General situation of Shandong

Shandong province is one of the coastal provinces and cities in China 10, which is located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, roughly between 34 22' 52 "north latitude and 3815' 02" (the island reaches 38 23' n), and between114 "east longitude. Located in the mid-latitude zone of the northern hemisphere, the span latitude is 3 52 ′10 ″ and the longitude is 8 23 ′ 07 ″. The widest distance between north and south is about 420 kilometers, and the longest distance between east and west is about 700 kilometers, which makes the difference between east and west of Shandong's physical geography far more obvious than that between north and south.

Shandong is bordered by the ocean in the east and the mainland in the west. The horizontal terrain is divided into peninsula and continent. Shandong Peninsula in the east stands out between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, and faces Liaodong Peninsula across the Bohai Strait. Miaodao islands stands in the Bohai Strait, which is the dividing line between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and has become an important coastal defense gateway to defend the capital Beijing. The western mainland borders Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu in turn from north to south.

Shandong is located in the north-south traffic artery in the east of China, with convenient land and water transportation. There are 25 trunk lines in China, including Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Kowloon, Ji Jiao, Yanshi, Jihe, Yiyang, Lan Yan, Donglai, Taihu, Dong Zhang, Wang Bo, Xintai and Xuezao, and the local railway Yiyang line is among the best. Roads extend in all directions, Qing Ji expressway has been completed and opened to traffic, and Jide expressway is under construction. The county town is connected to the county road, and 99% of the towns and 70% of the villages are connected by cars. The number and mileage of high-grade and sub-high-grade pavement roads in the province are among the best in the country. The Yellow River, Xiaoqing River and Jining-Taierzhuang Canal in the province are navigable barges. Qingdao, Yantai and Shijiusuo are deep-water ports in the province. In addition, there are a number of small and medium-sized ports such as Weihai, Longkou, Penglai, Shidao, Zhangjiabao, Guo Fu, Dongfeng, Xia Ying, Yangkou, Haimiao, Long Island, Lidao, Rushan, Fengcheng, Xuejiadao, Huangdao and Lanshan. Ocean routes can reach more than a dozen countries and regions such as Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai and other cities have opened international and domestic flights, and the whole province has formed a transportation network composed of railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation and other modes of transportation.

Shandong is a hilly area in the south-central part of Shandong, where the central part of the terrain is prominent. Most of the eastern part of the peninsula is hilly, with gentle ups and downs, gentle valley width and slope, belonging to the hilly area of eastern Shandong; The west and north are the plains alluvial by the Yellow River, which are part of the North China Plain and belong to the Northwest Shandong Plain. The hilly area in central and southern Shandong lies to the west of Yishu fault zone, to the south of Yellow River and Xiaoqing River, and to the east of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is the highest terrain and the widest mountainous area in the province (accounting for 77% of the middle and low mountainous areas in the province). The four mountains of Thailand, Shandong, Yi and Mongolia, whose main peak is above 1000 meters, constitute the backbone of the whole region. Because the mountains lean to the north, the northern slope is steep and the southern slope is gentle. Outside the middle and low mountains, the terrain is gradually reduced to hills with an altitude of 500-600 meters. There is a flat "Fangshan" terrain on the top of the mountain, which is called "Zi" locally and has the name of 72 feet. The mountainside is the piedmont plain with an altitude of 40-70 meters, and the surface is inclined, and finally disappears in the magnanimous North China Plain. The hilly area in eastern Shandong is located in the east of Shuhe and Weihe river basins, surrounded by the sea on three sides. Except for a few peaks such as Laoshan Mountain, Kunyu Mountain and Ai Shan, which are above 700 meters above sea level, most of the other rolling hills are at 200-300 meters above sea level, with gentle surface fluctuation, gentle valley width, deep soil layer, surrounded by the sea on three sides and warm and humid climate, which is beneficial to the development of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. The whole area is relatively high in the northeast and southwest, with an altitude of 500 to 900 meters, and the lowest in the middle, with an altitude of about 100 meters. It is a fault plain belt; The plain area in northwest Shandong is located in the west of the river-lake belt, north of the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River, and distributed on the northwest sides of the hilly areas in central and southern Shandong. The terrain is low and flat, about 70 meters above sea level. East of Lijin Ninghai is the modern Yellow River Delta, which extends about 2-3 kilometers to the sea every year. In addition to the Yellow River Delta and Laizhou Bay, the coastal landforms in Shandong are mainly coastal areas with fault uplift and marine accumulation, and the rocky coast from Chengshanjiao to Lanshantou is mainly tortuous. From Chengshanjiao to Penglai Jiao, the rocky coast and sandy coast are distributed alternately, mainly sandy coast, and the coastal plain is 3 to 5 kilometers wide, with marine landforms such as Lulian Island, Liandao sandbar and sand mouth. From Penglai Cape to Dahekou, the coastal rivers and seas are piled up, the beaches are vast, and the intertidal zone is 5- 10 km wide.

Shandong province has a mild climate, concentrated rainfall and four distinct seasons, belonging to a warm temperate monsoon climate. The south wind prevails in summer, which is hot and rainy, and the north wind blows in winter, which is cold and dry; The weather is changeable in spring, with less rain and more dust in the morning; It's sunny and cool in autumn, and the temperature is moderate. The climate difference in the whole province is greater from east to west than from north to south.

The annual average temperature in Shandong Province 1 1℃- 14℃ decreases from south to north and from west to east. The average temperature in southwest Shandong is above 13℃, Jinan and Zaozhuang are above 14℃, and Jiaodong Peninsula and Yellow River Delta are the lowest, mostly below 12℃, or even 1 1℃. 1 month, the average temperature is-1 ~-4℃, and the average temperature in July is 24 ~ 27℃. Winter is the longest in Shandong, generally 140 ~ 165 days, followed by summer, about 72 ~ 108 days, and spring and autumn are shorter, about 50 ~ 70 days. The frost-free period in Shandong is generally 180 ~ 220 days. The annual average precipitation is 550 ~ 950 mm, decreasing from southeast to northwest. The southern part of the peninsula, the southeast coast of Shandong and southern Shandong are the most, reaching 800 ~ 900 mm; Northwest Shandong and the Yellow River Delta are the least, only about 550 mm.