Summary of knowledge points in the first geography compulsory course for senior high school students

What are the geography knowledge points for the first year of high school? Which theoretical knowledge is particularly important? Candidates who need to know more about it, here I have carefully prepared for you the "Summary of the first knowledge point required for the first year of high school geography" for reference only. Keep paying attention to this site and you will continue to get more information! Summary of the first knowledge point required for the first year of high school geography.

Knowledge Points of the Compulsory Geography Course for the First Year of High School

1. Dawn-Dusk Line: Along the direction of rotation, the transition from night to day is the morning line, and the transition from day to night is the dusk line (the dusk line) The altitude angle of the upper sun is 0 degrees).

2. The twilight line and the meridian: the twilight line coincides with the meridian ----- the spring and autumn equinoxes; the twilight line and the longitude intersect at the largest angle - the summer solstice and winter solstice

3. Time Calculation: required time = known time ± zone time difference + en route time

4. Time zone = longitude/15° (if not divided, round off) zone time difference = time zone difference

5. Universal Time: Taking the prime meridian (0°) time as the standard time, it is also called Greenwich Time and is also the zone time of the zero time zone.

6. Date segmentation: From the zero point longitude to the east to the date line (180°) is "today" on the earth, and to the west to the date line is "yesterday".

7. Date Line: When crossing the date line from west to east (not completely passing through the 180° longitude), the date will be subtracted by one day, and when crossing from east to west, the date will be added by one day.

8. Location selection of satellite launch base:

Natural factors (① Meteorological conditions require clear weather ② The initial speed of the earth’s rotation: depends on the latitude and terrain ③ The terrain is flat and open);

Human factors (vast land, sparsely populated area, convenient transportation, in line with national defense and security needs).

① Taiyuan: strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate, many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed;

④ Hainan Wenchang: low latitude and early launch speed High speed; convenient shipping.

9. Revolution speed: early January - perihelion - fast, early July - aphelion - slow;

Significance: ① Changes in the length of day and night ② Height of the sun at noon Changes ③ Change of four seasons ④ Formation of five belts

10. Revolution and rotation form the yellow-red intersection angle (23°26′):

① The existence of the yellow-red intersection angle --- The movement of the direct sun point---changes in the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon---the four seasons

The existence of the yellow-red angle---the movement of the direct sun point--the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and wind belt--Mediterranean climate , the formation of savanna climate

②The dividing lines of the five zones: the tropical zone between the north and south Tropic of Cancer, the temperate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the polar circles, and the frigid zone between the poles of the polar circles

③ If the angle between the yellow and red zones becomes larger, the tropical and cold zones become larger, and the temperate zone becomes smaller; if the angle between the yellow and red zones becomes smaller, the tropical and cold zones become smaller, and the temperate zone becomes larger.

If the yellow-red crossing angle is zero, the sun Always shining directly on the equator, day and night are equally divided around the world, and the Mediterranean climate and savanna climate disappear.

Part 2 of the compulsory knowledge points of geography for the first year of high school

1. The geographical environment includes the natural geographical environment and the human geographical environment. Physical geographical elements include climate, hydrology, landforms, biology, soil and other elements.

(1) Climate change has continuously transformed the hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and other spheres on the earth. The role of organisms on the geographical environment is ultimately due to the ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis.

(2) The role of organisms in the formation of the geographical environment: connecting the organic and inorganic worlds, promoting the migration of chemical elements; transforming the atmosphere, causing the original atmosphere to gradually evolve into the current atmosphere; transforming the hydrosphere, affecting water bodies Composition; transforms the lithosphere, promotes the weathering of rocks and the formation of soil, and causes profound changes in the geographical environment.

The environment created organisms, and organisms created the current environment. Therefore, living things are creatures of the geographical environment, and they are also shapers of the geographical environment.

(3) The various elements of the geographical environment are interconnected, mutually restrictive and mutually penetrating, forming the integrity of the geographical environment. For example: my country's northwest inland - due to the distance from the sea, it is difficult for the moist ocean air to reach, forming an arid continental climate - rivers are not developed, mostly inland rivers - the climate is dry, the effect of water is weak, and physical weathering and wind effects Remarkably, large areas of Gobi and desert have been formed with sparse vegetation, poor soil development, and low organic matter content.

2. Regional differentiation rules of geographical environment:

(1) Regional differentiation from the equator to the poles (latitude zonality): The amount of solar radiation that decreases from the equator to the poles Influence - Natural zones undergo regular replacement along the latitudinal direction (north and south). This differentiation is based on heat. For example: near the equator is the tropical rainforest belt, and as the latitude increases, there are savanna belts and tropical desert belts on both sides.

(2) Regional differentiation from the coast to the interior (longitude zonality): Affected by the distribution of sea and land, natural landscapes and natural zones produce regular regional differentiation from the coast to the interior of the continent. This differentiation is based on moisture.

For example: mid-latitude areas (especially mid-latitude areas in the northern hemisphere) appear from the coast to the inland: forest zone-steppe zone-desert zone

(3) Vertical regional differentiation of mountains: in alpine areas, with With the change of altitude, the water and heat conditions from the foothills to the top of the mountain vary greatly, thus forming a vertical natural zone. For example: For high mountains near the equator, the natural zone seen from the foothills to the top of the mountain is similar to the horizontal natural zone from the equator to the poles.

Part 3 of Knowledge Points 1, a compulsory course for the first year of high school geography

1. Characteristics of the troposphere: ① The temperature decreases with increasing altitude; ② Atmospheric convection is significant; ③ The weather is complex and changeable.

2. Characteristics of the stratosphere: ① The temperature increases with increasing altitude; ② A stable atmosphere is conducive to high-altitude flight; ③ It contains the ozone layer.

3. Thermal process of the atmosphere: solar radiation (short wave) (12h max) - ground warming - ground radiation (long wave) (13h max) - atmospheric warming - atmospheric (reverse) radiation (long wave) (14h max) - Atmospheric insulation.

4. The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption (selective ozone-ultraviolet, CO2-infrared), scattering (some selective small particles preferentially scatter short-wave light-blue-violet light), reflection (no Selective clouds).

5. Factors affecting solar radiation (illumination): latitude, weather, terrain, atmospheric transparency, and solar height.

The distribution of solar energy in my country: the highest in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowest in the Sichuan Basin.

6. The thermal insulation effect of the atmosphere: The temperature difference between day and night is small on a cloudy day. It is cloudy during the day and the temperature is not high (cloud reflection is strong); it is cloudy at night and the temperature is high (atmospheric reverse radiation is strong).

7. Vertical distribution of temperature: The tropospheric temperature decreases with increasing height, and the temperature decreases by 0.6°C for every 100m of increase.

8. Horizontal distribution of temperature:

① Latitude distribution: the higher the latitude, the lower the temperature. The most heat-rich area in my country: Hainan Island

② Distribution of sea and land: land > ocean in summer, ocean > land in winter;

③ Where the temperature is high, the isotherm lines protrude to high latitudes, and conversely, where the temperature is low, the isotherm lines protrude toward low latitudes.

9. Annual temperature range:

①Influencing factors: thermal properties of sea and land; moisture status of surface vegetation; amount of clouds and rain.

②Change pattern: inland > coastal, continental climate > oceanic, bare land > grassland > woodland > lake, sunny day > cloudy day.

10. Characteristics of thermodynamic circulation

The air circulation formed due to uneven cold and heat on the ground becomes a thermodynamic circulation. It is the simplest form of atmospheric motion.

(1) Places where the adjacent ground in the horizontal direction is hot - rising vertical airflow - low pressure (cyclone) - rainy

(2) Places where the adjacent ground in the horizontal direction is cold Place - vertical airflow sinking - high pressure (anticyclone) - clear

(3) Vertical temperature and pressure distribution: As the altitude increases, although the temperature decreases, the air becomes thinner and the pressure reduce.

(4) Air flow from low latitudes - warm and moist

(5) Air flow from high latitudes - cold and dry

(6) From the ocean Air flow - wet

(7) Air flow from the continent (offshore wind) - dry

(8) Two air flows with different properties meet - front - rainy , Feng Extended Reading: How to learn geography effectively in high school

Combining pictures and text, easy to learn and remember

Geography learning is inseparable from maps. We must pay attention to maps. Understanding and using maps is also geography. The most important basic skills in the subject.

There are rich and colorful illustrations of various types in high school geography textbooks, which, in conjunction with the text, make the presentation of the textbook content more intuitive, vivid, and vivid.

When studying, whether it is physical geography or human geography, we must pay attention to the study and use of pictures, and use the method of combining pictures and texts to better know, understand and master various geographical things and phenomena. The laws and principles of geography make geography easy to understand, learn, remember and use.

For example, the content of "changes in the length of day and night and the altitude of the sun at noon" must be studied in conjunction with the image of "global day length and the altitude of the sun at noon on the solstice" in order to explain clearly, understand thoroughly, and encounter You can use it flexibly and answer questions smoothly when you are asked about relevant knowledge. It is difficult to understand and answer such questions without a map.

Another example is the "Process of World Urbanization" content, combined with the "Growth Chart of World Urban Population Proportion" and "Shanghai Urban Construction Land Expansion Chart" to make it easier for us to understand the process of urbanization. concept, remembering the three main signs of urbanization.

Maps are the carrier of geographical knowledge and the most important tool for learning geography. Using maps to memorize geographical knowledge is the most accurate, strongest and most effective memory method.

Geographic content is complex, but almost all geographical knowledge originates from its location on the relevant map.

When studying, you should combine reading books with looking at pictures, and search and implement the geographical knowledge on the pictures one by one, and memorize it;

You should read more maps (you can also fill in maps and draw pictures), and "never leave the map." "(You can read it for a few minutes at a time), imprint the map in your mind, and be able to reproduce the knowledge on the map.

In this way, when we answer geographical questions, an image and clear map will emerge in our minds: "Earth movement", "Atmosphere stratification", "Mountain and river distribution", "Ocean current flow direction" , "National location", "Railway trunk line", "Industrial center"... Therefore, we can accurately and effectively extract the required information and answer calmly.

(1) Society classification: Maps include sunshine maps, statistical charts, topographic profiles, geological maps, geographical landscape maps, geographical principle diagrams, geographical cartoon maps, geographical data maps, geographical structure maps, geography, etc. Value line chart, etc.

(2) Learn to read pictures: ① Read the theme of the picture first; ② See the legend clearly; ③ Pay attention to details; ④ Connect with reality.

(3) Learn to change pictures: ① Picture conversion (converting cross-section to plan); ② Picture and text conversion.

(4) Learn to use pictures: ① Use pictures to summarize geographical rules or characteristics; ② Use pictures to memorize.

Knowledge connection and integration

The focus of learning is to master the questions "What are the rules?" "Why?" and "What to do".

Junior high school geography is more about learning questions such as “Where is it?” “What kind of things are there?” “What are their characteristics?” Therefore, it inevitably involves a lot of memorized content, so its learning The focus of the method is to solve how to memorize these geographical fact materials scientifically and efficiently.

High school geography focuses on solving the laws of geographical things and their impact on human production and life. By exploring the reasons for the formation of these laws, it can serve to form corresponding countermeasures for mankind.

In other words, we should focus on comprehensive analysis of multiple factors, summarizing those complicated geographical factual materials, deducing some rules from them, essentially grasping their causes, and finally forming corresponding countermeasures for human production and life. .

It can be seen that the core of high school geography learning is understanding rather than memorization, and application rather than memorization.

The location, terrain, climate, rivers, resources and other geographical elements of regions in junior high school geography are often the basis of high school systematic geography, especially human geography.

Therefore, having the necessary junior high school geography knowledge is the guarantee for learning high school geography well. However, due to various reasons, some students' junior high school geography knowledge has been forgotten, which affects the study of high school geography. Therefore, it is necessary to properly review some junior high school geography knowledge during the learning process of high school geography.

You can take some time (just enough time to read newspapers and magazines) to browse junior high school geography textbooks, which mainly include earth map knowledge, the distribution of continents and oceans, the basic situation of major countries and regions in the world, and the geography of China's divisions, etc. Content, deepen the impression of these basic knowledge in the mind.

In the study of high school geography, when it comes to junior high school knowledge, promptly look up regional maps or review relevant junior high school content, pay attention to the organic connection between high school and junior high school knowledge, and implement systematic geographical knowledge into specific geographical areas. Understand, analyze, and solve problems to integrate knowledge.

Summary and classification, knowledge transfer

There is a lot of geographical knowledge, and the proposition method is also very flexible. Unlike politics and history, the answers to many questions can be found in textbooks. The study of geography, In the final analysis, it is a method of learning, so improving geography scores must require mastering methods and techniques.

The sorting, summarizing and categorizing of wrong questions and the flexible transfer of knowledge are particularly important. Learning to summarize and classify is to use the wrong question book well, analyze the reasons for the mistakes, and figure out the rationality of the correct answers. Sex, after sorting it out, read it frequently from beginning to end.

The answers to comprehensive geography questions are formatted and typed, and are often closely connected with textbook knowledge. Therefore, when studying, you must be good at summarizing the laws of occurrence and development of each geographical thing, the formation of location conditions or Influencing factors, and refer to the textbook to find the corresponding points of knowledge. In the future, for such questions, you can use this model to "adapt to the topic" and make changes based on the specific geographical background, so as to obtain higher scores.