On the Debate between the Two Han Dynasties (Quan Deyu) (original text + author’s introduction + notes + translation)

Original text

On the Theory of the Decline of the Two Han Dynasties (Quan Deyu)

The people who died in the two Han Dynasties were all called Mang and Zhuo. He acted recklessly, Zhuo usurped and rebellious, disordered Jinduo, and brought chaos to the people. He was destroyed by Jia Yi, and the eyes and ears of the world obviously heard about it. At the beginning of the Jing Zheng, Zhang Yu was killed in Xijing and Hu Guang was killed in Tokyo. They all used fake Taoism and Confucianism to express their evil intentions, achieve great fame for a while, and achieve the position of public servant. The spirit of the words is generated, and the profits and losses are related to it. However, he is kind and gentle in many ways to maintain his position and salary. Either the ruler will increase the power of the emperor when he is trapped, or he will bring evil to bring trouble to the fetus. Therefore, the opportunities for overthrow and usurpation are all guided and tamed. Although we are far away from each other in the year of worship, it is still the same as giving Yi a finger with his hand. He was harmed by thieves, how could he be so straightforward and brilliant?

Yu regarded Confucianism as the emperor's teacher, and he was equipped with Han ministers. He was particularly respected and trustworthy, and he was the most important minister. He was extremely noble among Confucian scholars. During the period of Yongshi and Yuanyan, the gods of heaven and earth were seen frequently, and those who spoke and did things ridiculed the Wang clan and Zhuan Zheng. At that time, Emperor Cheng also regretted that he was afraid of the changes in heaven, but had not made a decision. He drove to Yudi and asked about it. He asked him to say something as a rule. Those who plan for Yu must also tell Dayi Jianbing's admonitions, recite Xiaoya's tenth month of thorns, take advantage of them, and talk bitterly about gains and losses. On the contrary, he used the word "rare words" to express his destiny without saying anything strange, which made him have no doubts about becoming an emperor, and gave the Wang family the power to flourish. They were peaceful and peaceful, but the country suddenly perished. The emperor was not concerned about this, so he should open up his affairs and debate in front of the court. He should be on the occasion of the emperor's leisure, and humbly visit the decision. Fang Qie regards the young man under the bed and the official son-in-law in the nearby county. He spends money with his family and husband at heart, seeking safety for himself and not worrying about the country's troubles. This leads to the group stealing power, holding the top positions one after another, and causing trouble and poison. As for the new capital, it cannot be done. Containment also means anger.

After being captured in Dongdu, between Shunhuan and Shunhuan, Hu Guang, the leader of the country's three most powerful forces, took advantage of the great Confucianism and came to power. At the beginning of the Liang Dynasty, Ji Xi was the most important relative of his relatives. He was greedy and ruthless in ruling the country. Since he was corrupt and submissive to the emperor, he proposed to establish an heir. Among the officials and ministers, they are all named Qinghe Wanglan, who is old and virtuous, the most respected relative, and can appease people. We have also decided on a policy, hoping that it will be wise and wise, and that it will be detrimental to the eldest king. He will be private to Liwu and be independent of the group. For those who are widely discussed, he should be as neutral as a stone and not return. He will lead Zhao Jie's disciples to join Li Du. Keep. Then he did three things and worked hard to deliver the correct words to the court. Although he wanted to be violent and wanton, how could he punish all the evildoers in the Han Dynasty once and for all? The rebels were willing to wait for a while, and the first rat was afraid of cowardice, so that the Qinghe River was in ruins, Liwu was a blocker, the country was in ruins, and the Han Dynasty was in ruins. The prison of cliques and prisons became the disaster of the eunuch temple, and the disasters and chaos cycled, so that Dong Zhuo, the illustrious Han Dynasty, turned into Dangtu, built a ridge and a tripod, and the reason for its destruction has been long ago. Mei Fu is lonely and distant, and Zhang Gang is buried in a humble position. Who is the only one? Instead of thinking!

Hey! It is the normal nature of all life to regard advantages and disadvantages, prosperous, ugly and poor. As we hold the political power in our hands and care about the survival of the country, we should be careful about it from the beginning and make decisions from the beginning, so as to guide the good energy and curb the chaos. If the fetus of disaster is already sprouting, it will die after death. It can be stepped on with a white blade, but it is as light as a feather. However, when Yu Guang was in peace, he acted with small loyalty and stood up carefully. He offered auspicious wafers to the dew grass several times, and then stood back to explore the chips. When her husband is in danger and the country is large, she is willing to be tongue-tied and watch the changes. Not only that, but it has also set fire to prairie fires with blazing flames, cut off the soup to support Xiangling, threw the world into the smoke and simmered, and crowded the people into coma. For hundreds of generations, no one has named it. Although history has praised it crudely, it has not investigated the root cause. And do not cross the border, write about the evil of regicide, speak falsely and argue, there are two views on punishment. If during the Spring and Autumn Period, Ming, Yu and Guang's crimes were used as a warning in the next life, how could they be victorious! If Xi Jing suppresses the Wang family and respects the emperor and humbles his ministers, then the common people will have no sorrow and peace will be ruined. When you ascend the Yongqing River in Tokyo, the Lord Ming Ya Zhong will cause the common people to have no spirit and cause chaos. Zuo of the Han Dynasty is not easy to know. Or because the rise and fall of a country are all influenced by the number of shadows, and no one can overpower them, then it is enough to take the blind men and show them, erect earthen puppets to respect them, group them with chapters, and list them in the corridor temple. This is enough. How could it be that Yao and Shun had consultations or appeals, and Yin and Zhou had dreams or divination? If this is the case with worries and hard work, then why? Zi studied ancient times, history, and was addicted to "Spring and Autumn", [B14A] disparaging learning, and felt angry, so he discerned the reason why.

About the author

Quan Deyu (759-818), a writer and minister in the Tang Dynasty. Written in words. A native of Lueyang, Tianshui (now Lueyang, Shaanxi Province). Later he moved to Dantu, Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). During the reign of Emperor Dezong, he was called Dr. Taichang, changed to Zuobuque, moved to the living room, and became the official of Zhizhigao. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Rites and the Minister of Tongzhong, Pingzhangshi, and later moved to the Ministry of Punishments, and then became the Minister of the Ministry of Examination and Libu as the envoy of Shannan West Road. He was posthumously named Wen, and later generations called him Quan Wen Gong.

Quan Deyu was a prominent official and famous for his articles. He was an important writer in the Taige style in the mid-Tang Dynasty. "Jiu Tang Shu Quan Deyu Biography" says that he "is particularly prosperous in his writings. The Six Classics and Hundreds of Masters are gradually becoming more and more tainted. His elegance, uprightness and magnificence are so great that princes and generals pay tribute to celebrities who have passed away at that time. Eighty-nine people use inscriptions as invitations." , people at that time considered him a great master. "The inscriptions and deeds of famous generals such as Hun and Ma Sui were all written by him. He wrote "On the Analysis of the Decline of the Han Dynasty", which condemned Zhang Yu and Hu Guang for corrupting the politics of the two Han Dynasties because of their greed for power. Historians believed that "the big finger was helpful to the world" ("New Book of Tang·Quan Deyu Biography"). Since he has not experienced major political ups and downs or life changes, his articles have an elegant demeanor and a grand style, but lack deep connotations and innovative patterns. Huangfu, who was his contemporary, said in his "Yue Ye": "The writings of Quan Wen Gong are like the grand palace of a wealthy family, and they are grand and spacious, with corridors, verandas, stables, and doors and windows that reflect the Zhou Dynasty. However, there are no new rules and general outlines that are impressive. Yan Yu Canglang's poems in the Southern Song Dynasty spoke highly of his poems, calling him an author worthy of "deep learning" after the Dali Dynasty. He also said: "There are poems by Quan Deyu that are absolutely similar to those of the prosperous Tang Dynasty... or there are some similarities." Wei Suzhou and Liu Changqing.

"(Source: Baidu Encyclopedia)

Notes

1. Mang: Wang Mang, the Western Emperor. His family has been a relative of the Western Han Dynasty for many generations, and he has great power in the government and the public. In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty of Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty ( 5), Wang Mangzhen killed Emperor Ping and succeeded to the throne three years later. When Emperor Ling died, General He Jin and others conspired to kill the eunuchs and bring Dong Zhuo into the court. After Dong Zhuo entered the court, he killed the young emperor, killed the queen mother, and forced the palace to be moved to Chang'an. Officials, excavated the tombs of emperors. In the third year of the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty (192), Dong Zhuo was killed by Wang Yun and others. 2. Artifact: refers to the country.

< p> 3. Xijing: Chang'an, referring to the Western Han Dynasty. Zhang Yu: Zi Wen, the author of the "Book of Changes" and "The Analects of Confucius". He was appointed as the official of Guanglu and became the prime minister. Anchanghou.

4. Tokyo: Luoyang, referring to the Eastern Han Dynasty. , has been serving as Sikong, Situ, Taiwei, Taifu and other important positions. He died at the age of 82.

5. They all faked Taoism and Confucianism: Zhang Yuzhi's "The Analects" learned from everyone's strengths and became a family. At that time, many scholars followed it. Said. Hu Guang read all the six classics of Confucianism and was good at Zhang Zou.

6. "Invitation", "Qiu"

7. Gongfu: San Gong and Fu. Prime Minister. In the Western Han Dynasty, the three Dukes were Da Sima, Da Situ, and Da Sikong. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Da Sima was changed to Taiwei.

8. Li rank: the cause of disaster.

9. Fierce penetration: The evil person refers to Liang Ji.

10. Years and sacrifices are far apart: Zhang Yu was in power when he became emperor, more than 20 years before Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, and there were two years in between. An emperor. Hu Guang agreed with Liang Ji's dictatorship during the Chong Emperor and Zhi Emperor. It was more than fifty years before the Dong Zhuo Rebellion.

11. Comparison: < /p>

12. Emperor: refers to Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty

13. Yongshi and Yuanyan: both are the reign names of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, that is, 16 BC to 9 BC.

14. Yi: shading in the eyes, which is extended to abnormal phenomena in nature such as solar eclipse.

15. Zhuan: Same as "special"

16. Come to. Yu Di: Refers to the frequent anomalies in nature. Introduction to Liang Ji. People talked about it as being caused by the Wang family's dictatorship. Emperor Cheng couldn't make up his mind, so he took a car to visit Zhang Yu, who had retired. He dismissed the people around him and asked him about it.

17. The Ice Commandment of "The Great Yi": "Yi Kun Wenyan" says: "A minister kills his king, and a son kills his father. This does not happen overnight. Gradually, it is better not to argue early because of the debate. "Book of Changes" says: 'The frost has arrived. ’ Gai Yanshun also. "The author here is saying that when the Wang family began to take power, Zhang Yu should warn Emperor Cheng to be more vigilant and guard against mistakes.

18. The thorn in "Xiaoya·October": "Poetry·Xiaoya" There is an article on "The Turn of October", and the "Small Preface" says that this is "the official assassination of King You", that is, using the eclipse of the sun and the moon to criticize King You of Zhou for his inappropriate political measures.

19. Rarely talks about fate, but not about strange things: According to "The Analects of Confucius Zihan" and "Shuer", Confucius rarely talked about destiny and strange things. Emperor Cheng visited Zhang Yu and asked about the reasons for the changes in heaven. Zhang Yu used Confucius' words. Answer, advise Emperor Cheng not to listen to the words of the "new student". Emperor Cheng will no longer doubt Wang.

20. Qie Kuai. : Discussion, discussion.

22. Yan: Kuang, Qiu. Yan Xian: Yanju, Xianju.

23. "Fang Qie looks at the young man": Zhang Yu retires. Later, Emperor Cheng often came to visit Zhang Yu's youngest son who had not yet become an official. When Emperor Cheng came to greet Zhang Yu, Zhang Yu paid attention to his youngest son several times. Emperor Cheng understood and appointed his youngest son as Huangmen in front of Zhang Yu's bed. Lang, I am in trouble. Another time, Emperor Cheng came to visit. Zhang Yu mentioned that his beloved daughter had married Xiao, the prefect of Zhangye, and it was a long way away. Emperor Cheng then ordered Xiao to be transferred to be the prefect of Hongnong. See the "Book of Han·Biography of Zhang Yu"

24. Group of thieves: refers to the Wang brothers who have been in power for more than 40 years, and all major national affairs were decided by them, until Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty. Political power.

25. Xindu: Wang Mang is the new capital

26. Dongdu: Luoyang, referring to the Eastern Han Dynasty

27. National Unification III. Jue: After the death of Emperor Shun, Emperor Chong and Emperor Zhi died after reigning for one year respectively.

28. Coming to power: Refers to the status of the three princes.

29. The importance of Liang Jixi's relatives. : Liang Ji is the elder brother of Emperor Shun, Empress Liang, and serves as a general.

30. After Emperor Zhizhi died, Liang Ji established Emperor Zhizhi. When he was young, he also knew that Liang Ji was arrogant and once called him a "domineering general" in public. He had a grudge and soon poisoned Emperor Zhi. After Emperor Zhi's death, Liang Ji proposed to establish a successor.

31. Three sentences of "Gongqing minister": At that time, Taiwei Li Gu, Situ Hu Guang, Sikong Zhao Jie, etc. all said this, see "Book of the Later Han·Li Gu Biography" Liu Lian and Emperor Zhi had the same grandfather, so he said. He obeys his subordinates and respects his relatives the most.

32. Privately to Liwu, but different from others: Liwu is the Marquis of Liwu, his name is Zhi, and he married Liang Jimei. Liang Ji was afraid that establishing Liu Lian would be detrimental to him, so he ignored everyone's opposition and established Li Wuhou as emperor, who was Emperor Huan of Han.

33. Zhao Jie’s disciples, guarded by Li and Du: At the court meeting at that time, Liang Ji was very aggressive and spoke passionately, proposing to establish stupid Wuhou, which frightened Hu Guang, Zhao Jie and others. Not daring to object, only Li Gu and Du Qiao insisted on establishing Liu Lian, so that the meeting could not continue. After the meeting, Li Gu still wrote a letter to persuade Ji, but Ji became even more angry and persuaded the Queen Mother to depose Li Gu and finally made Li Wuhou the emperor. The matter can be found in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Li Gu".

34. Sanshi: Sanshi Dafu, the ancient name of Sangong. Baigong: Baiguan.

35. Relocation of Qinghe: After the death of Emperor Zhi, the ministers proposed to establish Liu Lian, the king of Qinghe, but Liang Jijian refused and established Emperor Huan. More than a year later, Liu Wen and others planned to establish Liu Lian, and Lian was impeached and demoted to Weishihou. He moved to Guiyang and committed suicide. The matter can be found in "Book of the Later Han·Biography of the Eight Kings of Emperor Zhang".

36. Prison of Party Prison: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuchs were powerful and the politics were dark. Some upright scholars rose up against the eunuchs. However, they failed and were accused of being cronies. They were imprisoned for life for slandering the court. Many people were brutally killed.

37. The disaster of eunuchs: eunuchs refer to eunuchs. Liang Ji's two younger sisters were the empresses Shun and Huan respectively, and Ji therefore had exclusive power. In the second year of Emperor Huan's Yanxi reign (159), the queen died. The emperor, Shan Chao and other five eunuchs killed Liang Ji, and all five were granted the title of marquis on the same day. Eight other eunuchs, including Zhao Zhong and Liu Pu, were also granted the title of rural marquis. From then on, the eunuchs monopolized power, disrupted the government, exploited the people, and eventually triggered a large-scale peasant uprising.

38. The cycle of chaos and chaos led to Dong Zhuo: After the death of Emperor Ling, the prince ascended the throne and the Queen Mother came to the court. The Queen Mother's brother He Jin plotted to kill the eunuchs, but was killed when it was revealed. In order to deal with the eunuchs, the court officials recruited Dong Zhuo into the court. From then on, the world was in chaos and was out of control. See "Book of the Later Han·Queen's Chronicle". Dangtu: Chenwei talks about Wei generals replacing Han, there is a word like "Dangtu", Dangtu refers to Wei.

39. Mei Fu was isolated and distant: When he became emperor, the general Wang Feng had exclusive power, and no ministers dared to say anything. Although Mei Fu had a low status, he wrote many times to ridicule Wang.

40. Zhang Gang buried the wheel with low rank: When Liang Ji was in power, he sent eight envoys to follow customs. Zhang Gang was the censor at the time and was also selected. Everyone else was ready to set off, but Zhang Gang buried the wheel under the Du Pavilion in Luoyang and wrote a letter of fifteen charges against Liang Ji, demanding that he be severely punished. After this book was published, the whole court was shocked. Although the emperor knew that Zhang Gang's words were reasonable, the Liang family was too powerful and did not dare to appoint him.

41. Offering auspicious yarrow to the dew yarrow: According to the "Book of Han·Zhang Yu Biography", Zhang Yu often used yarrow for divination when he saw an abnormality in the weather. When he got auspicious divination, he presented it to the emperor, and he got The evil hexagram means the appearance of worry comes from the color. Countless times: many times. Ji Zhen: Ji Gua. Dew yarrow: Place yarrow in the open under the stars for divination the next day, so as to get the "weather".

42. Julihou Yu Tancai: Emperor Shun wanted to choose one of the four favored nobles as the queen. He didn't know who would be better, so he wanted to ask the gods to decide by drawing lots. Hu Guang and others came to the throne to advise her, believing that a person from a good family and with outstanding virtues should be selected as the queen instead of drawing lots. Emperor Shun adopted this opinion.

43. Tangtang: The appearance of rapids. Huanling: The floods overflow the mountains and mausoleums.

44. Simmer: charcoal.

45. Faint pad: drowning in water.

46. Two sentences of "Although history praises rough words": Ban Gu's "Book of Han: Biography of Zhang Yu" and Fan Ye's "Book of Later Han: Biography of Hu Guang" pointed out their shortcomings to varying degrees. , but all failed to point out the harm they caused to the country.

47. Do not cross the border when leaving, and write about the evil of regicide: See the "Zuo Zhuan-Xuan Gong's Second Year": "Zhao Chuan attacked Linggong in Taoyuan, but Xuanzi came back before he came out of the mountain. Taishi Book Date: "Zhao Dun killed his king" to show it to the court. Xuan Zi said: "No." "Writing.

Translation

When people talk about the reasons for the collapse of the Han Dynasty, they all say that Wang Mang and Dong Zhuo were the main culprits. I think that Wang Mang and Dong Zhuo usurped power and made the country unmanageable. , the people were in ruins, they brought about their own destruction, and their crimes were obvious to everyone in the world. If we carefully explore the causes of the demise of the two Han Dynasties, we can say that it was Zhang Yu who caused the destruction of the Western Han Dynasty and the destruction of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was Hu Guang. They all used Confucianism as capital to realize their evil intentions and gained great fame at the time. Every word they said was of great importance. The stakes were high. But they kept saying flattery, being good teachers, and just wanted to keep their high-ranking officials. Zhang Yu harmed Emperor Cheng, which led to the rise of trouble; Hu Guang attached himself to Liang Ji and planted the root of trouble. , the signs of the collapse of the country and the usurpation of power were gradually caused by the actions of these two people. Although the era they lived in was still many years away from the chaos in the world, the chaos was caused just as they taught it with their hands and used their chins. The command is the same. Isn't their harm more serious than Wang Mang and Dong Zhuo?

Zhang Yu became Emperor Cheng's teacher by virtue of his proficiency in Confucian classics and became the prime minister, receiving special respect and trust.

He assumed the important task of being in charge of the ministers and reached the highest status that a Confucian scholar could achieve. Between Yongshi and Yuanyan of Emperor Cheng, abnormal phenomena often occurred in the heaven and earth. People who discuss government affairs ridicule and accuse the Wang family, thinking that it is caused by their autocratic power. At that time, Emperor Cheng was also afraid of the changes in the celestial phenomena, felt guilty and self-blame, and could not make up his mind for a while.

He arrived at Zhang Yu's mansion in a car, retreated to the left and right, and asked Zhang Yu for advice. It is necessary to obtain Zhang Yu's high opinions as the standard for judging things. For Zhang Yu's sake, it is also appropriate to state the admonition in the "Book of Changes" of "walking on frost and firm ice" and recite "Poetry·Xiaoya·The Turn of October" to explain the irony in it. Taking advantage of Emperor Cheng's initiative to solicit opinions, he pointed out the political gains and losses as much as he wanted. Unexpectedly, he responded with Confucius' words of "rare words" and "silent words", which caused Emperor Cheng to dispel his doubts and caused the Wang family to gradually become stronger. Everyone in the imperial court took no precautions, and the country soon fell. If Emperor Cheng had not thought of the dangers of the Wang family's exclusive power, he should have analyzed the interests, advised him, and even remonstrated with Yan Zhijian at the court. What's more, when the emperor came to visit the mansion and sincerely asked him to come up with a solution, he was still paying attention to his youngest son in front of the bed, asking to transfer his son-in-law to a nearby state and county, caring about his family and children wholeheartedly, and coveting his own comfort. , not worrying about the country's crisis. As a result, the Wang brothers seized power and took turns in power in the court. Chaos brewed and spread poison throughout the country. Finally, Wang Mang, the new capital lord, usurped the power of the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang's usurpation of power could not be contained, and Zhang Yu's actions were really infuriating!

Between Emperor Shun and Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, three emperors died in a row in three years. Hu Guang was appointed as a great Confucian, and his official position has always been the third official.

Liang Ji relied on the authority of his relatives to be greedy and violent, and ruled the country. After poisoning Emperor Zhi to death, he proposed to establish an heir. The ministers all believed that King Liu Suan of Qinghe was old, virtuous, and had the most noble and close relationship, which could calm people's hearts, and the decision to let him succeed to the throne has been made. However, Liang Ji was afraid of Liu Lian's intelligence and virtuousness, and believed that an older monarch was not conducive to his monopoly. He secretly wanted to establish Li Wuhou Liu Zhi, so he opposed the opinions of all the ministers. Thinking about Hu Guang, he should be like the mainstay, unswerving and never give in. He led Zhao Jie and others to insist on the same idea as Li Gu and Du Qiao. Then, the three officials and hundreds of officials stated the correct opinions on establishing Liu Lian in the court. Even if Liang Ji was violent and unruly, could he kill all the officials in the court at once? Who knew that Hu Guang was greedy for peace and quiet for a while, hesitant and timid, which finally led to the demotion of Qinghe King Liu Lian In another place, he committed suicide, and Li Wu Hou Liu Zhi succeeded to the throne, which became an obstacle to the national destiny; the situation of the Han Dynasty was declining day by day, and his fortune was becoming more and more pressing; the unjust prisons of the party arose, causing the disaster of the eunuchs' monopoly power. Disasters followed one after another, and finally developed into Qiangzhuo's rebellion. The originally prosperous Han Dynasty was eventually replaced by the Wei Dynasty. After investigation, the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty was like the bending of roof beams and the breaking of tripod legs. The cause was hidden a long time ago. Na Meifu was weak and had a low status, but he could still go to court many times. Zhang Gang had the lowest official position among the eight envoys. In order to oppose Liang Ji, he buried a wheel under the capital pavilion in Luoyang and wrote a letter to challenge Liang. Who are they? Why didn't Zhang Yu and Hu Guang think of this?

Alas! Pursuing interests, avoiding disasters, being proud of a successful official career, and being ashamed of being in a difficult situation are almost the usual behavior of people. Have the mentality. But when it comes to taking power and governing the country, which is closely related to the survival of the country, we should act cautiously before the disaster begins, be brave in making decisions, promote righteousness and cut off the source of the disaster. If disaster has arisen, one should not be afraid of sacrifice, dare to step on the blade, and regard death as lighter than a feather. Helplessly, when Zhang Yu and Hu Guang were in peace in the world, they just tried their best to show a small degree of loyalty and paid attention to improving the details of life. Introduction to Liang Ji, repeatedly presented auspicious hexagrams obtained with yarrow, and prevented the use of drawing lots to establish a queen. . At the critical moment of life and death, they are willing to shut their mouths, say nothing, and silently stand by when it comes to major events that affect the fate of the country. Is this all there is to it? They also add fuel to the fire and add fuel to the flames, putting the people of the world in dire straits. A hundred generations later, no one knows who is the culprit. Although the praises in "Hanshu" and "Houhanshu" briefly mentioned some of them, they did not explain the ins and outs. In the past, when Duke Linggong of Jin was killed, Zhao Dun did not have time to escape from the country. "Zuo Zhuan" also recorded his crime of regicide; Shaozhengmao was hypocritical and skillful in eloquence, and Confucius killed him under the high platforms on both sides of the palace gate. If in the Spring and Autumn Period, I would have to point out the crimes committed by Zhang Yu and Hu Guang to warn future generations, I would be endless! In the Western Han Dynasty, if the power of the Wang family could be restrained and the authoritative status of the monarch could be established, then If the ministers obeyed the monarch, then the ruinous situation of Emperor Ai and Emperor Ping might not have happened; if Liu Lian, the king of Qinghe, had been the emperor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the monarch was wise and the ministers were loyal, then the disasters of Emperor Ling and Emperor Xian might not have happened. It is not easy to determine how long the Han Dynasty's national rule lasted. Some people believe that the rise and fall of a country is secretly determined by God's will and cannot be resisted by human power. If this statement can be established, then as long as a deaf or blind person is invited to be the prime minister, clay figures and puppets are erected to respect him, Just put them in official uniforms, wear official seals, and line them up in the court.

Why did Yao and Shun often sigh in order to manage their country? Why did Emperor Gaozong of Yin and King Wen of Zhou, who were eager for talents, some think about it day and night, and some dream about divination?

Why do they worry about state affairs, work diligently, and sometimes have no time to eat from morning until the sun sets, so that they can manage the country well? Because I study ancient history, and I like the implicit praise and blame between the lines in "Spring and Autumn" Writing method, with passionate emotions in my heart, I can identify the reasons for the demise of the Han Dynasty.