Planting conditions and methods of kiwifruit in Shandong Province

The planting conditions of kiwifruit need to be understood, so what are the conditions for planting kiwifruit in Shandong? The following are the planting conditions of kiwifruit in Shandong carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

Planting conditions of kiwifruit in Shandong Province

temperature

The annual average temperature is11.3-16.9℃.

The lowest temperature is 65438+February to 1 month. The lowest temperature of delicious kiwifruit is -20℃, and that of Chinese kiwifruit is-10℃.

In early winter, the plants have not yet entered the deep dormancy period. Due to the invasion of cold current, the temperature dropped below-12℃, and the aboveground parts were frozen.

Maximum temperature Adult trees can withstand the maximum temperature of 42.5℃ in summer, and can still grow normally at the high temperature of about 30-35℃.

The effective accumulated temperature in the growing season takes 220-240 days from germination to defoliation, and the effective accumulated temperature is 4 100-4400℃, which is greater than or equal to 10℃. During the growth process, the daily average temperature is not lower than 10- 12℃.

The frost-free period is 160-240 days. The decline of flowering temperature in spring, frost in flowering period and low temperature in late frost are all unfavorable to the growth of kiwifruit. When the temperature drops below 65438 0℃ in late frost in spring, the organs of branches, leaves and flowers pumped in spring are vulnerable to freezing injury. Early frost can easily lead to skin shrinkage and quality degradation of late-maturing fruits.

illuminate

Most kiwifruit varieties like semi-shaded environment, but the requirements for light are different at different development stages. The seedling stage should be protected from light and direct sunlight, and the seedlings should be shaded and moisturized. Adult trees, especially at flowering stage, need light. It is a moderately photophobic fruit tree, which generally needs sunshine hours of 65,438+0,300-2,600 hours. Prefer diffuse light and avoid direct glare, and the natural light intensity should be 42%-45%.

moisture

The annual rainfall exceeds 1000mm, which is evenly distributed and can meet the growth requirements of kiwifruit. When it is less than 800 mm, irrigation is needed. In the growing season from May to July, when the rainfall is sufficient, the branch length and fruit can account for more than 70% of the annual growth. When the water is insufficient, the growth is blocked, the fruit shrinks, the leaves become smaller, the leaf edge withers, the defoliation rate reaches 50%-60%, and the fruit drop rate reaches more than 45%.

Too much rainfall, waterlogging and poor drainage will flood trees, but there are great differences among varieties. Delicious varieties have strong resistance; The resistance of China varieties is poor.

There is little rainfall during flower bud differentiation, and moderate drought is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.

In the period of germination and fruit expansion, abundant rainfall is beneficial to the growth of fruits and branches, increasing the yield and the number of effective fruiting branches in the coming year.

In the late growth stage, there is less rainfall from the beginning of August, which is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter components and the improvement of fruit quality and storability.

land

The optimum soil PH is 6.5-7.5.

The optimum soil humus content is not less than 10? The sandy loam above is loose and breathable.

altitude

The optimum altitude is 400-1200m.

Planting techniques of kiwifruit in Shandong Province

First, choose the right variety.

Hongyang (red heart fruit), Heywot, Bruno, Qingcheng 1, Qinmei, Miliang 1, Chuanmi No.2, Chuanmi No.3 and Chuanmi No.4 are the main varieties.

Second, raise seedlings.

1. Cultivation of rootstock seedlings

1. 1 Seed collection: Collect fully mature fruits from the first ten days of September to the first ten days of1October. After ripening and softening, the fruits and seeds are squeezed out together, put into a gauze bag and kneaded to separate the seeds from the pulp, then washed repeatedly with clear water, and the washed seeds are spread indoors to dry in the shade.

1.2 Sand storage treatment of seeds: soak the seeds in warm water at 40-50℃ for 2 hours, then soak them in cold water for one day and night, and then store them in sand for 50-60 days before sowing. Kiwifruit seeds are afraid of being dry and wet during sand storage, so they should be checked and turned frequently to prevent mildew.

1.3 sowing

(1) Sowing time: Generally, it is ideal to raise seedlings at an altitude above 800, and sow from mid-March to early April.

(2) Sowing method: First, choose the nursery land in a place with deep and fertile soil layer and good drainage and irrigation and traffic conditions; The second is to prepare soil for the box, apply sufficient fertilizer and remove impurities. The width of the box is about 1 m, slightly press the seedbed, water it, and sow the seeds in the sand with sand. After sowing, sprinkle a layer of fine river sand with a thickness of about 2-3 mm, cover it with straw, spray water on the grass or build a plastic shed. Third, strengthen seedbed management to ensure that strong rootstock seedlings are cultivated.

2. Grafting and seedling raising

2. 1 grafting period: about 20 days before germination, that is, from mid-February to late March.

2.2 Grafting methods mainly include single-bud cutting. Specifically, it is to choose a scion with full growth and small pith, and prune it with one bud, which is 3-4 cm long. Choose a straight edge to cut off the cortex, the section length is 2-3 cm, and the depth is appropriate to expose the xylem or slightly expose the xylem. Cut the reverse side of the face with a short oblique plane of about 50 degrees. Cut the rootstock at a distance of 10- 15 cm from the ground, select the one with smooth surface and cut down. The length of the cuttings is slightly longer than that of the scion, and the depth is the same as that of the scion, and the rootstock is stripped by 2/3; Then insert the scion, and the scion is required to be basically the same size as the rootstock; Pay attention to the alignment of the cambium of the rootstock, and then wrap it with plastic grafting film to expose the eye of the scion bud.

2.3 Management of grafted seedlings: First, 3-4 weeks after grafting, grafted buds begin to sprout, and after new buds grow and basically age, the binding film can be removed. Second, after the survival of abdominal seedlings in spring and autumn, the anvil should be cut immediately, and the incision can be about 4 cm away from the interface. After budding in summer, you can fold the anvil first and then cut it. Third, it is the key to survival to erase the new buds on the rootstock in time. Fourth, the nursery should regularly cultivate soil and weed, and be careful not to touch the newly sprouted buds when weeding. Fifth, after the bud sprouts, a post should be erected next to the bud and the new bud should be tied to the post. Sixth, when the seedlings grow to 60 cm high, they should be picked properly. Seventh, combined with irrigation, human feces, pig feces and so on. It can be applied, or 1% urea can be added to the water, and calcium superphosphate can be appropriately added when fertilizing in July, so as to promote the aging of the shoots and plump bud eyes. Eighth, in July and August, kiwifruit seedlings should take shading measures to avoid direct sunlight.

Third, garden construction.

1, garden selection

Kiwifruit root system is fleshy, especially fragile, afraid of waterlogging, high temperature, drought, new buds afraid of strong wind breaking, afraid of late spring cold or low temperature freezing injury. Suitable for planting in subalpine areas (800- 1400 meters above sea level). Choose a place with deep soil layer, fertile soil, loose texture, good drainage and convenient transportation to build the garden. For example, when planting kiwifruit in low mountains, hills or plains, proper irrigation and drainage facilities should be provided to ensure no waterlogging in rainy season and timely irrigation in dry season. It is best to build windbreaks around the park.

2. Planting period

The best planting period in southern producing areas is from the defoliation of kiwifruit to the completion of planting before the germination of kiwifruit in early spring of the following year, that is, 65438+early February to early February, the sooner the better.

3. Configuration of pollination trees

Kiwifruit is a dioecious fruit tree, and the selection and configuration of pollinated male plants is one of the conditions to ensure normal fruit. The selection of male plants should pay attention to the same or slightly earlier flowering period as the main varieties, with large pollen quantity and long flowering period. The ratio of male to female plants is 6: 1 or 5: 1, which has high yield and good quality.

4. Planting density

The general planting density is closely related to the cultivation frame, and the density away from home is 2m? 4m, T-frame planting density 3m? 4m, about 56 plants are planted per mu, and the planting density of flat-topped frame is 3m? 5 million.

5, support settings

Scaffolds are generally set up in the winter after planting, and are divided into columns (cement columns, wooden columns, stone columns, bamboo columns and associated trees, etc.). ), beams (cement columns, wooden columns, bamboo and metal, etc. ), and the shed surface is made of iron wire. According to local conditions, choose wood frame, steel frame, concrete frame and accompanying tree frame. y？ Rack and? t？ Frame-based.

6, planting frame

There are three kinds of frames commonly used in kiwifruit production, namely hedge frame, T-frame and flat-topped frame.

(1) Hedgehog: The length of the column is 2.6m, the thickness is 12cm, the buried depth is 80cm, and the clear height of the ground is1.8m. Four rust-proof iron wires are pulled from bottom to top, and the first iron wire is 60cm from the ground. A pillar is erected every 8 meters, and branches and vines are tied to the wire on the surface of the frame. This framework is widely used in production.

(2)T-frame: A horizontal beam is arranged at the top of the column to form a small T-frame. The total length of the column is 2.8m, and the total length of the beam is1.5m.. Three high-strength rust-proof iron wires are pulled on the beam. The depth of the column is 80 cm, and the clear height from the ground is 2 meters. Set a column every 6 meters.

(3) Flat-topped frame: the frame is 2m high, and a column is set every 6m. The columns in the whole garden can be arranged in a square. The total length of the column is 2.8 meters and the buried length is 80 cm. The pillars around the scaffold are connected by triangle iron or steel bars, and the pillars are drawn into a flat-topped framework with thick and thin iron wires.

Four, cultivation management technology

1. Planting techniques

1. 1 It is best to turn over the garden 60-80 cm deep last autumn and press 6? Four meters or four? Four meters or five meters? 4 meters and so on. Dig a planting ditch or hole with a depth of 60-80 cm and a width of 80- 100 cm, and evenly apply 50- 100 kg of farm manure, 0.5 kg of fertilizers such as phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, or add 1.5 kg of oil cake to each hole when backfilling topsoil.

1.2 Variety configuration Generally, male and female plants in large orchards are evenly matched according to the ratio of 10- 12: 1, while male plants in small orchards require more, with the ratio of 8: 1 or 6: 1. The specific planting method is: every three rows, every two female plants, plant a male plant.

1.3 planting time and method

(1) Planting period: The planting period of kiwifruit is the same as that of other deciduous fruit trees, and it can be planted in autumn and early spring.

(2) Planting method: If there are many plant stems buried in the planting hole, let them sink before planting. When planting, the seedlings should be placed in the center of the planting hole, and the roots should not be in direct contact with the fertilizer. Stretch the roots around by hand, cover the roots with fine soil, then cover them with soil, step on them steadily with your feet, and fill them with water. The planting depth should be even or slightly higher than the root neck and soil surface, and the joint should not be buried in the soil.

2. Management technology

2. 1 soil management

(65438+

(2) Intertillage and weeding: The suitable tillage depth is 10- 15cm, shallow tillage near the tree tray in spring, weeding combined with scarification in June-August in summer, which makes the soil loose and breathable, and enhances the ability of water conservation and drought resistance.

2.2 Fertilization management: First, base fertilizer: 65438+ 165438+ 10. After picking the fruits in late October, immediately dig an annular ditch with a depth of 35cm and a width of 30cm around the tree tray or furrow along the tree line, apply decomposed organic fertilizer, fuel cake and phosphate fertilizer, and then irrigate the soil. Apply residual fertilizer 1500-3000 kg, oil cake 150-200 kg and phosphate fertilizer 100- 150 kg per mu. 2. Topdressing before germination: from late February to early March, apply quick-acting fertilizer mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with irrigation, and apply urea 6- 10 kg per mu. 3. Fertilization during fruit expansion: One week after flowering (from late May to mid-June), apply compound fertilizer 100- 150g and human and animal manure 6- 10kg to each plant. 4. Fertilization in the later stage of fruit growth: from late July to early August, apply quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to prevent the branches from growing slightly, and apply 200-250g of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to each plant. 5. Topdressing outside the root: topdressing outside the root with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.2% urea solution at full flowering stage and fruit setting stage.

2.3 Water management Kiwi has shallow roots and is not tolerant to drought and flood; Growth requires high air humidity and sufficient soil moisture. First, before germination in spring, irrigate with fertilizer, 25-30 kg per plant, and irrigate 2-3 times depending on drought; Second, during the summer drought, depending on the drought, irrigate 2-3 times; Three, during the autumn rain, to timely ditch drainage in orchards or plants.

2.4 plastic finishing

(1) plastic horizontal hedge frame, free fan-shaped rattan, and? t？ Give priority to with zigzag shed and other tree shapes, give priority to with light cutting and slow release, strengthen pruning in growth period, slow down the trend and promote flowering and fruiting.

(2) Pruning

(1) Summer pruning: firstly, except the sprouting tillers, all the sprouting tillers on the rootstock and the long branches sprouting at the base of the trunk or main vine are erased except the reserved branches; The second stage is the fruit-setting stage, when the spring shoots are semi-lignified, the buds of the long branches are picked above the last fruit 10 leaves or 7-8 leaves; Picking at the15th leaf of the vegetative branch of the spring shoot, if the secondary bud germinates, 3-4 leaves can be left for coring; Third, thinning refers to thinning the summer shoots that are too dense and too long, affecting the growth of fruits, and the weak branches in two new shoots sprouting between the same leaf axils; Fourth, bending branches, that is, bending, twisting and pulling the overgrown new shoots in the young tree stage to control overgrowth, and paving branches and vines in early August to promote flower bud differentiation.

(2) Pruning in winter is pruning branches, that is, pruning branches that are too flourishing, too dense, overlapping, crossing, pests and diseases, weak and short-shortened branches, sprouting branches with no use value and fruiting branches without regeneration ability; As a result, the robust vegetative branches on the mother branch are good mother branches that will bear fruit in the next year. Depending on the growth situation and variety characteristics, the buds of 8- 12 should be cut short, the weak branches should be cut short, and the strong branches should be cut off after 15. The fruiting mother branch that has been fruiting for about 3 years can be shrunk to the place where there are strong branches and strong buds at the base of the fruiting mother branch for regeneration. Second, the fruiting branches are treated as fruiting branches, and 3-4 buds are cut off at the fruiting parts. 2-3 buds can be cut off from long and middle fruit branches at the fruiting part, and short fruit branches are generally not cut off.

③ Leave 5-8 buds on the regenerated branches.

Five, pest control

1. The main pests and diseases are flower rot, anthracnose, stem blight, brown spot, fruit soft rot, Phytophthora, root rot, scarab, winged moth, bud maggot, fruit sucking moth, etc. Comprehensive control methods such as strengthening management, strengthening tree potential, strengthening soil disinfection and strengthening prevention are mainly adopted. Second, fruit sunburn mainly strengthens tree potential management and reasonable pruning. Bagging can prevent sunburn during fruit growth and development (late August).

Six, kiwifruit harvesting and storage

1. The solid content of kiwifruit harvested should be above 6.2%. Early-maturing kiwifruit varieties in China are harvested from late August to early September, late-maturing kiwifruit varieties are harvested from late September to early June 10, and delicious kiwifruit is harvested from late 10 to early and middle10, with frost at the latest. It is best to harvest the fruit after the dew dries in the morning and before noon. The temperature is high in the afternoon, and the fruit in the basket is easy to get hot. After harvesting, fruits are generally packaged in different grades according to their size and specifications. The single fruit weight of first-class fruit100g or more. 80-100g of Chinese kiwifruit and 70-100g of delicious kiwifruit; 50-80g of third-grade fruit.

2. After the ripe kiwifruit is harvested, there is a post-ripening process. The higher the concentration of ethylene in the environment, the faster it matures. Therefore, you can use 1000PPM ethephon to ripen the fruit and put it on the market two weeks in advance. You can also use 0.05 mm thick polyethylene film to pack kiwifruit into boxes, and use the ethylene released by the fruit itself to ripen.

Step 3: Storage and preservation.

3. 1 forced air cooling, cold storage cooling or water cooling can be used for pre-cooling, and the temperature can be reduced to 0-2℃ or slightly lower than the storage temperature. Those cooled with water must be dried in time to eliminate the moisture on the surface of the fruit.

3.2 Storage Methods Kiwifruit can be stored at room temperature, low temperature and controlled atmosphere for short term (1-2 months), medium and long term (4-6 months) and long term (6-8 months) respectively, among which low temperature storage is the most widely used.

Key points of kiwifruit planting

Garden construction

The root system of kiwifruit is fleshy and particularly fragile. It is afraid of waterlogging, high temperature, drought, new shoots are afraid of strong wind breaking, cold spring or low temperature freezing injury. Suitable for planting in subalpine areas (800~ 1400 meters above sea level). Choose a place with deep soil layer, fertile soil, loose texture, good drainage and convenient transportation to build the garden. For example, when planting kiwifruit in low mountains, hills or plains, proper irrigation and drainage facilities should be provided to ensure no waterlogging in rainy season and timely irrigation in dry season. It is best to build windbreaks around the park.

The best planting period in southern producing areas is from the defoliation of kiwifruit to the completion of planting before the germination of kiwifruit in early spring of the following year, that is, 65438+early February to early February, the sooner the better.

Configuration of Pollination Trees Kiwi is a dioecious fruit tree, and the selection and configuration of pollinated male plants is one of the conditions to ensure the normal production of fruits. The selection of male plants should pay attention to the same or slightly earlier flowering period as the main varieties, with large pollen quantity and long flowering period. The ratio of male to female plants is 6∶ 1 or 5∶ 1, with high yield and good quality.

Planting density is generally closely related to the cultivation frame, and the fence frame density is 2 meters? 4 meters, T-frame planting density is 3 meters? 4 meters, about 56 plants are planted per mu, and the planting density of flat-topped frame is 3 meters? 5 meters.

Scaffolds are generally set up in the winter after planting, and are divided into columns (cement columns, wooden columns, stone columns, bamboo columns and associated trees, etc.). ), beams (cement columns, wooden columns, bamboo and metal, etc. ), and the shed surface is made of wire. According to local conditions, choose wood frame, steel frame, concrete frame and accompanying tree frame. y？ Rack and? t？ Frame-based.

There are three kinds of frames commonly used in the production of planting kiwifruit, namely hedge frame, T-frame and flat-topped frame. Hedgehog frame: the length of the column is 2.6m, the thickness is 12cm, the buried depth is 80cm, and the clear height of the ground is1.8m. Four rust-proof iron wires are pulled from bottom to top, and the first iron wire is 60cm off the ground. A pillar is erected every 8 meters, and branches and vines are tied to the wire on the surface of the frame. T-shaped frame: a horizontal beam is arranged at the top of the column to form a small T-shaped support. The total length of the column is 2.8m, and the total length of the beam is1.5m.. Three high-strength rust-proof iron wires are pulled on the beam. The depth of the column is 80 cm, and the clear height from the ground is 2 meters. Set a column every 6 meters. Flat-topped frame: The frame is 2m high, and columns are set every 6m. The columns in the whole garden can be arranged in a square. The total length of the column is 2.8 meters and the buried length is 80 cm. The pillars around the scaffold are connected by triangle iron or steel bars, and the pillars are drawn into a flat-topped framework with thick and thin iron wires.

Eliminate pests and diseases