Who can help me sum up the key points of historical geography in the senior high school entrance examination in Grade One?

Yuanmou, Yunnan Yuanmou, BC 1.7 million years.

At present, the earliest human being discovered in China.

From 700,000 to 200,000 BC, Beijingers lived in groups in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, using natural fire and stone tools.

Before 65438 BC +080000 BC, Neanderthals polished stone tools in the cave at the top of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, and used the idea of beauty to make an artificial fire.

★ Banpo settlement, about 6000 years ago, Xi, Shaanxi, Yellow River Basin. Semi-basement Planting millet (China is one of the first countries to plant millet). Grinding stone tools (diamond axes) and using bows and arrows are widely used. Pottery is the main appliance (fish-patterned painted pottery basin).

★ Hemudu settlement, about 7000 years ago, Yuyao, Zhejiang, the Yangtze River Basin. Rice is grown in dry-column houses. Grinding stone tools and bones are widely used. Pottery is the main tool (black pottery bowl depicting pig patterns).

★ The original inhabitants of Dawenkou lived in Dawenkou, Shandong Province, about four or five thousand years ago. Polarization between rich and poor.

★ Material reading-What is the significance of people going out of caves to build houses? It enables human beings to live a stable life, get rid of dependence on nature, improve the living environment, expand the space for activities and improve the quality of life.

Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era

★ Yan Di and Huangdi are the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin. Emperor Yan (Shennong) improved farm tools, taught people to farm, invented medicine, invented pottery and opened up markets. Founder of agriculture and medicine. The Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan) made palaces, ships, weapons and clothes, and let subordinate officials invent words, calendars, arithmetic and music.

The combination of Yan and Huang against Chiyou-the battle of Yan and Huang (the battle of Han Quan)-formed the main body of the Chinese nation. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

★ Yao Shun "abdicated"-the leader of the elected tribal alliance. Dayu flood control-combining dam construction with river dredging.

Lesson 5 Changes of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

★ Around 2070 BC, Duyangcheng, the first national Xia Dynasty in China's history, was established. China's ancient society entered a civilized era. Yu Chuanzi initiated the hereditary system of "family and world" and replaced the abdication system.

About BC 1600, the Tang Dynasty established the Shang Dynasty, all of which were Bo. About BC 1300, Pan Geng moved to Yin.

BC 1046 (BC 1 1 century), the Battle of Makino established the Zhou Dynasty in Zhou Wuwang, the capital of Haojiang. History is called the Western Zhou Dynasty.

In 77 BC1year (8th century BC), the dog Rong was killed.

In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Hereditary system replaces abdication system, which is the inevitable result of polarization between rich and poor and private ownership in the late primitive society. From "ruling the world" to "home to the world" is a historic progress.

★ The last king of Xia and Shang Dynasties, Jie and Zhou perished: those who won the hearts of the people won the world, and those who lost the hearts of the people lost the world; A dissolute and tyrannical monarch will be abandoned by the people.

Lesson 6 Society and State in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

★ The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty: feudal kinship, with a model.

The purpose of the enfeoffment system is to consolidate the rule of the surrounding areas.

★ The content of the enfeoffment system: the grantor's territory. The duties of a vassal.

★ The function and influence of the enfeoffment system: It strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal states. It strengthened the ties between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities, and promoted the economic and cultural development in remote areas. Consolidate the rule of the country.

★ The three classes of aristocrats in the Western Zhou Dynasty (Zhou Wang, vassals, ministers and scholars) are the ruling class, civilians and slaves, and they are the ruled class.

Means of ruling the people: etiquette education (Huairou policy) and military criminal law (violent repression).

Lesson 7 Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period

★ Spring and Autumn Period: 770 BC-476 BC. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang (King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue).

1, the reason for Qi Huangong's hegemony: a big country in the East; Guanzhong reform; "Respect the king and resist the foreign countries"

Logo: Kwai Chung Union was founded in 65 1 year BC.

2. Chu Jin's hegemony: the battle of Chengpu in Jin Wengong was defeated; Chu Zhuangwang won the Central Plains (Battle of Thailand).

3. wuyue strives for hegemony: Gou Jian tries his best.

★ Warring States Period: 475 BC-22 BC1year. Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: from southeast to northwest to central, Qi and He.

Combination: the six countries unite the north and the south against Qin.

Lian Heng (Zhang Yi): The Qin Dynasty took advantage of the contradictions among the six countries, kept close contacts and attacked each other. Go to the Qin Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty.

Lesson 8 Social Change Caused by Iron Blood Niu Geng

★ Iron farm tools were widely used in agricultural production during the Spring and Autumn Period.

★ During the Warring States Period, Niu Geng was popularized. (Start farming with a plow pulled by two cows)

★ During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use and popularization of iron Niu Geng greatly improved the production efficiency, and the "thousands of coupling clouds" farming method was broken, making individual production possible. "If you work late, the land will be divided quickly." Individual small farmers have gradually become the basic production unit of society. The emerging landlord class began to step onto the historical stage.

★ Shang Yang Reform: 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong.

★ Reason: 1. The realistic pressure of countries competing for reform during the Warring States Period.

Force.

2. The need of Qin's prosperity.

3. Support from Qin Xiaogong

4. Shang Yang's persistence

★ Content: 1. Prepare household registration and strengthen punishment; Implement the county system;

(Role: Strengthen centralization)

2. Reward production; Admit that land is private; Unified measurement; (Role: Rich Countries)

3 Reward soldiers (role: Qiang Bing)

Function: After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength increased greatly, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of six countries in the future.

★ Evaluation of success or failure: The standard of success or failure of a reform is not the life and death of the person who implements the reform, but whether the purpose of the reform is achieved. Shang Yang was finally executed, but the reform succeeded. Because after Shang Yang's political reform, Qin developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.

★ Enlightenment: Reform measures should be correct, and reform should conform to the historical trend.

Lesson 9 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes

★ The characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty are called Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

★ The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty.

★ Evolution of Chinese Characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Inscription-Official Script-Regular Script.

★ Oracle Bone Inscriptions value: 1. This is of great value for studying the history of Shang Dynasty.

2. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature character, and today's Chinese characters are related to Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

★ Bronze: an alloy of copper, tin and lead.

★ Simu Wuding is the largest bronze ware found in the world at present. Found in Yin Ruins (Anyang, Henan Province), it is magnificent in shape, magnificent in momentum, gorgeous in decoration and exquisite in craftsmanship, reflecting a solemn and dignified style. It is1.33m high,1.10m long, 0.78m wide and weighs 875kg. ..

Lesson 10 Active Thoughts and a Hundred Schools of Thought contend

★ Confucius: the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius

Great thinker: the core idea: benevolence and courtesy. Politically, it advocates ruling the country by virtue and ruling the country by courtesy.

Great educator: setting up private schools;

Education target: no class;

Learning methods: independent thinking;

Educational methods: Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

★ A hundred schools of thought contend: Mohism: "universal love", "no attack" and "frugality".

Legalists: "rule of law", strengthen centralization.

Confucianism: "benevolent government" and "people are wise".

Taoism: Taoism is natural. Man should develop in harmony with nature. (Summary of a hundred schools of thought contend on page 53 of the textbook)

★ The reason why a hundred schools of thought contend:

1, the rapid development of productive forces during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (root cause)

2. Great social changes, great turmoil and great changes.

3. The need for the rulers of various countries to strive for hegemony and attract talents.

4. Private schools are booming. Scholars of various schools lobbied for lectures, attacked each other and promoted the development of ideas.

★ Function: Various schools of thought argue and influence each other, which effectively promotes the development of ideology and culture.

Han Fei's legalist thought was the most useful in the Warring States Period: during the Warring States Period, China was in a period of great change when slavery further collapsed and the feudal system was initially formed. In this situation, Han Feizi proposed that history is moving forward and the future will win the present; Establish a centralized feudal country with absolute monarchy; The thought of "rule of law" accords with the historical development trend at that time and the need of feudal rulers to establish centralization. Many measures before and after Qin's reunification were the application and development of Han Feizi's theory.

★ Damage to public property/governance: Self-education and self-reflection can solve problems in time is the best method; Persuasion education is the main method to solve the problem; Punishment is not everything, but an auxiliary means to solve problems. All three have reasonable components, but they are not absolutely effective and should not be mutually exclusive and antagonistic. Different methods are suitable for different objects, and different methods play different roles at different stages.

The wisdom and creation of ancestors

★ Dujiangyan: Li Bing and his son of Qin State during the Warring States Period in Minjiang River Basin.

★ Three major projects: "Water-dividing Fish Mouth" (that is, the river is divided into Neijiang and Waijiang), "Sand-flying weir" (flood control and sediment discharge) and "Treasure Bottle Mouth" (water diversion control).

★ Function (why Dujiangyan was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List in 2000):

1, maintaining ecological balance and reflecting the harmony between man and nature;

2. The water conservancy project with the largest scale, the best benefit and the longest duration in ancient China still plays an important role.

3. It represented the advanced level of water conservancy projects in China at that time and was the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient working people.

★ chime: chime in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei Province. It shows that China's music culture has reached a high level more than two thousand years ago.

The rise and fall of Qin empire

★ Unification of Qin Dynasty: the battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao in 260 BC. The six countries were unable to resist the attack of Qin.

★ In 230-22 BC1year, Ying Zheng successively annexed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu and Yanqi. Establish the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in Chinese history, the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.

★ The demise of the Qin Dynasty: In the summer of 209 BC, an uprising took place in osawa Township, Guangwu, Chen Sheng. "Princes and princes will meet, which one would you rather have?" The first large-scale peasant war in the history of China dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.

In 207 BC, the battle of Julu in Xiang Yu. Liu Bang captured Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty perished.

In 206-202 BC, there was a war between Chu and Han. Liu Bang founded the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital. The Western Han Dynasty began.

★ Background (conditions) of Qin reunification: (1) Since the Warring States Period, reunification has become the general trend. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin became the strongest country among the seven countries, which laid a solid foundation for reunification. (3) After the battle of Changping, the six countries could no longer resist the offensive of Qin. (4) Qin Shihuang's great talents are sketchy.

★ Significance of Qin's unification: (1) It ended the chaotic situation of feudal separatism since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China, and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage. After the reunification of Qin, people can have a relatively stable production environment. ⑶ The Qin Dynasty carried out many measures to eliminate the separatist factors, which strengthened the economic and cultural ties of various regions. These measures lasted for more than 2,000 years and laid the foundation for China's long-term reunification.