What were Shandong's foreign exchanges in Tang Dynasty?

Foreign exchanges between Tang Dynasty and Shandong Province

After the founding of the Tang Dynasty, it coincided with the era of great innovation in Japan. Because Ling Yun and Min Monk, who played a driving role in Japan's unprecedented reform, were all famous scholars who had studied and inspected in China, they had a deep understanding of the material civilization and spiritual civilization in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and put forward the idea that "the Tang Dynasty was a country, and the French style was prepared, and the country was precious". Under the guidance of this idea, Japan sent 15 large missions to the Tang Dynasty. Of these 15 missions, 7 landed from Shandong coast and 8 returned from Shandong coast. (See the table below) The Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty who landed on the coast of Shandong entered Henan along Dengzhou, Laizhou, Qingzhou, qi zhou (now Jinan, Shandong) and Cao Zhou (now Heze, Shandong), passed through the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan) and Luoyang, and finally arrived in Chang 'an, Tang Dou. This is also an important channel for the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty to be introduced into Korea and Japan. Throughout the 7th century, the Japanese government sent three missions to the Tang Dynasty, all of which landed in Shandong. Among these envoys, it is worth mentioning that Gao Qiu Heng, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty to Japan, sent the Japanese ambassador to Hyunri.

Gaoxiang Hyunri is also a very important figure in the history of Sino-Japanese relations in Sui and Tang Dynasties. He returned to Shandong Peninsula at least twice. In the third year of Sui Daye (607), she went to the Tang Dynasty as an international student with her sister Xiao Ye, and studied in Chang 'an for 33 years. She gained rich knowledge and showed her talents in Dahua's innovation. In the fifth year of Yonghui in Tang Gaozong (654), at the age of 66, he once again led a delegation of envoys of the Tang Dynasty to Chang 'an via Shandong Peninsula and served as the ambassador of the Tang Dynasty. This time, he also shouldered the heavy responsibility of negotiating with the Tang government to resolve the conflict on the Korean Peninsula. At that time, there was a fierce struggle between Koguryo, Silla and Baekje on the Korean peninsula. Silla relies on the Tang government, while Baekje relies on Japanese help, and the two sides are at loggerheads. After modernization, Japan developed rapidly in China and began to want to stand on the Korean peninsula. However, the Tang government did not want to see the Korean peninsula, which was closely related to itself, controlled by the Japanese, so the two sides launched a fierce struggle around the Korean peninsula. In this situation, Gao Xiang, an old man, took on the heavy responsibility of coming to China to solve contradictions and calm conflicts. Although Gao Xiang's mission was not completely successful, because after ten years, Tang and the Japanese army fought fiercely on the Korean peninsula, at least at that time, the contradiction was eased, which was conducive to the development of bilateral relations. Gaoxiang Hyunri died soon in China and did not return to his hometown. It can be said that he spent half his life in China.

In the Tang Dynasty, many foreign students and learned monks traveled to and from Shandong with Japanese envoys in the Tang Dynasty. In the 7th century, about 65,438+000 foreign students and learned monks landed along the coast of Shandong with the envoys of the Tang Dynasty. They went to Chang 'an to study for a decade or two, and then returned to China with the next envoy to the Tang Dynasty. Many of them later became famous Japanese scholars. For example, during the reign of Tang Gaozong, the Japanese scholar Daozhao came to Chang 'an from Shandong in 663. He first studied Faxiangzong with Xuanzang and also studied Zen. He returned to China after studying in China for 9 years, and he was the first person to spread Faxiangzong in Japan. Later, he was enthusiastic about social welfare, popularized the sinking and bridging technology he learned in China in Japan, and took the lead in implementing the cremation system in Japan, which was deeply admired by later generations. In 657, Zhitong and Zhida, two learned monks who sailed with Silla to Chang 'an via Shandong, were also disciples of Xuanzang. After returning to China, both of them were called the second generation of Japanese Faxiangzong, and Zhitong was later appointed as a monk by Emperor Tianwu of Japan.

After Japan sent Tang envoys to the south road, the number of Japanese coming to Shandong decreased, but there were still some Japanese footprints in all parts of Shandong. Ren Yuan, a famous Japanese monk who came to China during the Tang Wenzong period, lived in Shandong for four or five years, and wrote The Book of Seeking the Dharma in the Tang Dynasty, which is an important work in the history of Sino-Japanese relations. Because Ren Yuan has been discussed in a special article, so this article will not talk about it. The Tang envoys who sent Ren Yuan to China took the southern road, but when they returned to China, they took the northern road. During this trip to the Tang Dynasty, Fujiwara Chang Si hired nine Silla boats in Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province) and stayed along the coast of Shandong for two months. There were also some Japanese monks who were very influential in Japan later, such as Yuanxing, Changxiao, Ming Jie and Yicheng. Yuan Xing and Chang Xiao are both disciples of Konghai, a famous Japanese scholar who entered the Tang Dynasty and one of the inventors of Japanese characters. They studied in the Tang Dynasty for two years and brought a large number of Buddhist scriptures and statues back to Japan, becoming the main pioneers of Tantric Buddhism, one of the schools of Buddhism in Japan. The two of them visited the beautiful scenery of Shandong Peninsula.

Japan sent envoys, learned monks, overseas students and their entourage to the Tang Dynasty via the Korean coast, Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula. Although the danger is less than crossing the East China Sea directly, we still have to overcome many difficulties and even pay a heavy price. Especially when landing on the coast, ships often can't dock, they can only drift at sea, and even be damaged by the wind and waves, so they can't sail on schedule. Especially in the late Tang Dynasty, due to the influence of Anshi Rebellion, the boarding economy was ruined and natural disasters occurred frequently, so it was often difficult to send Tang envoys through this area.

Entry Form of Japanese Envoys in Tang Dynasty along Shandong Coast

Name of project special envoy, number of ships entering Tang, time of returning to China, remarks

1 Daren Shang Yutian Qiu Daren pharmacist Huiri 1 630 632 Ambassador Tang

Rensuixing

2 Ji Shi Chang Dan 1 (120 people) 653 654.

As high as Hyunri.

Ma Lu by the river 2 654 655

4 Sakamoto Shibei 2 659 6 1 year

5 Hand-beaten slate

The situation of stone accumulation in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is unknown. It was sent back to Tang envoys in 665 and 667.

Liu

6 Hanoi whale unknown 669 unknown

7 yuan 1 759 76 1 year (South Tang Shi Road) Shenwei

Yue Suixing

Fujiwara Tsukiji No.4 (9 ships on the return trip) set out from South Road in 834, drifted to Dengzhou in 837 and returned.

In the political communication between China and Silla in the Tang Dynasty, several things were closely related to Shandong Peninsula.

One is that during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, the Bohai regime invaded Dengzhou, and the Tang government invited King Jin Xingguang of Silla to help Dengzhou and attack the Bohai Sea. Silla sent troops this time to cooperate with Tang Jun. Although the road was difficult and dangerous due to foggy weather, it turned back halfway, but it effectively contained the Bohai army and forced it to withdraw from Dengzhou, thus lifting the crisis in Shandong Peninsula. This joint action of Dengzhou in fighting floods has enhanced the friendship between the Tang Dynasty and Silla. In this Sino-Singapore joint military operation, King Silla and Jin Li, an official of Silla in the Tang Dynasty, made great contributions and were naturally rewarded by the Tang government. Tang Xuanzong was also very grateful to them, so after the death of King Jin Xingguang of Silla four years later, Xuanzong still remembered his achievements. "He gave a big gift to the Prince of Taibao, and still sent Zuo Zanshan's doctor Xing Shou to take a red tassel and take a group photo, and went to Silla Wei for sacrifice. His son Cheng Qing attacked his father, Kaifeng Yitong No.3 Division and Silla King." [6] It is worth noting that when King Silla was invited to send troops to Dengzhou for assistance, the Tang government also named him "the ambassador of Ningshui". Ningshui Division was not established in the Tang Dynasty, but Mu Ping County was changed to "Ningshui Division" in the Jin Dynasty, and later called Ninghai Prefecture. I wonder if it means "Ning Shui Shi" in the Tang Dynasty. It is estimated that the scope of Ninghai military ambassador's responsibility for public security should include the coastal areas near Shandong Peninsula. The appointment of Silla King as Ambassador to Ninghai in the Tang Dynasty is an important task to maintain maritime security from the coastal areas of Shandong and Jiangsu to the west coast of Korea with the help of Silla. From Jin Xingguang to King Silla who succeeded to the throne later, he also held this position. Ambassador Ninghai actually became the hereditary position that the emperor of Tang Dynasty sealed to King Silla. The award of this position also reflects the high trust and dependence of the Tang government on the Silla rulers.

Another thing about Shandong happened in the 13th year of Tang Xianzong Yuanhe (8 18). Yunzhou (now Yuncheng, Shandong Province) made Li Shidao rebel in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to sending troops to suppress it, the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to Silla to ask Silla to send troops to help. Silla sent troops to Shandong this time to help the Tang Dynasty counter-insurgency. Dongyi Biography and Old Tang Books? There is no record in the biography of Dongyi. In New Tang Book? The Biography of the Tang Dynasty only mentions the period. After the rebellion of Li Shidao, the Tang government ordered Li Yuan, Zheng Quan, Li You, Li, Tian and others to attack Li Shidao. This shows that the Tang government attached great importance to the rebellion in Lishi Island in western Shandong, and mobilized almost all military forces to counter the rebellion. In this case, it is reasonable for the Tang government to dispatch Silla soldiers to counter the rebellion.

In this incident, the Korean history book "The History of the Three Kingdoms? There are only a few words in Silla Benji, saying that after receiving the letter from the Tang government, King Silla Xiande "ordered Jin Xiongyuan, the general of the heavenly army, to lead 3,000 troops to help him". As for how Silla Army helped Tang Army to counter the rebellion, there is no record. However, according to the course of the war, it is estimated that the Silla Army contributed to the rapid counter-insurgency of Xianzong. This is also a joint counter-insurgency operation of the Tang and Silla allied forces in Shandong. King Silla accepted the knighthood of the Tang Dynasty, and after being invited by the Tang Dynasty, he also had the obligation to assist the Tang Dynasty in counterinsurgency.

In the economic exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Silla, Dengzhou and Laizhou along the coast of Shandong were the bridges and channels for trade between the two countries.

Due to the close relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Silla after reunification, the official trade between the two sides through envoys and accompanying materials was very prosperous. According to Silla historical records, there are more than 100 kinds of goods shipped to China by sea along the coast of Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Among them are metals such as gold, silver and copper. Golden hairpin, eagle golden hammer, eagle silver hammer, kite golden hammer, a wisp of eagle bell, golden eagle, golden kite,? ? Bells, golden eagle tail pipes, rustling fine gold syringes, gold and silver syringes, needles, gold Buddha statues, silver Buddha statues and so on; Textiles include morning glow brocade, large-flowered fishtooth cotton, small-flowered fishtooth brocade, fishtooth silk, 30 Jin silk satin, dragon yarn, cloth and so on. Medicinal materials include ginseng, bezoar, poria cocos, etc. Animals include horses, dogs, eagles, kites and so on. And fish and leopard skin. In the Tang Dynasty, handicrafts and textiles were mainly returned or sold to Silla, such as gold, silver, exquisite gold and silver utensils and silver bowls. Clothing categories include brocade robe, purple robe, purple embroidered robe, saving clothes, gold belt, silver thin belt, brocade thin bag, etc. Textiles include colored plain, brocade, brocade, five-color Luo Cai, brocade ribbon and so on. In addition, there are teas and some books from all over the country.

Compared with official trade, non-governmental trade is more prosperous in Shandong coastal areas, and Silla merchant ships are frequent in Japan, Silla and Shandong coastal areas. For example, Jin Zhen, Zheng Kedong and Chen Zhong mentioned in Ren Yuan The Journey to the West are merchant ship owners who travel between Silla and Shandong coastal areas. In Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu), he once hired Silla people who were familiar with the coastal roads in Jiangsu and Shandong, and hired more than 60 people at a time.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Shandong Peninsula started from Laizhou and Dengzhou in the north, Zhucheng and Gaomi in the south and Qingzhou in the west. There are passenger stations set up by Silla people, such as Silla Pavilion and Silla Square, which also shows that there are many Silla people living in this area, and their activities in Shandong Peninsula are frequent, which reflects from one side that the economic and cultural exchanges between Shandong Peninsula and Silla are very developed.

In addition to Zhang Baohao mentioned above, there were also some famous scholars and monks in the activities of celebrities in Silla, Shandong Province in the Tang Dynasty. Since the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Silla has continuously sent overseas students to study in imperial academy, Chang 'an, and returned to China after studying for 10 years. In addition to these official students, there are some foreign students who came to the Tang Dynasty at their own expense. After they finished their studies, they either went back to work or became officials in the Tang Dynasty. Outstanding figures such as Jin Yunqing and Cui Zhiyuan emerged among these international students. Most of them entered China from the Shandong coast and served as Tang officials in the Tang Dynasty or returned to China as officials after the completion of their studies. For example, Jin Yunqing is the first scholar in the senior high school entrance examination for Silla students. In July of the first year of Huichang (84 1), he was awarded the history of the governor and served as an official in Zizhou, Shandong Province (now Zibo, Shandong Province). During his tenure, because of his brilliance, the Tang government also appointed him as the ambassador to Silla. As an official of the Tang Dynasty, he won honor for his motherland and was given a fish bag by the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Cui Zhiyuan, a famous scholar, writer and poet in Silla, crossed the sea from Silla to Chang 'an at the age of 12, and was admitted to the middle school at the age of 18. Later, he returned to China as an official and became the originator of Korean Chinese literature. The Three Kingdoms of North Korea? In Biography of Cui Zhiyuan, a classmate Gu Yun sent another poem when he returned from the Tang Dynasty: "Twelve ships crossed the sea, and the article moved China. Eighteen rampages or word gardens, one arrow shot through the Golden Gate policy. " Described his experience of studying in China.

These overseas students spread Chinese civilization to Silla and promoted its social reform and progress in politics, economy, culture, military affairs, science and technology.

Some famous Buddhist monks in Silla in the Tang Dynasty also visited Shandong Peninsula. For example, Ci Zang, an early propagator of Silla Buddhism, led more than ten disciples across the sea to Dengzhou in the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), and then rushed to Chang 'an. After studying Buddhist scriptures for five or six years, in the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), he returned to China with Tibetan scriptures, strange images and pennants. Since then, through his communication, Silla "has a generation of Buddhism, so it flourished." [9] Later, he was appointed as a "powerful minister system" by King Silla, specializing in Buddhism. Another example is Ye Hui and Xu Antai, the monks of Silla who met in India in the Tang Dynasty. Ming Jie, a Silla monk Cui Zhiyuan met in Chang 'an, was a monk in Korean history. They all crossed the sea through Shandong before going to other places, or died in Shandong, and showed their talents in neighboring Shandong, which is separated from North Korea by water.