What is the geographical environment of Poland?

Poland is located in the middle of the European continent and the northeast of Central Europe. The southernmost point is 49 00 ′ north latitude, the northernmost point is 54 50 ′ north latitude, the easternmost point is 24 09 ′ east longitude, and the westernmost point is14 08 ′ east longitude. It borders Kaliningrad, an enclave of Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia in the east and northeast, Czechoslovakia in the south, Germany in the west, the Baltic Sea in the north and Sweden and Denmark in the distance. It is 649 kilometers long from north to south and 689 kilometers apart from east to west. The total length of the border line is 3538 kilometers, of which the coastline is 528 kilometers long.

Poland has a flat terrain, and most of its territory lies in the low Bode Plain, with slight fluctuation, with an average elevation of173m. The plains below 200 meters above sea level account for about 72% of the country's area. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, and the middle part is concave. There are many moraine lakes in the north, low hills in the south, Sutede Mountain and beskid mountains near the Czech border. The northeast lake area is densely forested and sparsely populated.

The main mountain ranges in Poland are Carpathian and Sudetenland. Among them, the Carpathian Mountains form Poland's borders with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine.

Apart from Gdansk, Poland lacks natural ports along the Baltic Sea. Located in the northwest, Szczecin is an important port in Poland.

The larger rivers are the Vistula River (length 1047 km) and the Oder River (length 742 km in Poland), among which the Vistula River is called the mother river of Poland. 99.7 1% of the country belongs to the Baltic basin, of which the Vistula River basin accounts for half and the Oder River basin accounts for one third. Part of the middle and lower reaches of the Oder River is the dividing line between Germany and Poland.

The largest lake in Poland is Hinyardevi Lake, with an area of 109.7 square kilometers.

Determined by geographical location and topographical features, Poland's climate is between the continental climate in Eastern Europe and the maritime climate in Western Europe, and the whole territory basically belongs to the temperate broad-leaved forest climate which is in transition from the maritime climate to the continental climate. Under normal circumstances, Poland has a mild climate all year round, with no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. Except in mountainous areas, the annual average temperature is 6~6.8℃. 65438+ 10, the national average temperature in the coldest month is -5 ~- 1℃, and the national average temperature in the hottest month is 17 ~ 19℃. In summer, the national average temperature is about 15℃, and the temperature in southern Silesia, the hottest area, is about 19℃. In winter, the national average temperature is-1℃~ 4.5℃, and Prushkuf in Silesia, the coldest region, once reached -40.2℃. The freezing period varies from region to region, with 65 days in Northeast China and more than 130 days in mountainous areas. The cold period is 90~ 130 days in plain area and more than 200 days in mountainous area. Regionally, the western and northern parts of Poland are mainly maritime, with mild and humid winters and cool and rainy summers. Most parts of eastern and southern Poland have a continental climate, with cold winters and hot and dry summers.

In Poland, the first green color in spring, that is, the first batch of buds and leaves, usually appears in early April. May to September is the best season in Poland, warm and sunny. September is called the beginning of "Golden Autumn in Poland". By June 65438+ 10 and June 165438+ 10, the leaves turned yellow, gold and red, and then fell one after another. In Poland, it is cloudy for an average of 300 days in a year. Therefore, according to weather conditions (such as temperature), Poland has six seasons, that is, in addition to the four typical European seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, there are also two seasons of "early spring" and "early winter".

The annual precipitation varies from region to region. The national average annual precipitation is 600 mm; The southern hilly areas and mountainous areas have the most precipitation, which is 1200 ~ 1500mm. The precipitation in the central plain is the least, about 450 ~ 550 mm; The season with the most precipitation in a year is summer (May to September), accounting for about 40% of the annual precipitation, mainly distributed in the southern mountainous areas. The season with the least precipitation is the turn of spring and summer, mainly in the central region. 1In July, 1997, the worst flood in a century occurred in southern Poland. The land in Poland15, including the industrial town of Wroclaw, was hit by floods, and the flood losses amounted to billions of dollars. This year, Joan Hinton was the worst winter in Poland for many years, and even caused more than 65,438,000 deaths. In addition, according to the figures provided by the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Conservancy, the temperature in Poland was extremely hot in June 2000, and the temperature in Kovo was as high as 36.9℃ on June 22. This is also the highest temperature in Poland in June since 195 1, which is a severe drought. There is little rain in most parts of the country, and the rainfall is only 30%~80% of the normal rainfall in June, but there are heavy rains in coastal areas.