What is the climate like in Africa and Europe?

(a) polar ice climate zone

The ice sheet climate exists only on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. It is controlled by the ice air mass all the year round, and the temperature is very low. In the hottest month, the average temperature is about 0℃, and the annual precipitation is about 200 mm. In the west of Spitsbergen Islands, influenced by the North Atlantic warm current, the climate is slightly mild, and the average temperature in the hottest month can reach about +5℃, and the precipitation can reach 300 mm.

(2) Polar tundra climate zone (polar long cold climate zone)

This area includes Iceland and the northern edge of continental Europe. The temperature here is low all the year round, and the landscape belongs to tundra zone and Forest tundra zone. In winter, the temperature in the west is higher than in the east. The average temperature in Leng Yue in Iceland's coastal area is around 0℃, in Murmansk's coastal area it is around -0.5℃ in June 5438+1October, and in Kanin-Bojola in the east it drops to around -20℃. In summer, the temperature is generally around 10℃, the growth period is very short, only 2-2.5 months, and even there is often frost in summer, so the climatic conditions are very unfavorable to agriculture. There is almost no farming operation here, and animal husbandry (mainly deer industry) is the main agricultural department here.

(3) sub-rigid coniferous forest climate zone (sub-rigid continental climate zone)

This area includes most of Fenos Candea and the northern part of Eastern Europe Plain. The latitude here is high, the winter is long, but it is rarely cold, and the summer is short and cool. The western coast of Scandinavia is controlled by polar ocean air mass all the year round, and the climate is maritime. In winter, the temperature is around 0℃ and there is abundant precipitation. From the east of Scandinavian Mountains to the Urals Mountains, the role of polar continental air mass and ice air mass is enhanced, the climate changes to continental, the winter is cold, and the temperature drops from west to east. In 65438+ 10, the average temperature in Gaffler is -4.4℃, in Petrozavodsk it is -9.9℃, and in Perm it is-15.4℃. Whenever an ice air mass invades, severe cold of -30℃ and -40℃ often occurs. It is usually cool in summer. The average temperature in July is 10- 12℃ in the north and 16- 18℃ in the south. The growth period is not long, usually 3-4 months. The growth temperature (above 10℃) suitable for rye, flax and vegetables in Eastern Europe lasts only 90 days at most, so the agriculture here is also underdeveloped.

(4) temperate maritime climate zone

This region includes the British Isles, France and western Central Europe, as well as the southern Scandinavia and the coastal areas of the Bay of Biscay in Iberia. The atmospheric pressure here is high in the south and low in the north all the year round, with a westerly wind, which is deeply influenced by the Atlantic air mass. Mild winter, cool summer, low annual temperature, more rain and less sunshine are the climate characteristics of this area.

The average temperature in June 65438+ 10 in this area is above 0℃. Rivers generally don't freeze. There is not much snowfall, generally it doesn't snow in the west, and the snow period in the east rarely lasts more than a week. However, when the Mongolian high pressure is very strong and the eastern polar continental air mass invades, it often leads to disastrous low temperature weather. Generally, the temperature is not high in summer The average temperature in July in the British Isles is 12- 17℃, and in the mainland it is 15-22℃. The temperature is lower in the north and higher in the south.

(V) Temperate continental climate zone This region includes two climate types: temperate continental humid climate and temperate continental semi-arid and arid climate. Generally speaking, Eastern Europe and Central Europe belong to the former, while Southern Europe and Eastern Europe belong to the latter. The climate in eastern Central Europe has the nature of transition from maritime to continental. The influence of polar ocean air mass is dominant here all year round, with mild winter and low temperature in summer. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is generally 0-4℃, which can reach -5℃ in a few areas, and the average temperature in July is generally around 18℃, which can exceed 20℃ in a few areas. However, ice air masses and polar continental air masses often invade, so the weather is very unstable. Precipitation is greatly influenced by topography, which is generally 500-600 mm in plain areas and more in summer. The climate in eastern Europe is divided into two regions: the north and the south. The mixed forest belt in the middle is in the north, which belongs to the humid continental climate. It is greatly influenced by the polar ocean air mass. There is no severe cold in winter and the temperature will not be too high in summer. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is between -5℃ and 14℃ in most areas, and the average temperature in July is less than 20℃. The annual precipitation is generally 500-600 mm, which is more in some areas. The southern region is located in the Eurasian high-pressure axis (called "Voyekov high-pressure axis" by the Soviets) and the area south of the high-pressure axis, and the related westerly airflow and cyclone activities are obviously weakened, and the anticyclonic weather is increasing. The annual precipitation is generally 300-500mm, the southeast is below 200mm, and the summer temperature is between 20-25℃. The water balance of the whole southern district is negative, belonging to temperate continental semi-arid and arid climate. In the natural landscape, most areas are grasslands, and the southeast is semi-desert or desert. Southern district is rich in heat resources and fertile land, and it is the main agricultural area. However, due to insufficient precipitation and great changes, droughts often occur.

(6) Mediterranean climate zone

This region includes most of Iberian Peninsula, French Mediterranean coast, Apennine Peninsula, most of Balkan Peninsula and various islands scattered in the Mediterranean. Mild and rainy winter and hot and dry summer are the main characteristics of the climate in this area.

Mediterranean climate is a unique climate type on the west coast of subtropical continent, and its formation is related to the change of air pressure situation in winter and summer and the movement of wind belt. The latitude of the Mediterranean region is just the transition zone of atmospheric circulation; The westerlies are in the north and the trade winds are in the south. In summer, the subtropical high moves northward. Under the control of azores high, the weather in the Mediterranean is sunny and dry. The average temperature in July reaches 24-28℃, and the highest temperature can reach 40℃. In winter, the subtropical high moved south, and azores high retreated to the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean region is affected by the west wind, with frequent cyclone activities, more precipitation and mild climate, with an average temperature of 1 month.