In the fourth year of the King of Chu (622 BC), Qin Jun attacked the vassal state of Chu (Xiatan, now Xichuan, Henan), and the King of Chu ignored it. Soon, Yongjunnan built its capital, which was called Shang Yong (now Yicheng, Hubei). In the autumn of the same year, the king of Chu sent Daxin (the son of Zi Jia) and Zi Jia (the son of Zi Jia) to lead the army to destroy the six Yanshi countries (now Lu 'an, Anhui). In winter, Xiong Xie, the son of Chu, led an army to destroy the country (now Gushi, Henan).

In the fifth year of King Chu Mu (62 BC1), Qin Mugong and Duke Xiang of Jin died one after another, and the State of Jin competed for a new monarch. There are frequent wars between Qin and Jin. In the second year, Zhao Dun, a doctor of the State of Jin, joined forces with the kings of Qi, Song, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Xu and Cao in Zhengdi (now Yuanyang, Henan) and began to be led by the doctor. This situation is extremely beneficial to Chu's northward advancement, and people of insight in Chu are keenly aware of this. According to the historical book Zuo Wenzhu's Nine Years of Angong, Dan Fan, a doctor of Chu, said to Mu Wang in time: "The Jin army is few, not a vassal, but the north can make plans."

In the spring of the eighth year of King Mu of Chu (6 18 BC), the King of Chu heard this opinion, that is, he sent troops to the north, stationed in the wolf's den of Zheng (now Xuchang, Henan), attacked Zheng, and imprisoned Zheng Gongzi Jian, Gong Gongzi Zilong and Le Er. Zheng was forced to make peace with Chu. When the state of Jin came to save him, the Chu army had already returned. In the summer, in order to punish Chen for his attachment to the State of Jin, Chu attacked Chen again and occupied Chen's Tiger Hill (now Xincai, Henan). In autumn, Xiong Xun, the son of Chu, conquered Chen from the East and was defeated. Son of Chu Xiong Raft, captured. Chen Guo defeated the big one with a small one, but he was afraid and asked for peace. In winter, King Chu Mu sent Moonracer to visit Lu as a gesture of friendship.

In the summer of the ninth year of King Chu Mu (6 17 BC), King Chu Mu killed Dou E Xi and Gui Zhong, thus eliminating his internal worries. This winter, Wang Chen, Zheng, Cai and other monarchs were stationed in Xunxun (now Xiangcheng, Henan Province) and planned to attack the Song State. Song Zhaogong was forced to surrender and personally led King Chu Mu to Zhu Meng (now Shangqiu, Henan) for hunting. Song, Zheng, Chen and other countries in the Central Plains turned to the state of Chu and formed an alliance at the meeting of the dead. The monarch of Yue (now northwest Hubei) originally attacked Song from Chu and fled halfway. The following year, the king of Chu made a whim and led his troops to attack the country. He was defeated in Zhu Fang (now Fangxian County, Hubei Province) and arrived at Xiduxi Cave (now Baihe, Shaanxi Province). "The Meeting of Jue" and "Zhu" are the manifestations of the hegemony revival of Chu after the failure of the "Chengpu War", which shows that Chu led by King Chu Mu is still the overlord of the Central Plains situation.

In the eleventh year of King Mu of Chu (6 15 BC), the surname of Yan (Shu Jiu, Shu Bi, Shu Yong,) and so on. ) betrayed Chu, Chu let Yin Chengjia (Kong Zi) lead the army to suppress, captured the Shu army, and then attacked the nest country, and Chu's power further developed to Jianghuai area.

In the twelfth year of King Chu Mu (6 14 BC), King Chu Mu died. Xiong Shangchen was king of Chu for twelve years. Although he did not make great achievements, he continued to maintain the prestige and status of the overlord of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. And his son, Milu (Bear Deer), is even more famous, that is, the famous "blockbuster" Chu Zhuangwang.

The Chen family came from Xiong Shangchen, the king of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. Among his descendants, there are those who take the ancestral surname as their surname, which is called Shang. Later, it was simplified to a single surname of Shang and Chen. The pronunciation of the Chen family is), which has been handed down from generation to generation.

Most people in the Chen family respect Xiong Shangchen as the ancestor of his surname. Avoid the disaster of war. After Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Chen Youliang, Chen's descendants changed from Chen to a minister in order to avoid disaster.