After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the story material of harnessing the Huaihe River got high marks.

Abstract: Huaihe River Basin is an overlapping area of three transitional zones: north-south climate, high-low latitude and land-sea facies, and it is a typical disaster-prone environmental zone. Dense population, rich products and developed transportation account for a large proportion in the national economy; In history, floods and droughts alternated, and disasters were severe. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, although some achievements have been made after years of rectification, with the development of social economy and population, natural conditions are constantly developing and changing. At present, flood storage and detention are intertwined with people's production and life, and both fortunes and blessings come from water. In the face of these changes, the Huaihe River regulation planning in 2 1 century should be adjusted on the basis of the regulation principles over the years.

Key words: 2 1 century Huaihe River basin management planning countermeasures

Huaihe River is the first comprehensive river after the founding of New China. At the beginning of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), President Mao Zedong issued a great call for "harnessing the Huaihe River". 1950 14 June 65438+1October 14, the central the State Council made the "decision on harnessing the Huaihe River" and put forward the policy of "storing, discharging and raising funds" to harness the Huaihe River. 199 1 after the Huaihe river flood in, the State Council made the "Decision on Further Harnessing the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake", and put forward the water control strategy of "storing and discharging at the same time, focusing on discharging in the near future". After 50 years of management, the Huaihe River Basin has initially formed a comprehensive flood control system consisting of engineering and non-engineering measures such as soil and water conservation, reservoirs, dikes, rivers, control hubs, flood storage (detention) areas, flood storage lakes, hydrological and hydrological forecasting, flood dispatching and flood control communication. It has changed the tragic situation of "heavy rain, light rain and drought without rain" left over from history for a long time. According to preliminary analysis, the area affected by the flood has decreased by more than 2× 107ha, and the economic benefit has reached more than 200 billion yuan, which is more than 6 times of the total investment. Although great achievements have been made in harnessing the Huaihe River, the flood control standard in the Huaihe River basin is still not high, and it is difficult to defend against the biggest flood since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The main stream of Huaihe River will also sacrifice the vital interests and even lives of the people in flood storage and detention areas when defending against frequent floods with a frequency of 10 ~ 20 years. Droughts are more frequent, especially in the 1980s. Therefore, the task of harnessing the Huaihe River is arduous, long-term and complicated.

The basic situation of 1

The Huaihe River system is already perfect, flowing into the sea alone and flowing smoothly. /kloc-After the 0/2nd century, due to the flood of Huanghuai for nearly 700 years, the main stream east of Heying was silted up and damaged, the drainage capacity was obviously reduced, and floods and droughts were very frequent, which could not be systematically controlled for a long time.

1. 1 natural features

The Huaihe River Basin lies between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and borders the Yellow Sea in the east. The present situation is bounded by the waste Yellow River, which is divided into two major water systems, Huaihe River and Yi Musi, with a total area of 270,000 km2, of which the Huaihe River system is 6.5438+0.9 million km2. The main stream of Huaihe River originates in Tongbai Mountain, Henan Province, flows into the Yangtze River through Sanjiang in Henan Province and Anhui Province, and reaches Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, with a total length of 1 000 km and a total drop of 1.96m, with an average of two ten thousandths. The Honghekou at the junction of Huaiyuan and Henan and Anhui is upstream, with an area of 30,000 km2 and a length of 360km, accounting for five ten thousandths. Sanhe sluice from Honghekou to Hongze Lake exit is in the middle reaches, with an area of about10.6 million km2 and a length of 490km, with a specific proportion of 0.3%. Below Hongze Lake is the downstream, with a length of 1.50km, with a specific ratio of 0.4%.

Yishu Sishui River system is the general name of yi river River, Shuhe River and Sihe River system, all of which originated in Yimeng Mountain area, Shandong Province, with a drainage area of 80,000 km2.

Huaihe river basin is an overlapping area of three transitional zones, namely, north-south climate, high-low latitude and land-sea facies, and it is a typical disaster-prone environmental zone. The watershed spans 39 cities (districts) 176 counties (cities) in five provinces of Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong, with an existing population of1600,000 (statistics 1997) and an average density of 600 people /km2 (more than 700 people /km2 in plain areas). Cultivated land 1.22× 1.07 hectares, accounting for about one eighth of the whole country, and the cultivated land rate is 44.6%, which is 4.5 times that of the whole country, ranking first in all basins. 197 The grain output was 85 billion kilograms, accounting for one sixth of the national output; The proven coal reserves are 70 billion tons, accounting for one-eighth of the country; At present, the installed capacity of thermal power is 20 million kilowatts, and seven railways such as Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Kowloon and Longhai pass through the abdomen of the basin. Huaihe River Basin is an important production base of commodity grain, oil and cotton in China.

Huaihe River Basin belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate zone, with an average annual rainfall of 880mm, which is extremely unbalanced in time and space. The rainfall from June to September accounts for 60% ~ 80% of the annual rainfall. The rainfall in wet years is five times that in dry years.

1.2 floods and disasters

According to historical records, there were nine catastrophic floods in the 400 years before the founding of the People's Republic of China. There was a moderate flood in about 10. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the maximum flood year of Huaihe River system was 1954, Yishu Sishui River system was 1957 and 1974, 1968 and 1975 were the main floods in the upper reaches of Huaihe River, Hongru River and Sha Ying. 199 1 year is a major flood in the Huaihe river basin.

The disaster caused by the Huaihe River flood is very serious. 1593 The rainstorm in late July made fish swim in the city and in the treetops. "Thousands of miles away, flooding, land crops, floating bodies everywhere." 193 1 year, the canal levee burst, from Huaiyin to Yangzhou, 300-400 miles long, covering Wang Yang. As far as the flood is concerned, nothing is left. 5. 1.3× 1.06 hectares were affected, nearly 20 million people were affected and 0/.09 million people died. 1954 The flood affected area was 4.3 1× 106ha, and more than 2,000 people died. 1957, the flooded area of Yishu Sihong reached 2.00× 106ha, 3 million houses were demolished, and more than 200 people died/kloc-0. 1975 The floods of Hongru River and Shaying River are rare in history, which caused dam failure of two large reservoirs for the first time in China, causing heavy loss of life and property. 199 1 year Huaihe River flood affected 5.52× 106ha of cultivated land and 0.96 million houses, affected more than 5.4 million people, lost 6.6 billion Jin of grain, and caused direct economic losses of 34 billion yuan. Roads were flooded, factories stopped production and railways were interrupted several times.

The drought disaster in Huaihe River basin is similar to the flood disaster. According to statistics, in the past 80 years, the drought area in the whole basin has reached 1.33× 105ha, with more than 20 drought years. From 65438 to 0989, the drought-affected area of the four provinces in the basin was nearly 4.53× 106ha. There are more and more years when the water level of Nansi Lake and Hongze Lake is lower than the dead water level, and the time tends to be extended.

Main features of 1.3

The basin is located in the transitional zone, and the weather system is complex and changeable. Generally speaking, the terrain inclines from northwest to east. The hills in the west, south and northeast are surrounded by vast plains, and the middle and lower reaches are gentle, which is easy to form floods. Affected by the Yellow River's capture of Huai River, there are many artificial rivers. With a large population, the competition between people and water is becoming more and more fierce. Whether it is flood or drought, the losses are getting bigger and bigger. [Next] Main Question 2

2. 1 The task of harnessing is arduous and the flood control situation is grim.

In 1990s, on the basis of pre-planning and implementation projects, according to the problem of 199 1 flood exposure and the State Council's decision to control the Huaihe River, the Outline of Comprehensive Planning for Huaihe River Basin was revised, and the engineering measures were demonstrated and implemented. The main backbone projects are 19: river regulation and dike reinforcement in the middle and upper reaches of Huaihe River; Safety construction of flood storage and detention areas; Huaihong New River continued to be built; River reinforcement; Divide Huai into Yi and continue to build; Hongze Lake levee reinforcement; Rebuild flood control reservoirs such as Banqiao and Shimantan; Yishu River diverts flood to the south; Reinforcement of large reservoirs; Open the Huaihe River into the sea; Flood control of Linhuaigang in the middle reaches of Huaihe River: preliminary regulation of Fenquan River and Bao Hui River; Recent regulation of the Wohe River, Kuisui River, Hongru River and Shaying River; Management of lake depressions and tributaries; Other projects. These projects were originally scheduled to be basically completed in 2000. At present, only four projects have been completed, and the 12 project is under construction, and the task is less than half completed. It is necessary to increase investment and speed up the regulation so that the Huaihe River can prevent floods above1954 (once every 50 years) and the Yishu Sihe River can prevent floods above1957 (once every 50 years). This is the primary regulation task of the Huaihe River Basin in 2 1 century.

2.2 The contradiction between the opening of flood storage and detention areas and the development of production is prominent.

In 1950s and 1960s, there were 28 flood storage (detention) areas in the low-lying areas along Huaihe Lake, with a total area of 3944km2, cultivated land of 24 1× 105ha and population of 01.95m. These flood storage (detention) areas were natural places for flood detention in history. When a certain standard flood occurs, it will participate in flood discharge and storage as a part of the river channel to reduce the flood peak. Under the specific historical conditions at that time, this arrangement was reasonable and effective, but it could not fundamentally solve the problem. Every time flood storage is forced to tear open the hole and blow up the dike, which delays the opportunity and has poor flood storage effect. As a result, the flood storage and detention areas are not protected, and the water level of rivers along the way is pushed up, resulting in a tense flood control situation along the whole line, which has a great impact on society and a great pressure on the government. After nearly 10 years of treatment, the flood control standard is still once every 2 ~ 15 years. From the analysis of flood characteristics, topographic conditions and its own conditions, it is impossible to improve flood control standards in the future.

For a period of time, in order to solve the problem of flood storage and detention areas, nearly 5 million ㎡ of Zhuangtai, 33,000 ㎡ of flood avoidance areas and more than 700 kilometers of evacuation roads have been built successively, and in addition, Baozhuangwei and supporting flood control communication equipment have been built. The goal of governance is to escape and save lives, but the rapid population growth and unreasonable development and utilization in this area have intensified the contradiction between people and water for land, which is far from meeting the current requirements of flood control and disaster relief and improving the production, development and quality of life of the people in this area. With the economic development and social progress, it will become more and more difficult to continuously sacrifice the interests of millions of people in order to maintain a certain flood control standard of the Huaihe River. 2 1 century The problem of flood storage and detention areas in Huaihe River regulation is unavoidable.

2.3 The drainage in the middle reaches of Huaihe River is seriously impeded.

The exit from Honghekou to Hongze Lake is in the middle reaches, 490km long. The width of the river is 200 meters, 300 meters and 500 meters from top to bottom respectively. The discharge from Wangjiaba to Zhengyangguan is 1 1,000m3/s, and that from Zhengyangguan to Wohe River is 2,500m3/s, which is 3,000m3/s below the mouth of Wohe River. The river channel is narrow, the flood is very easy to go to the beach, and the water level pressure rises rapidly and remains high. The river bottom from Yaohekou to Hongze Lake (223km long) in the middle reaches is lower than the height of Hongze Lake bottom 10.0m, which makes it difficult for the flood to accumulate, forming a "cut-off flood" to support the tributary flood discharge. In the past, the main engineering measures were retreating dikes, cutting beaches and strengthening dikes. Although the drainage problem has improved slightly, it has not fundamentally solved the problem in the middle reaches, especially the problem of "closed door flooding".

2.4 Hongze Lake and its surrounding polder areas have prominent contradictions in flood control.

Hongze Lake has comprehensive benefits such as flood control, irrigation, water supply, shipping and aquaculture. When the design water level 16.0m, the storage capacity13.4 billion m3, with an area of 3700km2；; When the water level is checked at 17.0m, the storage capacity is 169 billion m3, with an area of about 4300km2 (including the polder around Hongze Lake). There are 380 surrounding polder areas, with a total area of 2064km2, population165438+100000, cultivated land 14.47× 104 ha. When the water level of Hongze Lake dam is 14.5m, the levee breaks and the flood is detained. The main problem is the high level of flood control, which involves several counties being flooded; The polder area has a large population, few safety facilities, and it is difficult to evacuate. The embankment in polder area is not planned to be raised, and it is difficult to implement the measures to break the embankment and detain flood. If the polder area is not open, the flood control storage capacity will be reduced by 4 ~ 5 billion m3, which is a very prominent problem. The elevation of the lake bottom is higher than that of some parts of Huaihe River, and the drainage in the middle reaches is not smooth.

2.5 The research on joint optimal scheduling of various projects is not enough, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of the current flood control and drought relief situation.

Large-scale artificial rivers such as Cihuai New River and Huaihong New River have been built in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, and the flood control project near Huaigang in the middle reaches will be completed soon. Bengbu Gate Hub was completed at 1962. At present, the dispatching of these projects is mainly based on flood dispatching, and less consideration is given to the objective requirements of water distribution and ecological environment water use.

In addition, 1985 the State Council approved the Huaihe River flood control plan, which played an important role in previous flood control operations. With the construction of 199 1 Huaihe River Regulation Project, great changes have taken place in engineering, social and economic conditions. It would be unrealistic to schedule according to this schedule, but the revision work has not been carried out so far. In the event of a major flood, it is difficult to guarantee that there will be no major danger.

2.6 The drought has intensified and water resources are in serious shortage.

Since 1980s, some rivers and lakes, such as the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Hongze Lake and Nansi Lake, have been cut off or dried up many times, and there is an increasing trend. The optimal allocation of water resources is a key issue facing the Huaihe River in the 20th century. [Next] 3 Focus on research problems and countermeasures

The water system in Huaihe River basin is complex, with many contradictions, difficult to control and slow progress. In view of the difficulties and key problems in current river basin management, according to the requirements of social and economic development, the enlightenment of the' 98 Yangtze River flood to river management, the major policy of national water control and the changes of objective conditions, it is necessary to use new management ideas, study countermeasures, and implement overall planning and comprehensive management of flood disasters, drought and water shortage, water environment deterioration and other issues.

3. 1 governments at all levels should continue to increase investment in water conservancy, shorten the examination and approval period and speed up governance.

It is preliminarily estimated that the completion of 19 key project of Huaihe River Regulation will require an investment of 25-30 billion yuan and the efforts of 10 years. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to increase investment in harnessing the Huaihe River. In addition, the approval period should be shortened as much as possible. It is suggested to formulate grading examination and approval methods to speed up the decision-making process. If the investment problem is not completely solved, it will be difficult to complete the task of harnessing the Huaihe River as scheduled, let alone serve the national economic development and social stability. The nature of water conservancy belongs to social welfare, and in a sense it can even be said to involve national security issues. Therefore, the government must be the main input, and policies can be formulated to solve the problem as a whole, or comprehensive measures can be taken to solve it.

3.2 Strengthen the research of basic work

The Huaihe River problem is complicated, and it is urgent to strengthen basic work in all aspects. The evolution and regulation of Huaihe River is an important research topic. Although some work has been done for many years, the investment is small, and the depth and breadth of research are not enough, so it is difficult to guide planning and regulation. The characteristics of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River are very different, and the relationship between rivers and lakes is very complicated. Although the amount of sediment is small, the sediment concentration is small, but human activities have great influence, so it is worth making great efforts to systematically observe and study the river.

Whether the Yellow River invades the Huaihe River again and whether it should be considered in the Huaihe River regulation planning is also worth pondering. There is an inclined plain between the Yellow River and the Huaihe River, which is high in the north and low in the south. Once the south dike of the Yellow River breaks, the history of the Yellow River seizing the Huaihe River will repeat itself. Can the south embankment of the Yellow River ensure foolproof? I'm afraid this is a difficult question to answer. But in case this happens, it is the best policy for Huaihe River to take measures to deal with it. It is suggested that it should be studied as a major problem of quasi-river.

3.3 Strengthen the construction of key dikes

The first-class dike in Huaihe River basin is about 1725km, and the second-class dike is nearly 3000km. At present, the quality is uneven and prone to danger. Once out of danger, the consequences are very serious. Take Huaibei Levee as an example, with a length of 654km, a protected population of 8.87 million and cultivated land of 0.92× 106ha. There are many railways, national highways, coal mines and power plants in the area, which must be ensured. There are many hidden dangers in Huaibei levee at present; The sand foundation dike is multi-section and has serious leakage; Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the quality of embankments gradually built is poor, so it is difficult to ensure that there will be no serious danger after long-term high flooding. As far as the Huaihe River is concerned, as long as there is no serious danger in the first-class dike, nearly 70 million people, about 6.67× 106ha of cultivated land, will be guaranteed. Therefore, it is necessary to shift the focus of recent planning to key dike projects from a strategic perspective.

3.4 Do a good job in the optimal allocation of water resources

The situation of flood control in Huaihe River basin is grim, and the drought can not be underestimated. With the development of economy and society, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in time and space is becoming more and more prominent. The Huaihe River Basin has been suffering from drought for years, with insufficient surface water supply, long-term "over-expenditure" mining, insufficient preparation for drought prevention and drought relief, and less investment in drought relief facilities. Since 1980s, the main stream of Huaihe River has been cut off for many times, and the cut-off time and length are increasing. The water levels of Hongze Lake and Nansi Lake are often lower than the dead water level, and the problems of water environment and ecological environment are increasingly prominent. How to reasonably determine industrial, agricultural, urban and environmental water consumption and regional water distribution according to water supply capacity is more necessary and urgent. It is suggested that the method of water distribution in Huaihe River basin should be formulated first to preliminarily coordinate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in various regions and industries. On the basis of improving the accuracy of medium-term forecast, the methods and measures of scientific utilization of flood resources, especially large storage lakes such as Hongze Lake and Nansi Lake, are studied. The middle reaches of the Huaihe River should also be combined with the construction of Linhuaigang flood control project, and carry out joint dispatching optimization research on water resources allocation with flood diversion channels such as Cihuai New River and Huaihong New River and Bengbu Gate Hub.

3.5 flood storage and detention areas must adjust management ideas.

At present, the main problems in flood storage and detention areas are that flood storage and detention are not timely and unobstructed; Second, flood storage opportunities are frequent, people's lives are difficult, and production is difficult to develop; Third, the population growth rate is too fast, the safety facilities are increasingly inadequate, and the contradiction between people and water is very prominent. Although it is a good idea to immigrate to build a town, it may be difficult to fully start with the current national strength. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the flood storage and detention areas. According to the principle of returning, ensuring, leveling and staying, the management is carried out by classification.

1) Flood discharge areas with small population, small area, low standard and no obvious flood discharge function, such as Xiashang, Xialiufang dike, Shi Yao section and Luohe depression, should be abandoned.

2) Flood discharge areas such as Jiangjia Lake and Tangduo Lake with large population and large area, but low flood control standards and frequent flood inflow opportunities, have been converted into flood storage and detention areas; Most of the population will be resettled by building a high-standard Bao Zhuang fence in this area, and a small number of people will move to the hillside for resettlement. Build intake and withdrawal sluices, implement planned flood storage, and ensure the safety of residents and property.

3) Strictly implement the family planning policy in flood-stricken areas, control the natural population growth rate below the average level, encourage immigration, and restrict immigration. Change farming methods and adjust industrial structure. Local governments should formulate legally effective management measures for support, compensation and assistance, and manage flood storage and detention areas according to law.

4) In flood storage and detention areas where conditions permit, more dams should be built, and less dams and flood shelters should be built. Zhuangtai is not only expensive, but also difficult to develop. The actual situation is that the construction is up to standard, the population will increase in a few years, and it is difficult to completely solve the problem by developing housing in low-lying areas. Flood shelters are mostly built in low-lying areas, which are surrounded by water during floods and still need rescue, and the cost is high. Complete equipment and health protection, saving investment, even if the storage capacity is lost, it should be vigorously promoted.

5) Wabu Lake flood storage area itself has a large amount of water (inflow area of 4200km2), which can no longer play the role of flood storage and peak shaving after completion, and should be cancelled to facilitate the development of production in this area.

3.6 Dredge rivers and build pumping stations to solve the problems of poor drainage and "gate closure" in the middle reaches.

Due to the special terrain conditions in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, the flood gradient is too slow, which leads to poor drainage. Because the river bed in the middle reaches is relatively stable, the sediment concentration is small, and it has a downward trend year by year. Therefore, in the reach below Zhengyangguan, the "Hundred Ships Project" plan should be implemented as soon as possible to carry out dredging, expand the river section and increase the flat channel flow.

Build a large pumping station in the middle reaches of the river, focusing on solving the problem of "closing the floodgates to discharge flood" and ensuring timely farmland after the flood season.

The design water level of Hongze Lake was reduced from 16.0m to 15.2m, and the check water level was reduced from 17.0m to 16.5m, which increased the flood gradient in the middle reaches. At the same time, the Feng River Diversion Project was excavated to shorten the distance of flood entering Hongze Lake, and the research on the scheme of "river-lake separation" between Huaihe River and Hongze Lake was carried out, so that the flood flow less than or equal to 12000m3/s was directly discharged from the river channel, which not only shortened the flood path, but also increased the flood gradient and reduced the flood control pressure in the middle reaches. In addition, the construction of Sanjiang crossing gate can also be considered. Its main function is to increase the flow of Hongze Lake 12.5 ~ 15.0 m water level, delay the rising speed of flood, and help to further improve the normal water level of Hongze Lake.

Risk analysis is carried out on the polder area around Hongze Lake, and a graded flood detention scheme is formulated to ensure timely flood detention and minimize losses. According to the situation of engineering construction and social and economic development. The Huaihe River flood control plan was revised again.