What do you know about geography? (4)

The main climate types in tropical areas are:

(1) equatorial rainy climate (also called equatorial rainforest climate). Located on both sides of the equator of all continents, it extends about 5 ~ 10 from south to north, such as the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea and some islands in Southeast Asia. These areas are located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the airflow is mainly upward, so there are many opportunities for water vapor to condense into rain. It rains all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, the monthly precipitation is at least 60 mm, and there are many thunderstorms. The average temperature in each month is 25 ~ 28℃, and the summer is long all year round, with no seasonal change. The annual temperature is generally below 3℃, and the average daily temperature can reach 6 ~ 12℃. In this high temperature and rainy climate all the year round, plants can grow all year round, with diverse tree species and dense vegetation.

(2) Tropical dry and wet season climate (also called savanna climate). This climate is mainly distributed on both sides of the equatorial rainy climate belt, namely Central America, South America and Africa, which is about 5 ~ 15 north latitude (some extend to 25). Its main characteristics are as follows: First, due to the north-south movement and the alternating influence of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area, the dry and wet seasons in a year are distinct. When controlled by the equatorial low-pressure belt, the equatorial ocean air mass prevails, with convergent updraft, forming a wet season, wet and rainy, with dense tall grass and shrubs growing everywhere and sparse trees, that is, savanna landscape. When affected by the trade winds, air masses prevail in the tropical continent, resulting in dry season, dry soil, withered grass and deciduous trees. Compared with the equatorial rainy climate, there are at least 1 ~ 2 months of dry season in a year. Secondly, the annual temperature is high, with the characteristics of low latitude and high temperature. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃. The hottest month appears after the dry season and before the rainy season, so the climate in this area is generally divided into three seasons: dry, hot and rainy. The annual temperature is slightly higher than that in the equatorial rainy climate zone.

(3) Tropical arid and semi-arid climate (also called tropical desert climate). It is distributed outside the tropical dry and wet season climate zone, roughly between north latitude 15 ~ 30, and is most widely distributed in North Africa, Southwest Asia and central and western Australia. The tropical arid climate zone is controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, and the tropical continental air mass prevails, and the airflow sinks, and the hot and dry weather becomes the main feature of this climate. The temperature is high, and it is known as the "hot pole" in the world. There is little precipitation, the annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, and it changes greatly, even it doesn't rain for many years. Strong sunshine and strong evaporation further aggravate the dryness of the climate. Tropical semi-arid climate, distributed in the outer edge of tropical arid climate zone, is characterized by: first, the rainy season is short, and the annual precipitation can be increased to 500mm；; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side.

(4) Tropical monsoon climate. Mainly distributed in southern Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands; In addition, it is also distributed in the northern coastal zone of the Australian mainland. The annual average temperature is above 20℃, and the highest in Leng Yue is generally above 18℃. The annual precipitation is large, concentrated in summer, which is due to more convective rainfall under the control of equatorial ocean air mass in summer and a large amount of precipitation brought by tropical cyclone transit, resulting in more rain in summer than in tropical dry and wet seasons; On some windward coasts, due to the influence of topography, the summer precipitation even exceeds that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. The annual precipitation is generally above 1, 0,500 ~ 2,000 mm. The tropical monsoon is developed in this area, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious, that is, the northeast wind blows in the northern hemisphere in winter, forming a dry season; In summer, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean blows (northwest wind blows in the southern hemisphere), which is rich in water vapor and concentrated in precipitation, forming a warm season.

(5) Tropical maritime climate. It appears on the east coast of the mainland and some islands in the tropical ocean in the trade wind belt of north latitude10 ~ 25. For example, the Caribbean coast in Central America, the West Indies, the narrow east coast of Brazil Plateau in South America, the east coast of Madagascar Island in Africa, the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean and the coastal areas of Queensland, Australia. These areas are influenced by trade winds from tropical oceans all the year round, and tropical marine air masses prevail all the year round, with a maritime climate. The annual and daily difference is small, but the average temperature in Leng Yue is slightly lower than that in the equator, and the rainy climate in the whole year is slightly higher than that in the equator. The annual precipitation is generally more than 2000 mm, and the seasonal distribution is relatively uniform.

Temperate zone is an area where cold and warm air currents compete with each other, and the seasonal and aperiodic changes of temperature and precipitation are remarkable. Especially in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, the mainland is vast, the terrain is complex and there are many climate types.

(1) temperate maritime climate. Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, especially in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation 1000mm or more, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach 2,000 ~ 3,000mm or more. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coast of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania.

(2) subtropical dry summer climate (also called Mediterranean climate). Located on the west coast of the continent at subtropical latitude, between 30 and 40, including the Mediterranean coast, California coast, central coast of Chile in South America, southern tip of South Africa and southern tip of Australia. It is a transitional zone between tropical semi-arid climate and temperate maritime climate. These areas are significantly affected by the seasonal displacement of the pressure zone, and the subtropical high controls the airflow in summer, so the temperature is very hot in summer except for the cold current along the western coast of the mainland, and the downward flow is not conducive to clouds and rain, so the climate is dry; Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid. The annual rainfall is moderate, ranging from 300 ~ 1 000mm, mainly in winter.

(3) temperate monsoon climate. It appears on the east coast of Eurasia around 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Far East of the Soviet Union. In winter, affected by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail, which are cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind and southeast wind prevail, with warm, hot and rainy seasons. The annual precipitation is about 65438 0,000 mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

(4) Subtropical monsoon climate. Appearing on the east coast of subtropical continent at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, it is a zone where tropical marine air mass and polar continental air mass alternately control and compete with each other. It is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's warm in winter here, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, and the temperature changes obviously in seasons with four distinct seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 1, 000 ~ 1, 500mm, which is more in summer, but there is no obvious dry season. Compared with the temperate monsoon climate, the seasonal changes are basically similar, except that the winter temperature is higher and the annual precipitation increases.

(5) temperate continental humid climate. It is distributed in the eastern part of North America (east of west longitude 100) and the eastern part of Eurasia temperate maritime climate zone between 35 and 55 north latitude. This climate is somewhat similar to the temperate monsoon climate in terms of temperature and precipitation, but the seasonal changes of wind direction and wind force are not as obvious as the temperate monsoon climate. Affected by cyclone activity in winter, there is a little more precipitation; There is convective rain in summer, but the concentration of summer rain is not as significant as that of temperate monsoon climate. The weather changes irregularly.

(6) Subtropical humid climate. It is distributed in the Atlantic coast and Gulf Coast in the east of North America, Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil in South America, the southeast coast of Africa and the east coast of Australia. They are similar to the subtropical monsoon climate zone in East Asia in latitude and land and sea position, but there is no monsoon climate because of the small continental area and the less prominent thermal difference between land and sea. The climate here is similar to the subtropical monsoon climate, but the difference is that the temperature difference between winter and summer is small and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform.

(7) temperate and subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate. This climate occupies a vast area in the northern hemisphere, mainly distributed in the middle of Asia and North America at 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Living in inland or coastal areas, there are mountains and scenery that are not affected by sea breeze. Controlled by the interaction of polar continental air mass and tropical continental air mass all year round, Leng Xia is hot in winter, with large annual and daily temperature difference and little precipitation, showing continental climate characteristics. Due to different latitudes, the temperatures of the two climate types are also different. The temperature in subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate is obviously higher than that in temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate, and the average monthly temperature in winter is generally above 0℃. In addition, in south-central Argentina on the South American continent, because it is located in the rain shadow area of the westerly belt, the airflow from the Pacific Ocean sinks after crossing the Andes and heats up adiabatically. In addition, there is a cold current along the coast and the air is stable, so it is dry and rainy all year round, and it also shows the characteristics of temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. Due to the different drought degrees in the above areas, there are obvious differences in natural vegetation. The annual precipitation in arid areas is generally below 250 mm, and plants are scarce, showing desert scenery; Outside the arid area, the annual precipitation is between 250 and 500 mm, which is a semi-arid area.

(8) Subrigid continental climate (also known as subrigid coniferous forest climate). This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, which is distributed in a strip shape and crosses North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, from Alaska to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland via Canada; In Eurasia, it starts from Scandinavia in the west (except the south), passes through Finland and the west of the Soviet Union (the south boundary is on the line of Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlovsk), and reaches the east of the Soviet Union (except the south). The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass. In winter, there are many opportunities for the Arctic air mass to invade. In warm seasons, tropical continental air masses can sometimes penetrate. The main features of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is very high.

(1) polar long cold climate (tundra). It is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the south is connected with the continental climate of the sub-cold zone by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm), part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in Malvinas Islands, south shetland islands and South Orkney Islands. Its characteristics are: it is winter all year round, the average monthly temperature in a year is between 0 ~1~ April, and the winter is cold and long; The annual precipitation is about 200 ~ 300 mm, mainly snowfall; There is a layer of permafrost on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other low-level plants.

(2) The climate of polar ice sheet. It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.