Outline of geography review for grade one in junior high school

1. shape: the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

2. size: radius: 6371km; Polar radius: 6357 kilometers; Equatorial circumference: 40,000 kilometers.

3. Globe: A globe is a model of the earth. (find the earth axis, pole and equator on the globe)

4. Meridian:

Meridian characteristics: all meridians have the same length; Meridian indicates the north-south direction; The meridian is a semicircle.

Longitude: 0-180; The 0 longitude is the initial longitude, the east longitude is the east longitude, which is represented by the letter E, and the west longitude is the west longitude.

Represented by the letter w;

5. latitude:

Characteristics of weft: the length of weft varies, the equator is the longest, and it gradually shortens to the north and south poles; Both latitudes represent the east-west direction;

Latitude is a complete circle.

Latitude: 0-90 degrees; Latitude 0 is the equator, and north of the equator is the north latitude, which is represented by the letter n; South of the equator is the south latitude,

It is represented by the letter s.

6. Division of low, middle and high latitudes: In the northern and southern hemispheres, 0-30 is low latitude, 30-60 is middle latitude and 60-90 is high latitude.

7. the division of the eastern and western hemispheres: it is bounded by the warp circle composed of 20 W and 160 E; The eastern hemisphere is east of 20 W and west of160 E;

The western hemisphere is west of 20 W and east of160 E;

8. You can use the latitude and longitude net on the globe to determine the position anywhere on the earth.

9. Earth's rotation: alternation of day and night, rising sun and setting sun, time difference.

Direction: from west to east; Cycle: one day (24 hours); Center of rotation: Earth axis.

Geographical significance: There is a difference between day and night and time.

10, the revolution of the earth: the change of the four seasons, the length of the shadow.

Center of rotation: the sun; Direction: from west to east; Cycle: one year; Orbit of revolution: ellipse.

Geographical significance: it has produced seasonal changes and changes in the length of day and night.

1 1, division of five districts:

Chapter II: Maps

Representation methods of 1. scale: text type, line type and number type.

2. Scale comparison: the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale; The smaller the denominator, the larger the scale.

3. The larger the scale, the smaller the scope and the finer the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope and the simpler the content.

4, scale = distance on the map ÷ field distance

5. Direction on the map:

General map, with general orientation method: map orientation, up north and down south, left west and right east.

For maps with pointing targets, the pointing calibration method is used: the direction of pointing arrows generally points to the north.

A map with a latitude and longitude net is oriented by the latitude and longitude net: the longitude line indicates the north-south direction and the latitude line indicates the east-west direction.

6. Legend: Symbols representing various geographical things on the map. (Remember common legends)

7. Note: On the map, words used to explain the names of mountains, rivers, countries and cities, as well as numbers indicating the height and water depth of mountains.

8. Altitude (absolute height): The vertical distance of a point on the earth's surface above sea level.

Relative height: the vertical distance from one place to another on the earth's surface.

Contour: A line on a map connecting points at the same altitude.

9. On the contour topographic map, the contour lines are dense, indicating steep slope; The contour line is sparse, indicating that the slope is slow.

10, judging terrain by contour features:

Peak value: the contour line is high in the middle and low around.

Ridge: The contour line protrudes downward.

Valley: contour lines protrude to high places.

Saddle: The contour lines on both sides are relatively high.

Cliff: where several outlines overlap.

Chapter III: Land and Sea of the World

1, the proportion of land and water area on the earth's surface: ocean 7 1%, land 29%, land is divided into three parts, and ocean is divided into seven parts.

7 continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania. (In descending order of area)

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean. (In descending order of area)

Can accurately find out the distribution of seven continents and four oceans on the world map.

3, the dividing line between the mainland:

Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea and Turkish Strait.

Asia and Africa: Suez Canal.

North and South America: Panama Canal.

Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

4. land topography includes five categories: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.

Himalayas, Cordillera Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Amazon Plain can all be found on the topographic map.

6. Read the topographic map of the mainland and judge the general trend of the mainland.

7. Plate tectonic theory: The lithosphere on the earth's surface consists of six plates, namely, the Eurasian plate, the African plate and the Indian Ocean plate.

Pacific plate, America plate, Antarctica plate. The interior of the plate is relatively stable, and the crustal movement at the plate edge is relatively active.

Volcanoes and earthquakes are easy to form.

8. There are two major volcanic seismic belts in the world: the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.

Chapter IV: World Climate

1. Weather: Atmospheric conditions (wind and rain, heat and cold, sunny and sunny days, etc. ), and the weather is short-term and constantly changing.

Climate: the average weather condition in a place for many years. The climate is long and relatively stable.

2. Understand common weather symbols.

3. Temperature refers to the temperature of the atmosphere, in℃, and the measurement method is thermometer.

The temperature will change during the day. The highest temperature on land generally appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

The temperature changes in a year. The highest average monthly temperature on land in the northern hemisphere is July, and the lowest temperature is 65438+ 10 month, but the opposite is true in the southern hemisphere.

5. Daily temperature difference: the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day.

Temperature annual range: the difference between the average temperature in the hottest month of the year and the average temperature in the most Leng Yue.

6. Vertical variation of temperature: in the same place, the temperature drops by 0.6℃ per altitude 100 m.

7. Learn to read the annual average isotherm of the world.

8. Distribution law of annual average temperature in the world:

Global temperature decreases from low latitude to high latitude;

At the same latitude, the temperature of ocean and land is different;

At the same latitude, the temperature in the plateau and mountainous area is low, and the temperature in the plain is high.

9. Learn to read the temperature curve.

10. Precipitation: Water vapor in the air falls on the ground in the form of rain, snow and hail, which is called precipitation. The measurement method is rain gauge, and the unit is millimeter (mm).

1 1, which can analyze the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place.

12, learn to look at the world precipitation distribution map.

13, regional difference of world precipitation:

There is more precipitation in equatorial regions and less precipitation in polar regions;

Near the tropic of cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast;

In temperate regions, there is less precipitation on the mainland and more precipitation along the coast;

There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

14, learn to read precipitation histogram.

15, the main influencing factors of the world climate: latitude position, land and sea position, topography, etc.

16, know the main climate types and distribution.

17, which can explain the influence of climate on production and life.

Chapter V: World Residents

1, natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

Population density = total population/area

3. The densely populated areas in the world: the plain areas in the mid-latitude coastal areas such as East Asia, South Asia, Europe and East America.

Areas with sparse population distribution in the world: desert areas with drought and water shortage, rain forest areas with high temperature and humidity, and high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round,

Plateau mountainous area with high terrain and thin air.

4, the population problem:

Rapid population growth will lead to food shortage, housing shortage, traffic congestion, schooling, employment, difficulty in seeing a doctor and shortage of resources.

Too slow population growth will lead to problems such as labor shortage, insufficient national defense force and aging population.

5. The three major races in the world:

Yellow race: distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia, northern North America, northern and western South America.

Caucasians: Europe, West and South Asia, North Africa, Central North America, East Coast of South America and Oceania.

South Africa and Central Africa.

6. The main languages in the world are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world and English is the most widely used language.

7. The three major religions in the world:

Islam: Popular in West Asia and Southeast Asia, North Africa and East Africa.

Buddhism: spread from ancient India to East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Christianity: popular in Europe, America and Oceania.

8. The main forms of settlements include cities and villages.

9. Settlements are mainly distributed in areas with flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water resources, warm and humid climate, rich natural resources and convenient transportation.

10. List some settlements listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Chapter VI: Development differences in different parts of the world.

1. Developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere and Oceania in the southern hemisphere.

Developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, that is, most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Examples can be given to illustrate the difference in development level between developing countries and developed countries.

2. The United Nations is composed of five permanent members and ten non-permanent members from China, French, Russian, British and American, and its headquarters is in new york, USA.

The United Nations has done a lot of work in maintaining world peace and promoting international cooperation and development.