Formation factors of climate

The main factors affecting the climate are:

1. Latitude. Usually the equatorial region has the most precipitation, and the precipitation near the poles is the least. Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast.

2. Land and sea location. In temperate regions, there is more precipitation in coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.

3. Topographic factors. Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. Ocean current factor. Warm current plays a role in warming and humidifying the climate in coastal areas. For example, the formation of maritime climate in western Europe directly benefits from the warm and humid North Atlantic ocean current. The cold current plays a role in cooling and dehumidifying the climate in coastal areas. For example, the cold current on the west coast of the mainland (southern hemisphere) played a certain role in the formation of desert environment on the west coast of Australia and the Pacific coast of Peru.

The coldest place in winter and the hottest place in summer in China.

The coldest place in China in winter (generally 65438+ 10) is Beiji Township, Mohe Town, Heilongjiang Province, with an average temperature of -30.6 degrees in 65438+ 10. The extreme minimum temperature is-52.3 degrees. This is the lowest temperature on record in China. The hottest place in China in summer (usually in July) is Turpan in Xinjiang. The average temperature in July is 33 degrees, so it is called "Huozhou". The extreme maximum temperature there reached 49.7 degrees. The average temperatures in Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing, known as the "three furnaces", were 28.6 degrees, 29 degrees and 28.2 degrees respectively in July. Compared with Turpan in Huozhou, I still have to admit defeat.

China has the most and least annual precipitation.

The place with the largest annual precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in the east of Taiwan Province Province, with an average annual precipitation of 6,557.8 mm and an annual maximum of 8,409 mm, which is located on the windward slope of the mountains in Taiwan Province Province, and is influenced by summer monsoon and typhoon at the same time, with abundant precipitation. The place with the least annual precipitation in China is Tuokexun at the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with an average annual precipitation of 5.9 mm and at least 0.5 mm. Tuokexun lives in the depths of the mainland, and the water vapor from the ocean is blocked by heavy mountains, so it is difficult to penetrate, so the precipitation is scarce. Including atmospheric circulation and weather system, the factors affecting climate are temperature, rainfall, air pressure and wind.

Solar radiation factor, underlying surface factor, atmospheric circulation factor and human activity factor.

Solar radiation factor is the basic power source of climate. These factors include latitude, the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation and so on.

Underlying surface factors play a very important role in climate formation. These factors include: ocean currents, ground vegetation, and the absorption and reflection of solar radiation by the underlying surface.

The atmospheric circulation factor itself is an integral part of climate, which has a direct impact on the formation of climate in a certain place. The main factors are: the average state of air mass, the average state of air flow and so on. 1. Due to the influence of equatorial low/subtropical high/subtropical low/polar high,

Effects of dry polar easterly winds/trade winds in the second and third circulations on the atmosphere.

Seasonal variation of circulation in the third circle and the third circle

Fourth, the underlying surface condition.

5. Daily average temperature of human activities: add up the temperatures measured several times a day and divide by the number of measurements.

Monthly average temperature, the average daily temperature of the whole month and every day is added and divided by the number of days.

Annual average temperature, sum the annual monthly average temperature and divide it by the number of months.

Daily temperature difference, the highest temperature minus the lowest temperature in a day.

Monthly temperature difference, the highest daily average temperature minus the lowest daily average temperature.

Annual temperature difference, the highest monthly average temperature minus the lowest monthly average temperature in a year. Tropical Rainforest Climate Tropical rainforest climate (also known as equatorial rainforest climate) is characterized by high temperature and rainy weather all year round. Located on both sides of the equator on all continents, it extends about 5 ~ 10 from south to north, and is distributed in the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea and the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia. These areas are located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the airflow is mainly upward, so there are many opportunities for water vapor to condense into rain. It rains all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, the minimum monthly precipitation is more than 60 mm, and there are many thunderstorms. The average temperature in each month is 25 ~ 28℃, and the summer is long all year round, with no seasonal change. The annual temperature is generally below 3℃, and the average daily temperature can reach 6 ~ 12℃. Several special distributions: eastern Madagascar, northeastern Australia, southeastern Brazil and northeastern Caribbean island countries. In this high temperature and rainy climate all the year round, plants can grow all year round, with diverse tree species and dense vegetation.

Tropical Grassland Climate Tropical dry and wet season climate (also known as tropical grassland climate) is characterized by high temperature all year round, and precipitation is divided into dry season and rainy season. This climate is mainly distributed on both sides of the equatorial rainy climate belt (that is, on both sides of the tropical rain forest belt), that is, Central America, South America and Africa, about 5 ~ 15 north latitude (some extend to 25). Its main characteristics are as follows: First, due to the north-south movement and the alternating influence of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area, the dry and wet seasons in a year are distinct. When controlled by the equatorial low-pressure belt, the equatorial ocean air mass prevails, with convergent updraft, forming a wet season, wet and rainy, with dense tall grass and shrubs growing everywhere and sparse trees, that is, savanna landscape. When affected by the trade winds, air masses prevail in the tropical continent, resulting in dry season, dry soil, withered grass and deciduous trees. Compared with the equatorial rainy climate, there are at least 1 ~ 2 months of dry season in a year. Secondly, the annual temperature is high, with the characteristics of low latitude and high temperature. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃. The hottest month appears after the dry season and before the rainy season, so the climate in this area is generally divided into three seasons: dry, hot and rainy. The annual temperature is slightly higher than that in the equatorial rainy climate zone.

Tropical desert climate Tropical arid and semi-arid climate (also known as tropical desert climate) is characterized by hot and dry all year round. It is distributed outside the tropical dry and wet season climate zone, roughly between north latitude 15 ~ 30, and is most widely distributed in northern Africa, southwestern Asia (Arabian Peninsula) and central and western Australia. The tropical arid climate zone is controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, and the tropical continental air mass prevails, and the airflow sinks, and the hot and dry weather becomes the main feature of this climate. The temperature is high, and it is known as the "hot pole" in the world. There is little precipitation, the annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, and it changes greatly, even it doesn't rain for many years. Strong sunshine and strong evaporation make the climate drier. Tropical semi-arid climate, distributed in the outer edge of tropical arid climate zone, is characterized by: first, the rainy season is short, and the annual precipitation can be increased to 500mm；; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side.

Tropical monsoon climate Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature all year round, and precipitation is divided into dry season and rainy season. Mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna, China, southern Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island, as well as Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands; In addition, it is also distributed in the northern coastal zone of the Australian mainland. The annual average temperature is above 20℃, and the highest in Leng Yue is generally above 18℃. The annual precipitation is large, concentrated in summer, which is due to more convective rainfall under the control of equatorial ocean air mass in summer and a large amount of precipitation brought by tropical cyclone transit, resulting in more rain in summer than in tropical dry and wet seasons; In some windward coasts, due to the influence of topography, the summer precipitation even exceeds that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. The annual precipitation is generally1500 ~ 2000mm. The tropical monsoon is developed in this area, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious, that is, the northeast wind blows in the northern hemisphere in winter, forming a dry season; In summer, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean blows (northwest wind blows in the southern hemisphere), which is rich in water vapor and concentrated in precipitation, forming a warm season.

Subtropical monsoon climate

The subtropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy summer and mild and humid winter (that is, little rain). Appearing on the east coast of subtropical continent at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, it is a zone where tropical marine air mass and polar continental air mass alternately control and compete with each other. It is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, north of tropical monsoon climate type, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's warm in winter here, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, and the temperature changes obviously in seasons with four distinct seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 1000 ~ 1500mm, but there is no obvious dry season. Compared with the temperate monsoon climate, the seasonal changes are basically similar, except that the winter temperature is higher and the annual precipitation is more.

(Subtropical) Mediterranean climate

Subtropical dry summer climate (also called Mediterranean climate) is characterized by hot and dry summer and mild and rainy winter. Located on the west coast of the continent with subtropical latitude, about 30 ~ 40 latitude, including the Mediterranean coast, the California coast, the central coast of Chile, the southwestern tip of South Africa (Cape of Good Hope) and the southwestern tip of Australia. It is a transitional zone between tropical semi-arid climate and temperate maritime climate. These areas are significantly affected by the seasonal displacement of the pressure zone, and the subtropical high controls the airflow in summer, so the temperature is very hot in summer except for the cold current along the western coast of the mainland, and the downward flow is not conducive to clouds and rain, so the climate is dry; Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid. The annual rainfall is moderate, ranging from 300 ~1000 mm.

Subtropical desert climate

Subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate. It is mainly distributed in the subtropical continent, including the Iranian Plateau and Anatoly Plateau in West Asia, the inland plateau in the western United States and Granchako in South America. The formation of arid climate is due to being far away from the sea or being blocked by mountains, and it is difficult for humid airflow to reach. At the same time, it is located in the subtropical zone, with high temperature in summer and mild winter. Semi-arid climate belongs to the type of transition from arid climate to other climate. The vegetation here belongs to desert grassland, usually xerophytes and gramineous plants, and the soil belongs to semi-desert light brown soil.

Subtropical grassland climate

The characteristics are basically the same as those of the savanna, but they are distributed in the subtropical zone. Temperate maritime climate Temperate maritime climate is characterized by: warm in winter and cool in summer, rainy and humid all year round. Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. The annual precipitation is less in spring and summer and more in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is generally above 1000mm, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach above 2000 ~ 3000 mm. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coast of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania.

Temperate continental climate

The temperate continental climate is characterized by hot Leng Xia in winter, with scarce precipitation and concentrated in summer. It is distributed in the eastern part of North America (east of west longitude 100) and the eastern part of Eurasia temperate maritime climate zone between 35 and 55 north latitude. This climate is somewhat similar to the temperate monsoon climate in terms of temperature and precipitation, but the seasonal changes of wind direction and wind force are not as obvious as the temperate monsoon climate. Affected by cyclone activity in winter, there is a little more precipitation; There is convective rain in summer, but the concentration of summer rain is not as significant as that of temperate monsoon climate. The weather changes irregularly.

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by four distinct seasons, warm and rainy summer and cold and dry winter. It appears on the east coast of Eurasia around 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including northeast and north China, most of the Korean Peninsula, northern Japan and parts of the Russian Far East. In winter, affected by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail, which are cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind and southeast wind prevail, with warm, hot and rainy seasons. The annual precipitation is about 1000 mm, of which about two thirds is concentrated in summer (June-August). There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

Temperate broad-leaved forest climate

Mainly distributed in western Europe, East Asia and North America. The climate has four distinct seasons, with hot and rainy summers and cold and dry winters. The average temperature in the hottest month is 13-23℃, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is about -6℃. The annual precipitation is 500- 1000 mm. Also known as temperate forest climate.

Temperate grassland climate

Temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. Also known as temperate desert and temperate grassland climate, it is mainly distributed in the hinterland of Asia and North America, Patagonia Plateau and pampas grassland in South America. This climate zone in Asia and North America is far away from the sea, deep inland, surrounded by mountains and plateaus, and it is difficult for humid ocean air to reach. Temperate continental air masses prevail all the year round, forming a temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate with hot summer and little rain in winter. Generally speaking, the average annual precipitation in arid climate is below 250mm, and the average annual precipitation in semi-arid climate is between 250 and 500 mm. This climate zone in South America is located on the east coast of the continental westerly belt, which is a rain shadow zone, and there are tall Andes mountains on the west coast. The west wind sinks after crossing the mountain, which is warm, dry and rainy, and there is a cold current along the coast, so the air is stable and precipitation is scarce.

Temperate desert climate is also called temperate continental arid climate.

(1) The climate of desert area in the hinterland of temperate continent. Extremely dry, the rainfall is scarce, the average annual rainfall is 200~300mm, and some places even have no rain for many years. It is hot in summer, and the maximum temperature during the day can reach above 50℃; Winter is cold, the average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃, and the annual and daily temperature ranges greatly. Less clouds, relatively long sunshine and strong solar radiation. The natural landscape is mostly desert, and there are only a few desert plants in natural plants. The Tarim Basin in Central Asia and China has a desert climate.

(2) The temperate semi-arid climate is on the periphery of the arid climate, and the summer temperature is lower than that of the temperate arid climate, and the rainfall is also higher than that of the temperate arid climate. Subfrigid zone continental climate Subfrigid zone continental climate (also known as subfrigid zone coniferous forest climate). This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, which is distributed in a strip shape and crosses North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, from Alaska to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland via Canada; In Eurasia, it starts from Scandinavia in the west (except the south), passes through Finland and the west of the Soviet Union (the south boundary is on the line of Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlovsk), and reaches the east of the Soviet Union (except the south). The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass. In winter, there are many opportunities for the Arctic air mass to invade. In warm seasons, tropical continental air masses can sometimes penetrate. The main features of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is very high.

Polar tundra climate Polar long cold climate (tundra climate). It is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the south is connected with the continental climate of the sub-cold zone by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm), part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in south shetland islands, South orkney and Antarctic Peninsula. Its characteristics are: it is winter all year round, the average monthly temperature in a year is between 0 ~1~ April, and the winter is cold and long; The annual precipitation is about 200 ~ 300 mm, mainly snowfall; There is a layer of permafrost on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other low-level plants.

The climate of the polar ice sheet. It is distributed in the polar region and its adjacent areas, including Greenland and the ice sheet plateau within the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. The whole winter is in a constant night state, and the second half of the year is a constant day. However, due to the oblique sunlight, the heat obtained is weak, so the climate is extremely cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow. Alpine plateau climate is mainly distributed in Himalaya, Pamir and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Asia, Cordillera Mountains in North and South America, Alps in Europe and Kilimanjaro in Africa. Because the climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation change vertically with the altitude of the terrain, a vertical climate zone structure is formed. Different mountains or plateaus have different climatic zone structures, that is, the same mountain or plateau often has different vertical climatic zone structures due to the differences in internal slope direction, height and position.

Under the influence of latitude, land and sea distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean current and other factors, the world climate can be roughly divided into the following types: climate type distribution, regional climate characteristics, tropical rain forest climate, tropical high temperature and rainy year round, tropical desert climate, tropical dry hot tropical sparse grassland climate, tropical perennial high temperature, tropical monsoon climate and tropical perennial high temperature. Divided into three seasons: cool, hot and rainy; Subtropical monsoon climate; Subtropical monsoon humid climate; Subtropical high temperature and rainy summer; Low temperature and little rain in winter; Mediterranean climate; Subtropical hot and dry summer; Temperate maritime climate; Temperate zone is warm in winter and cool in summer; The annual temperature difference is small; The seasonal distribution of annual precipitation is uniform; Temperate continental climate; Temperate precipitation; Sparse and concentrated in summer; The annual temperature difference and daily temperature difference are large; It is cold in winter. Summer is hot temperate monsoon climate temperate summer is hot and rainy, winter is cold and dry mountain climate alpine plateau changes vertically from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain. The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature. The polar tundra is cold in winter, and the polar ice sheet is cold all year round.