What are the main raw materials for cultivating mushrooms?

I. Cultivation Techniques In the past, the cultivation of Lentinus edodes in China was mainly confined to southern provinces. In recent years, due to the development of science and technology and market demand, the cultivation of mushrooms in the south has been promoted. Mushrooms cultivated in northern China are mainly made of local cottonseed hulls and sawdust. From inoculation to fruiting for 60-70 days, most mushrooms are exported with high quality. The practice shows that there are four advantages in developing bag-cultured Lentinus edodes in the north: (1) abundant resources and lower cost than in the south; Second, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the ecological conditions are suitable for the growth and development of mushrooms; The proportion of producing high-quality mushrooms is large; Third, there is a surplus of labor and low wages; Fourth, the vast consumer market and convenient transportation are conducive to product sales. There are also some problems in the cultivation of Lentinus edodes in the north, such as low spring seed temperature, slow growth in the early stage and high temperature in the later stage, which is not conducive to mushroom production. The suitable temperature period for autumn cultivation is short, the mycelium matures late, and it is not easy to change color and produce mushrooms in time. In order to solve these problems, we must master the following knowledge: (1) Timely sowing According to the temperature requirements of different growth stages of Lentinus edodes and the climate characteristics in the north, the inoculation period is determined, with the aim of controlling the three stages of growth, discoloration and fruiting of Lentinus edodes in more suitable environmental conditions, so as to ensure high yield and high quality of Lentinus edodes and obtain higher market benefits. The mountainous areas north of the Great Wall, such as Chengde and Zhangjiakou, are characterized by severe cold in autumn and winter and cool in summer, so they can be planted mainly in spring. Choose a medium-high temperature variety and inoculate it in February-March. At low temperature, mushroom hyphae flourish and the contamination rate of miscellaneous bacteria is very low. In June, the mycelium matured and changed color in time to produce mushrooms. July-September is the off-season of mushroom production in the south, but fresh mushrooms are supplied to domestic and foreign markets in the north, which makes a lot of profits. In North China Plain, mushrooms are mainly cultivated in autumn. Choose low-temperature varieties, inoculate in August, and the mushrooms grow at natural temperature. In June+10, 5438, mushrooms grew in autumn. Preserve bacteria in winter and continue to produce mushrooms in spring, with long fruiting period and high yield. (2) Selecting varieties for spring sowing in the north, it is advisable to select strains with medium temperature and high temperature, such as Cr04, L26, You Min No.3 and Cr66. In autumn, low-temperature Lentinus edodes strains should be selected, such as You Min No.5, Cr62 with medium-temperature L26 and You Min 1. It is worth mentioning that the old variety Cr02 has the characteristics of no discoloration, no fruit, early fruit, fast tide, high yield and low temperature tolerance. Its disadvantage is that there are many mushrooms, but the mushroom shape is small and the mushroom cover is thin, which is suitable for fresh food and canning in the market. Cr04, Cr62 and L26 mushrooms are big and round, with many single mushrooms, good color, thick meat and high quality, which are suitable for fresh-keeping export or dried mushrooms. In order to make effective use of natural temperature, early-maturing or middle-maturing varieties, such as late-maturing varieties, should be selected. Mushroom farmers are prone to impatience and loose management, which often leads to cultivation failure. (3) Mushroom shed structure In most plain areas of North China, the average temperature in winter is 65438+ 10 -3 to-10℃, and the first frost is in late June 10. The fruiting period of autumn-planted shiitake mushrooms is generally after 10. At this time, there are many cold currents, strong winds, low temperatures and dry air in the north, which is not conducive to fruit bearing. Therefore, semi-underground solar greenhouse should be adopted in the north. This kind of shed is generally made of bamboo and wood, which runs east-west, with a width of 10 m, a length of 30 m and a construction area of 300 square meters. Dig to 0.5m below the ground, with the south wall slightly higher than the ground, and make a drainage ditch with a width of 0. 1m along the wall to communicate with the seepage well outside the shed. The inner surface of the shed is slightly inclined to the south to drain the drainage ditch at the root of the south wall. The north wall is 2 meters high and 3.25 meters above the ground, leaving 0.4 meters apart? 0.25m ventilation window. Leave a 1.3m wide passage along the north wall. Three water pipes are hung in the east-west direction, with a distance of 2.5 meters and a height of 1.6 meters, and a special nozzle is installed every 1 meter on the water pipes. There are three-layer mushroom beds 12 in the mushroom shed. The mushroom bed is1.05m high, and the bottom layer is 0.35m off the ground and between layers. A pair of columns are arranged every 2 meters along the bed, which are fixed with cross bars, and bamboo pieces are spread on the cross bars with a spacing of 2.8 cm. The mushroom bed is 8m long from north to south, 1.4m wide, and covers an area of 1 1.2m2, with a total area of 33.6m2 If Japanese mushroom bags are used, the size of the bags is 32 cm? 20 cm, containing wet material 1 kg. Mushrooms must be taken out at a certain distance, with an average of 36 bags placed on the mushroom bed of 1㎡. The number of mushroom bags in a 300㎡ mushroom shed is: 36 bags? 33.6 square meters? 12 = 14500 bags; According to the construction area, the mushroom shed is: per square meter 14500 bags? 300 square meters =48 packs/square meter. If Fujian Gutian slender mushroom sticks are used, the size of the bag is 55 cm? 15cm, containing 2kg of wet material. The columns are arranged obliquely and vertically on the ground of the mushroom shed. A mushroom shed of 667 square meters (1 mu) can accommodate 8000 sticks, with an average of 12 sticks per square meter. If a high shed is used to build 5-6 layers of mushroom beds, and the mushroom sticks are laid flat, excluding the space occupied by the passage, the mushroom shed of 1 mu can hold 20,000 sticks, with an average of 30 sticks per square meter. In early spring and February, the inoculated fungus bags were placed in a semi-underground mushroom shed, and the strains were cultured by multi-layer stacking. Use the sun to increase the temperature during the day and cover it with thick grass curtains at night to keep warm. At the same time, the bag pile is covered with black film, which improves the bag temperature and shortens the growth time of fungi. Even in the cold winter, the semi-underground mushroom shed can still maintain a suitable temperature. When the grass curtain is opened at noon on sunny days, the temperature in the shed can quickly rise to 65438 03℃, and the temperature in the shed is generally around 2 ~ 5℃ at night and in cloudy and snowy weather. The temperature inside the shed is 3 ~ 5℃ lower than that outside the shed in summer, which is beneficial to mushroom production in summer. (4) Raw material preparation The raw material is hardwood sawdust, especially hard oak sawdust, which can also be used after the branches of fruit trees are crushed. Appropriate addition of cottonseed hull, corncob and soybean straw powder. The main auxiliary materials are bran and corn flour. The commonly used culture medium formula is: sawdust 49%, cottonseed hull 30%, bran 15%, corn flour 5%, gypsum 1%. Raw materials are moldy and deteriorated, caked by rain and eaten by insects. Sawdust must be screened to remove coarse, hard and prickly impurities. Wood chips have poor air permeability, slow mycelium growth and long fungus growth time, and are easily polluted by miscellaneous bacteria. Therefore, it is best to mix a proper amount of corncob (crushed to the size of soybean grain) or cottonseed hull into sawdust, which can improve the air permeability of the culture medium, accelerate the growth of mushroom mycelium and reduce the pollution rate. Mix the materials evenly, and there can be no dry blocks. The ratio of material to water is 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3, and the water content of the culture medium should be controlled at about 55%. In production practice, it is generally known from experience that there are water stains between fingers holding culture materials, but they do not drip; Put out your finger, and the substance will form a ball in your palm; It will scatter when it touches the ground, and the water content is generally around 55%. If the water drops between the fingers of the hand are dripping in strings, it means it is too wet. There are a lot of mixed materials in mass production. In order to control and record the quality, the water content of the culture medium should be determined, and the water content of the culture medium should be controlled at 55-57%. Low water content, slow growth and fine mycelium; High water content, lack of oxygen in the material, easy to lead to anaerobic bacteria pollution, raw materials rancidity; If the water content exceeds 65%, the growth of mycelium will be hindered. The formula for calculating the water content of the culture medium is as follows:

Water consumption of water content (%) =-dry matter quantity+water consumption.

Generally, the weight ratio of dry matter to water is 1: 1.25, that is, the dry matter is 100 kg and the water is 125 kg = the total amount is 225 kg, so the water content is 125 kg? Total 225 kg = 55.6%. It needs to be clear that the initial water content of the culture medium is 55-60%, which can reach 63% after mycelium growth, and the water content increases to over 70% after 3-4 months of culture, and reaches 74% when the epidermis turns color. The reason is that the vigorous growth of mycelium produces metabolic water. (5) Bagging requires that the bag be made of high-temperature and low-pressure resistant high-density polyethylene pipe film, which has strong tensile force and is not easy to be brittle at low temperature. The bag width is 15cm, the length is 50 ~ 55cm, and the thickness is 0.04cm Generally, 160 bags can be cut 1kg, and each bag contains 0.8 ~ 1kg dry material. If you use a bagging machine to load the car, each machine can load 800- 1000 bags per hour after proficiency. Each machine is equipped in groups of 7 people, including feeding 1 person, bagging 1 person, and bagging mouth with 4 people. Whether it is machine packaging or manual packaging, the following five requirements must be met: 1. Moderate tightness. Grasp the bag with an adult's hand and hold it with five fingers, with moderate strength. The surface of the bag is slightly concave and feels like a stick. If you gently hang the two ends of the bag by hand, the material will break into traces, indicating that it is too loose. 2. Don't put the culture in the bag for a limited time, because it is airtight and the temperature of the material will rise quickly. In order to prevent the fermentation of the culture medium, it is necessary to take time to bag, and the time from the beginning to the end should not exceed 3 hours. Whether it is machine loading or manual loading, manpower should be arranged. 3. Fasten the pocket. The mechanical charge is tightly packed in the bag. After the machine is discharged, the material is easy to loosen. It is necessary to tie the bag tightly. It is required that the binding is firm and airtight, so as to prevent the sterilized base material from expanding after being heated, scattering and tying the head. If the bag mouth is not sealed, miscellaneous bacteria will enter from the mouth. 4. Handle with care when loading, and don't throw it hard when handling, so as not to break it. At the same time, the bag or film should be placed on the loading site and the plate of tractor or trolley used for handling to prevent the bag from being pierced by sand or barbed strips. 5. The proper loading of culture materials should be connected with the workload of sterilization equipment, so that the ingredients are mixed, loaded and sterilized on the same day. See chapter 5 for sterilization. (VII) Inoculation methods Many years of production practice have proved that the following inoculation methods are good: 1. The advantage of multipoint inoculation is that it can shorten the germination period of mushrooms. If sawdust is used, the construction, inoculation and sealing procedures are more suitable. Strict aseptic operation during inoculation, spring inoculation device is used for construction and inoculation, and it is best for three people to cooperate: one person evenly punches five holes on both sides of the material bag; One person inoculates the strain into the hole, and the strain must be filled into the hole. Generally, 20-25 bags of bacteria can be inoculated in 750 ml bottles; One person uses 3.25? Seal the hole with 3.25 cm square special adhesive tape. The more skilled and faster the operation, the lower the pollution rate. Choose strains with white and strong hyphae, fluffy shape, uniform distribution, high purity and no looseness. The bacterial age should be controlled within 20 days after the bottle is full, and there is no brown bacterial film on the surface and bottle wall. It is best not to spit yellow water. The strain has strong vitality, rapid germination after inoculation and early coverage, which can effectively prevent the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria and improve the yield. 2. Using short bags and inoculation at both ends can reduce the pollution rate. The width of the material bag is 20cm and the length is 40-45cm. After filling and sterilization, open the holes at both ends of the bag for inoculation, and then tie the holes of the bag with auricularia auricula. This method is labor-saving and convenient, and reduces the pollution caused by lax drilling and inoculation operations or poor acupoint sticking. Moreover, the bacteria germinate and grow from both ends of the bag at the same time, and the bacteria germinate quickly. 3. Insertion inoculation, if branching strains are used, the trouble of sealing with an inoculation device and adhesive tape can be saved, and insertion inoculation can be carried out during construction, which not only saves manpower and material resources, but also obviously reduces the pollution rate because of improving the inoculation speed. (8) Fungal growth management bag is the hypha proliferation period after inoculation with Lentinus edodes. Due to the vigorous metabolism of hypha, a large amount of respiratory heat is generated, and the material temperature rises. After the end of the mycelium proliferation period, this warming phenomenon disappears automatically. The environment of the culture bag should be clean, dry, cool, ventilated and dark, especially ventilated and dry. The fungus bags are discharged, and the pile height is 8 ~ 10 layer according to the well shape. When the temperature is high, the stacking height should be reduced appropriately, and a certain distance should be left between the stacks to facilitate ventilation and material temperature divergence. In the germination stage, temperature, humidity, ventilation and light should be adjusted to create a good environment to promote the early germination, rapid colonization and robust growth of hyphae. 1. The temperature of auricularia auricula planted in autumn is 24 ~ 28℃, and above 28℃, it should be ventilated to cool down. Spring sowing at 15℃ can reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria and increase the yield. 2. The humidity is dry but not wet, and the relative humidity of air is about 65%. When the humidity is high, sprinkle lime on the ground to reduce the humidity, and at the same time create an alkaline environment to inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. 3. Control ventilation in the morning and evening when the temperature is high; Ventilation at noon when the temperature is low; Ventilation when the material temperature is high. 4. Culture in the dark to prevent the mycelium from aging due to strong light stimulation. Before 10 bagging, proper increase of light is beneficial to bagging and discoloration. For the first time, when the hyphae spread 5 cm around the inoculation site, a vent hole was punched behind the hyphae front edge 1 cm with a needle; The second puncture was in the middle stage of fungal growth; Punching the mycelium for the third time when the bag is full can reduce the occurrence of tumor-like protrusions, reduce nutrient consumption, and be beneficial to discoloration and fruiting. (9) Discoloration management Discoloration is a unique characteristic of Lentinus edodes, and it is a sign that vegetative growth turns to reproductive growth. Whether the color change is normal or not is directly related to the yield and quality of mushrooms. The key factor of color change is temperature. Generally, it begins to change color in 10- 15 days at 18-23℃. When the temperature is higher than 25℃ or lower than 15℃, the color changes slowly. If the maturity of mycelium development is different, the color change of rod is inconsistent. The sign before discoloration is a tumor-like process on the surface of the rod. Generally speaking, the degree of color change of Corynebacterium varies with its maturity. The correlation between color change and yield is as follows: after color change, the mushroom sticks are dark brown, which leads to late fruiting, large sparse body and good yield and quality; The reddish-brown result is normal; Light brown, small and dense mushrooms, high yield; Gray, few mushrooms, poor quality and low yield. (10) Mushroom production management: Mushrooms will naturally form mushroom buds after being stimulated by temperature difference, humidity difference and light. The following key points should be grasped in promoting bud and fruit: 1. Temperature difference stimulation takes advantage of the climate characteristics of large temperature difference between day and night in the north, lighting during the day and uncovering the film for ventilation at night, and the temperature difference between inside and outside the shed can reach above 10℃. After 3 ~ 5 consecutive days of cold, warm, wet and dark stimulation, white cracks appeared on the surface of the bacteria tube, and mushroom buds grew in the cracks. 2. Humidity control Humidity includes two aspects: one is the water content of the fungus barrel, and the other is the relative humidity of the space. The water content of the fungus barrel should be controlled at 50 ~ 55%. More than 65% and less than 40% are not conducive to the results. The moisture content can be compared with the original weight of the biogas tank after dehydration. If the weight is reduced by about 15 ~ 20%, there is no need to replenish water. If it is reduced by 25 ~ 30%, it should be supplemented in time; If it is reduced by more than 30%, it is necessary to replenish water. Otherwise, the growth of mushrooms will be weakened, resulting in reduced production. Fill water to 50% by water injection method, and water injection should be carried out in sunny afternoon. In the germination stage, we should pay attention to the moisturizing and humidifying of the space in the shed, spray water in the morning and evening, and keep the relative humidity of the air at 80 ~ 90%, that is, it is advisable to have a layer of water droplets on the film in the shed. It should be pointed out that the production of Pleurotus ostreatus is generally not bagged. Although bagged Pleurotus ostreatus can also grow into mushrooms, it is difficult to coordinate the contradiction between moisturizing and drying to promote flowers. (1 1) mushroom tide control Lentinus edodes has the characteristics of clear tidal time and continuous mushroom production in multiple tides. The management after the first harvest of moist mushrooms is the basis for obtaining high yield and high quality. After harvesting, we should continue to use the stimulation of temperature difference and humidity difference to replenish water in time to promote mushroom management. The method is: stop spraying water in the mushroom shed for 7 ~ 10 days, uncover the film for ventilation, reduce the humidity of the mushroom bed, and dry the mushroom tubes. After 7 ~ 10 days, inject water or soak water to make the water content in the cylinder close to the original weight. Then cover with film to keep warm and moisturize for 3-5 days to rejuvenate the mycelium and accumulate nutrients. After 3-5 days, the temperature difference and humidity difference are stimulated synchronously, so that the mycelium can differentiate into mushroom buds and form a new mushroom tide. After the second harvest, the management of supplementing water and promoting mushroom will be continued according to the above method. In this way, every time water is replenished, a mushroom tide is formed, which shortens the production cycle and effectively improves the yield. In addition, supplementing water to promote mushrooms can produce mushrooms according to market sales, adjust balanced production, prevent low-price sales and backlog of mushroom products, and improve mushroom cultivation efficiency. (12) Yield of Lentinus edodes What is the highest biotransformation rate of Lentinus edodes in conventional cultivation and production? According to the author's experimental statistics, the Japanese mushroom bag with wet weight1000g contains 450g of dry matter. Seven months after fruiting, the dry weight of residue was 100g, accounting for 22% of the dry weight of raw materials. On average, each bag produces 425 grams of fresh mushrooms, which is converted into 42.5 grams of dry matter after deducting 90% of water, that is, only 12% of the consumed dry matter is converted into mushroom body matter; The remaining 88% of the dry matter is degraded into CO2 by the mycelium of Lentinus edodes and released into the atmosphere. The above data show that the absolute biotransformation rate of Lentinus edodes to all substrates is only about 10%. The water content of fresh mushrooms is generally 90%, that is, the relative biotransformation rate should be about 100%. The so-called high yield beyond this theoretical value is not credible, unless nutrition is supplemented or soil is covered in the later stage of fruit production. Second, Biyang County, Henan Province pioneered the cultivation of flower mushrooms in small sheds and big bags. It is a new production mode in China after bag pressing cultivation (Shanghai mode), mushroom stick cultivation (Gutian mode) and high trellis cultivation (Qingyuan and Shouning mode), which is especially suitable for popularization in northern provinces. Biyang County, located in the south of Henan Province, is a typical hilly area. The county is located in the transitional zone between the north subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone, with a continental monsoon climate and four distinct seasons. The annual average temperature is 14.7℃, the annual average precipitation is 933mm and the frost-free period is 223 days. On the basis of introducing bag cultivation technology of Lentinus edodes in Gutian, Fujian Province, Biyang County created a three-dimensional cultivation technology of Lentinus edodes in small shed and big bag, making the yield of Lentinus edodes reach more than 60%. 1 farmer, 1 ton of raw materials, 1 shed, 1 season, about 100 kg of dried mushrooms are collected, which makes a lot of profits. The key points of three-dimensional cultivation techniques of mushroom in small shed and big bag are as follows: (1) The cultivation season is in Biyang, Henan Province, and it is usually inoculated in mid-August. At this time, the average temperature for ten days is 26-28℃, which is the use of natural temperature to develop bacteria. The mycelium will be full in about 60-70 days, and it will not be taken off in the shed in late June. 10. They will choose buds while changing color and cut bags to produce mushrooms. Under the condition that the temperature in the shed is not lower than 1 15℃ in1October, a wave of mushrooms can be harvested. The second flower mushroom can be harvested by heating the mushroom shed properly before the Spring Festival. After the Spring Festival to May, we can have another wave of flower mushrooms, thick mushrooms and thin mushrooms. (2) The common formula of culture material Biyang is sawdust 1000 kg, bran 150 kg, gypsum 20 kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 kg, pH 7.0 ~ 7.5, and water content 55 ~ 65%. Stir the culture material evenly and adjust the pH value with lime water. Generally, the dosage of lime is 0.5%. (3) Bagging and sterilization Biyang is made of low-pressure polyethylene pipe, with a width of 25 cm, a thickness of 4 silk meters and a cut length of 55 cm. Each bag contains 4.5 kg of wet material (2 kg of dry material). Tie one end of the pipe tightly with thread, put it into the bag manually, tie it as tightly as possible, and then tie the mouth with thread. Qualified bags are important to handle, and the wet weight is about 4.5 kg. Sterilization: one or several households build an atmospheric steamer with 8 ~ 10 cubic meter, which can steam more than 500 bags at a time. High-temperature fire reached 100℃ within 4-6 hours, and then kept 16-20 hours to meet the sterilization requirements. After reaching 100℃, the water consumption per hour is about 20kg, and the heated water should be replenished at any time. The steamed package is brown inside and outside, and the color is the same. After the ceasefire, when the feed temperature drops to 70℃, take it out of the pot and transport it to the inoculation room. (4) The commonly used varieties of Biyang fungus bag inoculation are L26 and Su Xiang No.2. For example, strain L26 is an ideal variety with moderate mushroom body and good pattern. The inoculation room and the spawning room are the same room, and 12 ~ 15 square meters contains 500 fungus bags in one room. When the bag temperature drops to 50℃, all the strains and inoculation tools are put indoors and disinfected with formaldehyde, and the dosage of each room is 0.5 ~ 1 kg. After about 8 ~ 10 hour, the inoculation began when the bag temperature dropped to 30℃. It is best to get vaccinated at night or in the morning. Lime with a thickness of 5 ~ 10 cm should be laid at the entrance of the inoculation room, and personnel entering and leaving must pass through lime before entering and leaving. Use branched strains, insert the tip directly into the bag, leave the neat end outside for 3-5 mm, and block the material mouth tightly to prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria. Each bag is connected with 3 rows, each row is inserted with 3 holes, and one bottle of strain is connected with 10 bag. (5) The temperature during spawning period is controlled at about 24℃, and it takes more than 60 days for the hyphae to fill the bag. If it is higher than 30℃, it is easy to cause high-temperature bacterial burning and miscellaneous bacterial pollution. When the temperature is lower than 15℃, the mycelium develops slowly, and it takes more than 140 days to get out of the bag. The mycelium is white, does not produce pigment, and has no warts on the surface. This kind of fungus bag is difficult to produce mushrooms or only produces deformed mushrooms. In addition, pay attention to the difference between bacterial temperature and room temperature. Bacterial temperature refers to the temperature at which mycelium grows in the bag. Because of the vigorous metabolism of hyphae, high heat production and slow heat dissipation in bags, the temperature of bacteria in bags is 3-5℃ higher than room temperature, so it is necessary to control the temperature of bacteria. It can be said that whether the temperature of mushrooms is well controlled determines the success or failure of mushrooms, which must be carefully monitored. The author summarized the key points of oviposition period management as shown in Table 9-2: Table 9-2 The number of days to control oviposition and oviposition status of autumn-planted mushrooms. The control measures of bacteria temperature-room temperature are 1 ~ 10. 27 ~ 28, without turning the bag, 26 ~ 27, 65433 mycelium was dried indoors in the dark 1 1 ~ 20. Ventilation and cooling: 2 1 ~ 30 hyphae were sliced for 26 ~ 242 times, seed strips were pulled out, 3 1 ~ 40 hyphae were padded with rice straw for 27 ~ 243 times, toothpick holes were punched, 4 1 ~ 50 hyphae were ventilated for 27 ~ 224 times, sweater holes were punched, and 5/kloc was ventilated.

(6) Controlling color change In the natural conditions in the northern region, mushrooms are planted in autumn, especially in large mushroom bags. After the fungus bag is full of hyphae, it has reached the end of 10 or the beginning of 1 14℃. At this time, the ten-day average temperature has dropped below 14℃, and the color change will not be smooth after taking off the bag, and the color change time will be prolonged, which will definitely affect the future. The temperature of the fungus bags must be about 20℃ before they leave the shed. After 10 days, a layer of white fluffy aerial hyphae grew on the surface of the rod, and then stimulated by light and temperature difference, it began to secrete pigment and spit out yellow water. The fungus stick changed from white to pink and gradually to brown, forming a thin fungus film with a little luster, which is called "artificial bark". The normal color-changing stick is brown with white spots and the skin is not thick. (7) The main feature of the greenhouse is that it is convenient to control the temperature, humidity and light, thus forming special conditions for mushroom growth. Then there are simple materials, convenient construction and low cost, generally 200 ~ 300 yuan, so it is very suitable for small-scale production of farmers. Shed (color picture 6) area 12 ~ 14 m2. The scaffolding is made of bamboo and wood, with a length of 6m, a width of 2.4-2.8m and a height of 2-2.2m.. Leave a 0.6-meter-wide passage in the middle, and use brick-based flue to increase underground temperature. Bedframes with bacterial bags are placed on both sides of the passage, with a width of 1 m and six floors, each with a height of 30 cm. There are about two rows of 42-44 bacterial bags on each bedstead, and the spacing between the bacterial bags is about 4 cm. A six-story bedstead can hold 250 bags on one side and 500 bags on both sides. The top and periphery of the mushroom shed are covered with a wide film, which is directly covered on the ground and sealed tightly with soil. When the temperature is low in severe winter or rising in spring, straw curtains or crop straws should be used to cover the film for heating or shading. The thickness and density of the straw curtain can be adjusted at any time according to the weather and the growth of mushrooms to meet the needs of cultivating high-quality mushrooms such as flower mushrooms and thick mushrooms. Near the mushroom shed, it's best to build a bag-soaked pool to replenish water. The pool can be made of brick, 2.5m long, 0.8m wide and 1 m high. If you want to save money, you can also dig a pit and line it with thick plastic film.

The advantage of bag-cutting and bud selection in Biyang mushroom shed and bedstead (8) is that it can create an environment of "wet inside and dry outside", which is beneficial to the formation and development of flower mushrooms, but the trouble is that it is necessary to cut bags and select buds. When the diameter of the mushroom bud reaches 0.5 ~ 1 cm, a sharp blade is used to cut two-thirds or three-quarters of the circular incision on the bag surface around the mushroom bud, and the plastic cloth can remain on the bag all the time without being cut off, so that the mushroom bud can grow out of the bag from the incision. In fact, bag cutting and bud selection is a very serious manual selection of a single mushroom in advance, so that weak and deformed individuals do not compete for nutrition and ensure the nutrition and water supply of excellent mushroom buds. Generally, 5-7 mushroom buds are left in each bag, and the size and distribution are as uniform as possible. Cut the bag in time, and the mushroom buds are too small to resist pressure too early; Too late plastic film pressed mushroom buds into deformed mushrooms, which lost commercial value. The management procedure of bag-cutting and bud selection increases the labor cost, which is a disadvantage, but the bag-cutting process can use female and semi-labor, and its output is cost-effective for the rural labor cost in China at this stage. (IX) Flower Mushroom Cultivation The most important feature of the flower mushroom cultivation method established in Biyang County is that the dry and ventilated conditions in the shed are used to promote flowers and the strong light turns them white. This is the technological creation of Biyang mushroom farmers who dare to break the routine. In the conventional cultivation techniques of Lentinus edodes, the management in the fruiting stage is mainly to keep moisture, avoid open shed and prevent direct sunlight from shining on the mushroom body. But Biyang mushroom farmers do the opposite, not only open sheds, but also avoid light, try to promote air circulation between bedsteads and increase the light of the lower bedstead. It is the "dry outside" adversity of the shed that complements the "wet inside" condition held by the big mushroom bag that does not take off the film, creating a "wet inside and dry outside" environment that is particularly needed for the formation of flower mushrooms. When the mushroom bud grows to 2-3 cm, it can withstand the direct sunlight in winter and early spring, which makes the cracks of the mushroom white. In contrast, most of the cracks in sawdust mushrooms in the south turned from white to dark brown after cracking, and most of them were camellia when harvested, and few were Pleurotus nebrodensis. Why is the flower mushroom produced in Biyang white? The reason is that after the epidermis of the mushroom cap cracked, it was continuously stimulated by strong light in a dry environment, and the crack of the mushroom cap did not have a chance to heal, eventually producing high-quality Pleurotus nebrodensis (color picture 7). This not only has the advantages of natural climate in the north, but also can be described as the unique creation of Biyang mushroom farmers.

It should be emphasized that the condition of Pleurotus nebrodensis formation is "wet inside and dry outside", and the water content in the mushroom tube should be kept at about 50% without taking off the bag, while the relative humidity of the air should not exceed 70%. Otherwise, the mushroom lid can't crack at all to form a flower mushroom. (10) harvesting and processing When the mushrooms are hemispherical and the patterns are white, they should be harvested in time. In case of rain when the mushrooms are immature, cover them with a film, but do not cover them tightly, and ventilate them. After opening the film, black mushrooms can still be received, at least high-grade thick mushrooms. Mushrooms should be dehydrated and dried in time after harvest. The drying rate of common mushrooms in winter is generally 9: 1, and that of flower mushrooms is 5: 1. The water content of shiitake mushrooms is low, and the dehydration temperature should be moderate, generally 40 ~ 60℃. In the drying process, the vent hole should be enlarged appropriately to avoid the influence of large steam in the oven on the color. After dehydration, it is classified and packaged according to standards. (XI) Technical improvement In production practice, the production mode of Biyang Lentinus edodes is also constantly improving. For example, the shape of white-flowered mushrooms in Henan is not as round as that in the south, and the proportion of deformed mushrooms is large, which affects the export price of products. The causes of abnormal mushroom formation and improvement measures are as follows: 1. Change autumn sowing to spring sowing to secrete yang. In the case of using a large bag of 2 kg dry material, only two months of germination time is not enough from September to 10. Even if the surface is full of hyphae, in fact, the inner hyphae are not full, and the bacteria pieces are scattered at the touch. However, in order to use the low temperature and dry climate in late autumn and early winter to promote the growth of mushrooms, we have to adopt the method of changing color while growing mushrooms, which will affect the yield and quality of mushrooms.