It's the first time to plant honeysuckle, and I don't know how to plant it. I want to ask you a complete planting plan (from pit throwing to planting, watering, weeding and season)

1. Land selection and soil preparation: Honeysuckle has low requirements on soil, so it should be planted in barren hills and barren land, with sandy loam as the best, and pH 5.5 ~ 7 is suitable for honeysuckle growth. It is best to use sandy soil with rich soil, deep soil layer and loose texture. Before planting, apply 30-45 tons of ring fertilizer per hectare and plough it to a depth of 25-30 cm. Rake it flat, water it, edge it or not.

2. Propagation method: Propagation with seeds and cuttings. Cutting propagation has high survival rate and quick income, and is widely used in producing areas.

(1) Seed propagation: 1 1 Pick fruits, scrub them in water, remove pulp and chaff, and take mature seeds and air dry them for later use. In April of the following year, the seeds were soaked in warm water at 35 ~ 400℃ for 24 hours, then mixed with 2 ~ 3 times of wet sand to accelerate germination, and planted when the crack of the seeds reached about 30%. Before sowing, select fertile sandy loam and turn it over 30 ~ 33 cm deep to make a flat bed with a width of about 65 ~ 70 cm. The length of the boundary is not limited. After the frame is straightened, water is poured thoroughly. When the soil is slightly loose, the surface of the boundary is leveled. In each border, three shallow furrows are marked with a row spacing of 2 1 ~ 22 cm, seeds are evenly spread in the furrows, and fine soil covers 1 cm. After sowing, keep the ground moist, cover the border with a layer of weeds, spray 1 time every two days, and unearthed in about ten days. The seedlings can grow to 1 m high that year. After stopping growth in autumn, cut off the upper branches and leave 30 ~ 40 cm for transplanting in early winter or the following spring. The seed dosage per hectare is about 15 kg.

(2) Cutting propagation: it can be divided into direct cutting and seedling cutting.

① Direct cuttage: in places with good water conservancy conditions, it can be used all year round, and it is usually pruned in rainy season or combined with early winter. Select 1 ~ 2-year-old branches with vigorous growth, no pests and diseases, and many flowers, cut them into 30 ~ 35 cm, and remove the lower leaves as cuttings to cooperate with them. On the whole land, dig holes according to row spacing 165cm and plant spacing 150cm, and the pit depth is 16 ~ 18cm. There are 5 ~ 6 cuttings in each pit, which are scattered and obliquely buried in the soil and exposed to the ground for about 7 ~10. After planting, fill the soil and tamp it. In dry years, water after planting to improve the survival rate. The specific row spacing can be changed according to the terrain. Plain planting can be carried out after winter sowing of wheat seedlings, combined with pruning, cutting off 2 or 3 branches of healthy branches, opening holes for 4,500 plants per hectare and inserting them into wheat ridges, and watering immediately after sowing.

② Cutting seedling: In order to preserve honeysuckle branches and facilitate management, cutting seedling is often used. The method is: choose a plot with convenient watering, turn it deep and level it, and use soil miscellaneous fertilizer as base fertilizer. In July and August, trenches were dug with a row spacing of 23 ~ 26 cm, with a depth of about 16 cm and a spacing of 2 cm between plants. Put the cuttings obliquely in the ditch, then fill them with soil, cover them evenly and compact them. Water once after planting. If the weather is dry in the future, water 1 time every two days to keep the soil moist. It can take root and sprout in about half a month, and transplant in spring or autumn the next year. 3. Tian Tuan management

(1) Cultivation management in mountainous areas: The soil in mountainous areas is poor, the water conservancy conditions are poor, and the growth of honeysuckle is relatively weak. Therefore, cutting and shaping are the main methods to promote the growth of newly planted plants, and cutting is the main method to promote the stability and high yield of put into production. Before transplanting the plants that have grown 1 year to germinate in winter or spring, cut off the upper branches and leave 30 ~ 40 cm as the trunk for cultivation, and then pay attention to remove the newly grown base branches in time every spring and leave good side branches. After years of pruning, the trunk is obvious, the branches are evenly distributed and grow vigorously in an umbrella shape. After picking flowers, cut off the upper parts of the branches. After cutting, it is considered that the branches can stand upright, and at the same time, the dead branches and over-dense branches are cut off to maintain their vigorous vitality. Through pruning, the ventilation and light transmission conditions and nutrient distribution in plants are improved, and the occurrence of pests and diseases is reduced. Under the same other conditions, the yield of pruning in mountainous areas is 20% ~ 30% higher than that of no pruning.

Cultivate the soil before freezing in winter to prevent the roots from being frozen. In the spring, an annular ditch with a depth of 15 cm is opened 30 cm away from the plant, and the ditch is fertilized and then covered with soil. The amount of fertilization depends on the size of the flower pier. Generally, 5 kg of soil mixed fertilizer or 50 g of ammonium bicarbonate are applied to each flower pier for more than 5 years. If the growth is vigorous and the soil is fertile, it is not suitable to apply nitrogen fertilizer. After fertilization, plants are shaped into fish scale pits to keep water.

(2) Plain farming management: the plain soil layer is fertile and deep, and the water conservancy conditions are good. The management methods are mainly pruning and setting, and varieties with short internodes, strong uprightness and many flowers are selected to ensure stable and high yield. Honeysuckle is planted on the plain. After 4 years of pruning, the trunk is 30-40 cm high and 6-8 cm in diameter. There are several thick lateral trunks above the trunk, which are densely covered with flower branches. The whole plant is conical, with plant height1.5-1.7m and evenly distributed branches. Cultivated for 5 years, the yield of dried flowers per hectare is 2.25 tons. The specific method is to cultivate the trunk and choose to keep the secondary trunk in the first and second years. In winter, leave 4-7 stout branches at 30-40 cm on the trunk, and keep an appropriate angle between branches. All other branches are cut off, leaving 5-7 pairs of buds, and then cut off the upper parts of branches and fix the secondary branches. In the third year, in addition to supplementing and adjusting the secondary branches, we mainly choose to leave the tertiary branches, and keep 3-5 branches on each secondary branch on the principle of weakening and retaining strength. Select 4 ~ 6 full buds from each tertiary trunk, cut off all the upper branches and fix the tertiary trunk, and basically cultivate the whole plant type. Normal flowering tree age begins in the fourth year. In addition to adjusting the three-level backbone branches, pruning mainly focuses on selecting and retaining the mother branches of flowering branches and the number of full buds on them. Based on the principle of removing the strong and selecting the weak, 4 ~ 6 striped mother branches are left on each tertiary trunk, and the total number of striped mother branches is controlled at about 100. All the selected mother branches are cut off except 4 ~ 6 pairs of full buds, which is beneficial to the extraction of buds and lays the foundation for a bumper harvest. In the fifth year, it entered the high-yield period. In addition to continuing to adjust the third-grade main branches, pruning mainly focused on retaining the mother branches of the flower branches, so as to replace them every year and retain the strong branches to facilitate the extraction of the flower branches. Prune the branches after each flower, so that the pruned branches can stand upright. Through pruning, combined with watering and fertilization, the lateral buds are promoted to form vigorous and neat new flower branches, and the flowering time is relatively concentrated. This can be collected four times a year.

Pruning time: winter pruning is carried out from the winter before germination to the following spring, combined with plastic surgery. Generally, in summer and autumn, after each flowering, in addition to selecting suitable flower branches, cross branches, twining branches, overlapping branches, weak branches, long branches, withered old branches and tillering branches should be cut off in time to alleviate the growth of trees and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions. Winter cutting or summer and autumn cutting should be timely and suitable for trees, which varies from place to place. Master the principles that winter cutting should be heavy, summer cutting should be light, short cutting should promote flowering and control crown width. Fertilization and watering: Sufficient water and fertilizer is the key to high yield in plain cultivation. After thawing in early spring, topdressing 750 kilograms of bean cake per hectare of flower pier for more than 5 years, adding appropriate amount of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, and furrowing beside plants; After picking flowers each time, topdressing urea 225 kg per hectare. Topdressing 1 time before freezing, evenly spreading the soil and miscellaneous fertilizers on the ground, and turning the soil and fertilizer 25cm away from the honeysuckle plant, so as to evenly mix the soil and fertilizer, cut off the old lateral roots, promote the growth of new roots, and play a role in warming the roots and fertilizing the trees.

Water 1 time after each fertilization and thawing to promote the germination of branches and leaves. 4. Pests and diseases and their control: there are few diseases of honeysuckle, mainly brown spot, white silk disease and powdery mildew of young honeysuckle; The pests are serious, mainly aphids, coffee moth, wood moth, inchworm and so on.

(1) Honeysuckle brown spot disease: it is fungal disease. After the onset, the lesions on the leaves are round or polygonal and yellow-brown limited by veins, and gray mold grows on the back when wet. The disease is very serious from July to August. Prevention and control methods: remove diseased leaves and reduce the source of germs; Strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and enhance disease resistance; At the initial stage of the disease, it was sprayed with 3% jinggangmycin 50 mg/kg solution or 1: 1.5: 200 bordeaux solution, and sprayed 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days for 2 ~ 3 consecutive times.

(2) Bacterial blight: it mainly harms roots. Hot and rainy weather is easy to occur, and the incidence of young flower pier is low, while the incidence of old flower pier is high. Prevention and control methods: dry the roots in spring and autumn, water them with Bordeaux solution, and open a ditch 30 cm deep around the diseased plants to prevent the spread.

(3) Powdery mildew: it mainly harms new buds and shoots. Control methods: apply organic fertilizer to improve disease resistance; Strengthen pruning and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions; Combined with winter pruning, try to cut off diseased buds and overwintering bacteria sources; In early spring, when the scales are cracked and the leaves are not unfolded, spray 0. 1 ~ 0.2 Baume lime-sulfur mixture.

(4) Aphids in China and Daour: Adults and nymphs suck the juice of leaves, which makes the leaves curl and turn yellow, and the buds are damaged and deformed; Secreting honey dew in the process of injury leads to soot disease and affects the photosynthesis of leaves. Carrots from Myzus persicae migrated from the first host Umbelliferae to Lonicera japonica in May 438+1October, and suffered the most damage in the first half of May, seriously affecting the yield and quality of Lonicera japonica, and moved back to the first host in June. Control method: use 40% dimethoate emulsion 1 0,000 times or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1 0,000 ~1times to spray once every 7 ~ 10 days for 2 ~ 3 times in a row, and the last application must be made before picking honeysuckle. (5) Cerambycidae is an important stem borer of honeysuckle. It is distributed in the old producing areas of honeysuckle in Shandong, especially in Pingyi and Feixian. According to the survey, Wharton's homicide rate has reached 80% for more than ten years. After honeysuckle was killed, it grew weak. After several years of killing, the whole plant died. Shandong Province has 1 generation a year. The newly hatched larvae first feed on the xylem surface, and then when the larvae grow to 3 mm, they feed vertically in the xylem, forming a tortuous insect path. The cavity is full of sawdust and insect dung, which is very hard, and there is no dung hole on the surface of the branch, which is not only difficult to find, but also the chemical control effect is not good at this time. Control method: Spraying 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 times in April-May, which has certain effect. In recent years, the release of longicorn beetles in the field has achieved good control effects. In sunny days when the temperature is above 25℃, it is better to release bees in July and August. This biological control method can be popularized and applied in producing areas.

(6) Female codling moth: it occurs every year in Shandong 1 generation. After hatching, the larvae burrow into branches or new shoots, and after 3 ~ 5 days, the new shoots wither. When the larvae grow to 3 ~ 5 mm, the insect dung is discharged from the borehole, which is easy to find. Larvae bite a circle between xylem and phloem, which makes the branches break easily in the wind. There are often several excrement discharge holes on one side of the injured branch, and the insect excrement is long cylindrical, light yellow and not fragile. Dead plants appeared in Huadun from September to 10. This kind of insect has the habit of changing plants to cause harm. Prevention and control methods: clear the flower piles in time. After the second crop of flowers is harvested, it needs to be pruned from late July to early August to cut off the insect branches. If pruning is too late, the larvae will eat the lower thick branches and then cut them off, which will have an impact on the growth potential of the flower pile; The middle and late July is the peak of larval hatching, which is the suitable period for chemical control. Use 40% omethoate EC 1 500 times solution and add 0.3% ~ 0.5% kerosene to promote the penetration of liquid medicine into the stem. This method works well.

(7) Willow borer: It occurs every two years 1 generation in the main producing areas of Shandong, spanning three years. After hatching, the larvae colonized under the old skin of Lonicera japonica, and gradually spread after growing to10 ~15 mm. However, the permanent head of the larvae was destroyed by phloem and shallow xylem between the trunk and rhizosphere, forming a wide wormway, discharging a lot of insect droppings and sawdust, seriously damaging the physiological function of the plant, hindering the transport of nutrients and water, and making the leaves of Lonicera japonica yellow and fall off, 8 ~. Control methods: strengthen field management, the larvae of the willow stem borer like to harm the weak flower pier and eat more in the old hole. Therefore, strengthen tending management, timely fertilization and watering, promote the growth of honeysuckle and improve insect resistance; Pesticide control: at the peak of larval hatching, spray 40% omethoate 1 000 times of 0.5% kerosene on the branches, or after picking flowers, mix 40% omethoate or 50% chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate into liquid medicine according to the ratio of medicine: water = 1: 1, that is, water the roots first.

(8) Honeysuckle geometrid: an important leaf-eating pest of Honeysuckle. When it broke out, the leaves were eaten up, leaving only branches. Prevention and control methods: cleaning the countryside to reduce the source of overwintering insects; The young can be sprayed with 80% dichlorvos EC 1 000 ~ 1 500 times.

(5) harvesting and processing

1. harvesting: timely harvesting is an important link to improve the yield and quality of honeysuckle. According to the current cultivation techniques, honeysuckle can be picked four times a year. But the first time and the second time cost more, and the next two times cost less. Generally, the first flowers are picked in the middle and late May, the second flowers are picked in the middle and late June, and the third and fourth flowers are picked in July and August respectively. From bud to flower, honeysuckle can be roughly divided into bud (green, bud is about 65,438+0 cm), tricolor (green, bud is about 2.2-2.4 cm), white (light green and white, bud is about 3-3.9 cm), white (white, flower is about 3.8-4.6 cm) and honeysuckle (just opened). The chlorogenic acid content of flowers decreased from bud to flowering.

In production, according to the flowering law of honeysuckle, the picking period and standard are mastered. The upper part of the bud is swollen, but it is not open, and it is most suitable for picking when it is bluish white. Picking too early, the buds are green and tender, and the yield is low; It's too late, it's easy to bloom and reduce the quality. The daily collection time is in the morning, preferably before dew. Honeysuckle is open for a long time, so we must seize the opportunity to pick it. For buds that meet the picking standards, pick them from outside to inside and from bottom to top, and be careful not to break branches.

2. Processing: sun-dried or sun-dried honeysuckle immediately after picking. Put the buds in a dry tray and spread them on a clean stone or cement floor or mat. The thickness is 2 cm, and the principle is to dry on the same day. Don't turn over in the sun to prevent the buds from turning black. It's best to dry it in a basket or dish. If it is rainy or cannot be dried on the same day, it can be put away and piled up in time. Sun-drying method is simple, low cost and widely used in producing areas. In order to ensure the quality of honeysuckle, drying method should be adopted in areas where flower production is concentrated or in rainy weather. Different drying rooms can be designed according to local conditions. Farmers generally adopt the natural baking method, that is, coal stoves are placed in the center of the room (the number depends on the size of the room), and the water is naturally discharged, generally drying at about 40℃ without changing the temperature.

A slightly complicated drying room has two stoves at one end, a backfire fire path in the room, chimneys and skylights on the roof, and a pair of vents at the front and rear walls 30 cm from the ground. When drying, the temperature should not be too high, generally 30 ~ 35℃. After drying for 2 hours, the temperature can be raised to about 40℃, and the flowers will emit water. After 5 ~ 10 hour, the indoor temperature is kept at 45 ~ 50℃. After baking 10 hour, most of the water in the flower is discharged, and then the temperature is raised to 55℃, so that the flower can be dried quickly. Generally 12 ~ 20 hours can be completely dried. You can't turn it by hand or other things when drying, otherwise it will turn black easily. When it is not dry, you can't stop working, and it will get hot and go bad. In Pingyi county, Shandong province, the rate of first-class flowers dried in the sun is as high as 95%, and the rate of first-class flowers dried in the sun is only 23%. Drying method is an effective measure to improve the quality of honeysuckle. Dry or sun-dried honeysuckle is stored in a cool and dry place to prevent moisture and insects.

3. Commodity specifications and grades: According to the quality advantages and disadvantages of honeysuckle and traditional production and marketing habits, it can be divided into three types: close planting honeysuckle (southern honeysuckle), economic honeysuckle (oriental honeysuckle) and mountain honeysuckle (soil honeysuckle), and each type is further divided into several grades:

(1) Miyinhua is called "Miyinhua" in Hong Kong market.

Level 1: The bud is rod-shaped, thick on the top and thin on the bottom, slightly curved. The surface is blue and white, the corolla is thick, the texture is slightly hard, and it has a sense of topping. The smell is fragrant and the taste is sweet, sour and bitter. No open flowers, no more than 5% broken buds and yellow stripes. No black stripes, blackheads, branches and leaves, impurities, moth-eaten and mildew.

Second-class: no more than 5% flowering, no more than 10% broken buds and yellow stripes, no black stripes, no branches and leaves. Other standards are the same.

The third category: open flowers with no more than 30% black stripes and no branches and leaves. Other standards are the same.

The fourth category: buds and open flowers, regardless of color. Branches and leaves shall not exceed 3%. No impurities, moth-eaten, mildew.

(2) The Hong Kong market of Jiyinhua is called "no flowers".

The first kind: the bud is rod-shaped and full. Thick on the top and thin on the bottom, slightly curved. The surface is yellow, white and cyan. The smell is fragrant and the taste is sweet, sour and bitter. No more than 5% of the flowers are open. No buds, blackheads, branches and leaves, impurities, moth-eaten and mildew.

Second class: thin buds, no more than 15% flowering and no more than 3% blackheads. No branches, leaves, impurities, insects and mildew.

Third-class: thin buds, no more than 25% flowering, no more than 15% blackheads, no more than 1% branches and leaves, no impurities, no moth and no mildew.

Fourth class: buds and open flowers, regardless of color, have no more than 3% branches and leaves. No impurities, moth-eaten, mildew.