The knowledge of peaches is fast! ! ! ! ! ! I am very anxious

Peach belongs to Rosaceae, Peach genus. China has a very rich variety of peaches. According to statistics, there are more than 1000 varieties in the world. There are 800 varieties in China, about 30 of which are used for production and cultivation. Peach juice is delicious, fragrant and attractive, bright in color and rich in nutrition.

Classification of peach families and genera

Field: Eukaryotic field: Plant kingdom.

Phylum: Angiosperm phylum

Mulan gate

Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia

Order: Rosales

Rosales

Family: Rosaceae

Genus: Prunus

Subgenus: Prunus persica

Type: peach p.

Persica

Peaches-Overview

peach

Peach belongs to Rosaceae, Peach genus. China has a very rich variety of peaches. According to statistics, there are more than 1000 varieties in the world. There are 800 varieties in China, about 30 of which are used for production and cultivation. Peach juice is delicious, fragrant and attractive, bright in color and rich in nutrition. Every 100g pulp contains 7- 15g sugar and 0.2-0.9g organic acid, 0. -protein 0.8g, fat 0. 1.5g, C3-5 vitamin C 5mg, 0.0 1.065438+.

Peach tree is a medium-sized tree, small, easy to cultivate and manage, and has strong adaptability to soil and climate. Suitable rootstocks and varieties can be selected and cultivated in the south, north, mountains and plains. All kinds of flowering peaches, hanging peaches and longevity peaches suitable for potted viewing have played an important role in greening the city and beautifying people's lives.

Peach originated in China and has been cultivated for more than 4000 years.

Peach tastes good, and the whole body can emit a pleasant fragrance, and it is rich in nutrients, which is beneficial to the body and can prolong life.

Peach branches, leaves and peaches also have medicinal value. Sun Simiao, a pharmacologist in the Tang Dynasty, called it "the fruit of lung" and said that "lung disease should be eaten". Traditional Chinese medicine calls the lungs "scorched viscera", which likes dampness and hates dryness. Peaches are rich in gum, which can absorb a lot of water in the large intestine and prevent constipation. The nutrition of peaches is very superficial. It is said in Daming Materia Medica that drying peaches and taking them regularly can play the role of beauty beauty. It's just that the sugar content of dried peaches is too high. It is much better to take boiled water with a small amount of green tea or herbal tea, and it can also improve the flavor.

It is worth noting that fresh peaches are extremely resistant to storage after being planted under trees, and should be eaten while fresh. Wash the peach hair before eating, so as not to prick the skin and get a rash; Or inhaled into the respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as cough and itchy throat.

Peach distribution area

Peach originated in China, and now it is mainly planted in many countries in the northern hemisphere. Except Heilongjiang Province, peach trees are cultivated in other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, with the main economic cultivation areas in North China and East China. The relatively concentrated areas are Haidian District of Beijing, Pinggu District, Jixian County of Tianjin, Feicheng of Shandong Province, Yidu, Qingdao, Shangshui and Kaifeng of Henan Province, Funing, Zunhua, Shenxian and Linzhang of Hebei Province, Baoji and Xi 'an of Shaanxi Province, Chengdu and Kaifeng of Sichuan Province. According to the statistics of 1994, the cultivated area in China has exceeded 3.6 million mu, and the peach output is 200,000 tons, ranking first in the world.

Cultivation significance of peach

Peaches are delicious and nutritious, and they are one of the favorite fresh fruits. In addition to fresh food, it can also be processed into preserved peaches, peach sauce, peach juice, dried peaches and canned peaches. Many parts of peach trees also have medicinal value. Its roots, leaves, flowers and kernels can all be used as medicine, which has the functions of relieving cough, promoting blood circulation and relaxing bowels. Peach kernel contains 45% oil, which can be used to extract industrial oil. Peach kernel and hard shell can be used to make activated carbon, which is a versatile industrial raw material.

Compared with other deciduous fruit trees such as apples and pears, peach trees have the characteristics of early fruiting, high yield and stability, less strict requirements on soil conditions, easy cultivation and management, and can obtain economic benefits more quickly and easily, so they are especially favored by growers. The price of peach fruit in the international market is often 1 ~ 2 times higher than that of apple, and the economic benefits are very considerable. In the future, with the development of national economy, the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of storage and transportation equipment and technology, the price and economic benefit of peach fruit will increase year by year, especially after China's accession to WTO, peach fruit is the most promising fruit in the international market. In the future, as long as the variety layout is good and the cultivation with high quality and stable yield is realized, peach cultivation will definitely have new development.

Cultivation characteristics of peach

Peach originated in northwest China with high altitude, long and strong sunshine, and adapted to the continental climate with dry air and cold winter, so peach enjoys light, drought and cold resistance. Temperature is the most important factor affecting the distribution of peach trees. In Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, southern Xinjiang and northeastern Jilin, when the temperature of peach trees is below -23 ~-25℃ in winter, freezing injury occurs in early spring and late frost, so it is very important to prevent freezing and frost. In southern China, where the average temperature in winter exceeds 10℃ for three months, most varieties fall late and enter dormancy incompletely, and germinate late in the following spring, with uneven flowering and reduced yield. Attention should be paid to the chilling requirement of peach trees during cultivation. The cooling capacity of different varieties varies greatly, which is generally expressed by the accumulated temperature below 7.2℃. The chilling requirement of most varieties is 500 ~ 1000 hours. Peach trees are most afraid of waterlogging, and 24-hour flooding will cause plant death. It is ideal to choose sandy slightly acidic soil with good drainage and deep soil layer.

Grafting method should be adopted for seedling breeding, and the rootstocks are peaches and peaches. Planting density should depend on soil, plastic methods and varieties. At present, due to the application of dwarfing agent paclobutrazol and various new technologies, the planting density has increased, the row spacing is 3 meters ×4 meters, and 55 ~ 83 plants are planted per mu. Trees should be V-shaped, with double main branches or naturally happy.

Peach trees are mostly compound flower buds, which are easy to form flowers, with large flowers and high seed setting rate of white flowers. In production, cross-pollination can obviously improve the seed setting rate, especially some varieties with pollen sterility, such as Shazaosheng, Xiahui 1 and Cangfang Zaosheng, should be matched with pollination trees to achieve high and stable yield.

Biological properties

When peach trees grow naturally, the central branches tend to disappear, and the crown is often open. Vegetative branches can grow 2 ~ 3 times a year, and secondary branches can be used to accelerate the cultivation of crown. The new branches that were picked up that year can form flower buds and bear fruit the next year. According to the arrangement and length of buds, they can be divided into long fruit branches, middle fruit branches, short fruit branches and bouquets, and virtual fruit branches. The proportion and fruiting ability of various fruiting branches vary from variety to variety. Fruiting begins in 2 ~ 3 years after planting, and enters the full fruit stage in 5 ~ 6 years. The anatomical map boundary of peach effective production year generally does not exceed 15 years. Most varieties can self-pollinate, and many varieties are sterile, poor or unable to self-pollinate.

Peach is very fond of light, and the branches outside the crown have better light conditions, fuller buds and better fruit quality. The average monthly temperature is required to be 20 ~ 24℃ in the growing season. In winter, it usually takes 400 ~ 800 hours of low temperature (below 7.2℃) to complete the dormancy process. Therefore, varieties with long low temperature period are not suitable for planting in warm areas in winter. However, the cold resistance is weak, and the branches are easily frozen when the temperature is below -23 ~-25℃ in winter, and the flower buds will also be frozen when the temperature is around-18℃ in dormancy. Buds, flowers and young fruits can only tolerate low temperatures of -3.9℃, -2.8℃ and-1. 1℃ respectively.

Suitable for dry climate, excessive rainfall causes white branches and leaves to grow, fruit drop is aggravated, quality is reduced, and glue is easy to flow. However, long-term drought and no rain during the growing period will also affect growth and development. Peach trees have shallow root system distribution and are suitable for acidic neutral (pH 6 ~ 7) sandy soil with good drainage.

cultivation techniques

Generally by grafting propagation. Its rootstocks are peaches in the south of China and peaches in the north. It is also useful to use this rhizome or plum, plum, apricot and cherry as rhizome. Seedling raising method is still used in some production areas. Cutting propagation of yellow peach in Australia was successful. Taoyuan is not suitable for continuous cropping. The planting distance is slightly south, about 33 ~ 40 plants per mu; It is slightly sparse in the north, with about 22 ~ 27 plants per mu. Cultivation of Prunus tomentosa in mountainous areas and dwarfing with rootstocks can increase the density. Generally planted in autumn and winter, planted in northern spring. Peach trees grow vigorously, so young trees should control the application of nitrogen fertilizer to avoid unnecessary growth. After entering the full fruit stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be increased, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied together. In addition to applying base fertilizer every year, quick-acting topdressing should be applied after flowering, fruit expansion and harvest. When symptoms such as iron deficiency, zinc deficiency and boron deficiency are found, foliar fertilization should be carried out. Irrigation in autumn drought or spring drought in summer and frozen water in winter. Tillage is usually combined with irrigation and fertilization.

The common modeling method is natural and happy modeling to adapt to its light-loving characteristics. The pruning method depends on the variety, tree age and environmental conditions. In the growing season, summer pruning techniques such as sprouting, sprouting, coring, twisting, pruning and thinning should be adopted as far as possible to control the growth of branches, save nutrients and reduce the amount of pruning in winter. Updating the branches in time and reducing the number of peripheral branches after the full fruit period of peach trees can avoid the outward migration of some fruits and prolong the full fruit period. Proper thinning of young fruits 20 ~ 25 days after flowering is beneficial to ensure fruit quality and high and stable yield year after year.

The propagation and cultivation management of ornamental peaches are generally similar to those of fruit peaches. Most of the gardens are shaped by natural methods, and the branches inside the crown are controlled by pruning, which has good ventilation and light transmission. Picking vigorous branches in summer and pruning long branches properly in winter can promote more flowering branches and keep the crown intact and beautiful. Fertilization every year can enrich flowers and prolong the life of trees.

Pests and diseases and their control

The common diseases with great harm are peach leaf shrinkage, anthracnose, brown rot, gummosis and perforation; Pests include longicorn beetles, aphids, coccidiosis, floating dust, peach moth, thorn moth, pear moth, peach aphid, mulberry termite, thorn moth and so on. Bagging is often used in southern China.

1. Four major diseases of peach: peach leaf shrinking pathogen overwinters on bud scales and bark, invades leaves and new shoots before and after leaf opening in early spring, causing them to deform, dry up and fall off, and can also harm fruits. The control method is to spray Bomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture when the peach buds are swollen but not yet blooming, and spray 0.3-degree stone flow mixture after the leaves are unfolded in severe cases. At the same time, the diseased leaves are removed in time and the diseased branches are burned to reduce the source of the disease. Bacterial perforation often occurs in spring and summer, causing leaf perforation and falling off. Control method: spray 1: 1: 100 times bordeaux mixture in early spring germination period. When spraying, it should be noted that the spraying period is 7- 10 days from the spraying period of Shishu mixture, and it is appropriate to spray 65% zineb 400-500 times on the leaves to avoid phytotoxicity. Anthracnose harms fruits and branches, which can occur from April to July, and is easy to break out in rainy weather after flowering. It can be combined with spraying to control defoliation and peach scab. Peach scab mainly harms fruits. Spraying 0.3-0.4 degree lime-sulfur mixture, 25% carbendazim 400-500 times solution or 75% thiophanate 1000 times solution on young fruits can effectively control the disease.

2. Peach gummosis: it is a disease caused by fungal infection and physiological reasons, which mainly damages the trunk and main branches, causes gummosis and weakens the tree. Sticky soil, too much nitrogen fertilizer, continuous cropping, poor drainage, excessive pruning in summer, insect damage, etc. will all aggravate gum flow. Prevention and control methods: mainly from strengthening management, strengthening tree potential and protecting trees.

3. Red-necked Anoplophora longicorn: overwintering in the trunk cavity with larvae, endangering trunk and root neck, weakening tree vigor or causing tree death. Prevention and control methods: Before adults lay eggs in late May, the trunk and branches of main branches can be painted white (whitening agent is made of quicklime and water according to the ratio of L: 3-5, adding a small amount of salt can increase the adhesion, and adding a small amount of sulfur mixture residue can improve the insect control effect) to reduce egg laying. At the same time, killing adults artificially. Check the trunk frequently during the growth period, and when the larvae are found to be harmful, hook killing or drug killing is feasible.

4. Carposina persicae and Carposina persicae: Both of them are harmful to fruits, and the latter is also harmful to peach buds. The larvae can be killed by spraying 1000 times 50% molluscicide EC at the peak of spawning, and spraying again every 10- 15 days. It can also be bagged for protection after spraying.

5. Myzus persicae: It occurs for many generations a year. With the germination of peach trees, eggs hatch, which is harmful to flowers and young leaves. After June, they will move to other hosts for the summer, and then move back to peach trees to lay eggs for the winter before the leaves fall. Prevention and control methods; Good results can be obtained by spraying 50% methamidophos acetate EC 500- 1000 times or 10% cypermethrin EC 1000- 1300 times during the incubation period of spring eggs. Myzus persicae, which is resistant to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides, is particularly effective when spraying 10% imidacloprid 3000-4000 times. When the damage is serious, it can be sprayed again when the peach aphid moves back to the peach tree in autumn.

6. Mulberry geometrid: It occurs 2-3 generations a year in the Yangtze River basin. Early and middle May is the peak of incubation. If the nymph sucks juice on the branches, it will weaken the tree, and when it is serious, the branches will die, which is generally more harmful on the 2-3 year-old branches. Nymphs secrete wax after the second instar and are resistant to drugs. Control method: In addition to controlling other diseases, spray Bubomei 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination and Bubomei 0.3-0.4-degree sulfur mixture before nymph infection, or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution or 25% chlorpyrifos 1000- 1500 times solution.

7. Cicada: Adults overwinter in weeds and clods. After peach trees germinate, they climb trees to harm young leaves and feed on juice. It can be combined with the prevention and control of aphid picking in the pre-flowering period and after the full flowering period, and sprayed with drugs such as acephate. In addition, spraying 50% dichlorvos EC or 25% chlorpyrifos 1000- 1500 times during the incubation period of the first generation of eggs (around the middle and late May) also has a good effect.

Main peach varieties

There are more than 3000 kinds of peaches in the world. There are about 800 species in China, which can be divided into five species groups according to their geographical distribution and biological morphological characteristics:

Northern varieties are mainly distributed in the Yellow River Basin, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and other provinces (autonomous regions), and there are also a few in Qinghai, Ningxia and Northeast China. Cold-resistant, drought-resistant, not suitable for high temperature and humid southern climate. Medium and short fruit branches are mainly fruit-bearing. The top of the fruit is prominent and the suture line is deep. According to the meat quality, it is divided into two categories: ① hard-fleshed peaches. The pulp is brittle and hard when it is hard, and becomes soft or fluffy when it is fully ripe, with less juice, such as "April and a half" and "Fresh in May" and "Qingzhou Peach" and "Winter Peach" which are particularly late-maturing. Two peaches. When hard cooked, the meat is dense and resistant to storage and transportation; Mature meat is soft and juicy, such as "Feicheng Buddha Peach", "Shenzhou Peach" and "Tianjin Peach".

South variety group

Distributed in the south of the Yangtze River basin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the most, followed by Sichuan and Yunnan. Adapted to warm and humid climate, weak cold and drought resistance. This group is also divided into two categories: ① hard-fleshed peaches. There are many single flower buds, mainly with short branches, slightly convex fruit tops, crisp and hard flesh and little juice, such as "Lulian Peach", "Xiaoshuhao Peach", "Ivory White" and "Erzaotao Peach". Two peaches. Including most Japanese varieties. There are many compound flower buds, mainly long fruit branches. The top of the fruit is oblate, the suture is shallow, the flesh is soft and juicy, and the peel can be peeled, which is not resistant to storage and transportation, such as Yulu, Baihua, Shanghai Shuimi, Baifeng, Okubo and Gangshanbai.

Yellow meat group

Originally distributed in northwest and southwest China, there are many provinces (autonomous regions) such as Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and Yunnan. At present, a new yellow peach producing area has been formed in the coastal raw material base for processing canned peaches. I like dry and cold climate. The branching ability is slightly stronger than that of northern varieties, and the proportion of medium-long fruit branches is also slightly higher. The pulp is firm, those who leave the pit are soft and juicy, and those who stick to the pit are dense and tough. Such as Lingwu yellow dried peach, Liquan yellow dried peach, Yecheng sticky yellow peach, Chenggong yellow pear peach, fire elixir and so on. The ancestors of European varieties such as Philip, Tuscany and Triumph also originated in China.

Flat peach variety group

China, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are more cultivated, while North China and Northwest China are less. Branches open, mainly bearing medium-long fruit branches, with many compound flower buds. The pulp is tender and juicy, the peel is easy to peel and the quality is good. Suitable for the southern climate. A few varieties can be cultivated in the north.

Nectarine variety group

Distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, Jiangsu and Zhejiang with a small amount of cultivation. Suitable for dry climate in summer. The fruit shape is small, the stone is big and the meat is less, the flesh is crisp and hard, the juice is less and the taste is sour. There are improved varieties of nectarines in America.

Peach-medicinal use of peach

Peach is sweet, sour and warm in nature, and has the functions of promoting fluid production, moistening intestines, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, strengthening muscles and beautifying skin. Can be used for strengthening body constitution, benefiting skin and pleasing color, and treating thin skin, dry skin, irregular menstruation, asthenic cold, asthma and cough. According to the "Diet Spectrum of Fun Life", peaches: "Enriching blood and activating blood, promoting fluid production and removing heat make people fat and healthy, and look good." Modern medical research has found that peaches with high sugar content can make people fat, improve skin elasticity and make skin rosy. For thin people, eating peaches often has the functions of strengthening the body, enriching muscles and beautifying the skin. For people with physical weakness, yang deficiency and kidney deficiency, a few fresh peaches can be used to cook porridge with rice. Regular use has the effect of increasing muscle color.

It is especially suitable for people with symptoms such as deficiency of both qi and blood, sallow and emaciated face, palpitation and shortness of breath, constipation, amenorrhea, congestion and swelling.

Peaches are rich in nutrients and gum, which can absorb a lot of water from the large intestine and prevent constipation. Those who are constipated by excessive internal heat will not be relieved after eating a lot of peaches, but will "add fuel to the fire". So eating peaches is easy to get angry. People suffering from dry mouth, thirst, sore throat and other symptoms of excessive internal heat should eat less or no peaches. People who are prone to sores will get sores if they eat too much.

Nutritional function of peach

Peach pulp is rich in protein, fat, sugar, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B, vitamin C and a lot of water. For chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, silicosis, tuberculosis and other diseases, such as dry cough, hemoptysis, chronic fever, night sweats, etc., it plays a health care role in nourishing yin and promoting fluid production, benefiting qi and moistening lung.

Peaches have the functions of nourishing qi and blood, nourishing yin and promoting fluid production. It is suitable for patients with qi and blood deficiency, sallow and emaciated, palpitation and shortness of breath after serious illness. Peach has high iron content and is an ideal supplementary food for patients with iron deficiency anemia. Peach contains more potassium and less sodium, so it is suitable for patients with edema. Peach kernel has the effects of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, moistening intestine and relaxing bowels, and can be used as an auxiliary treatment for amenorrhea and traumatic injury. Peach kernel extract has anticoagulant effect, can inhibit cough center and relieve cough. At the same time, it can lower blood pressure and can be used as an auxiliary treatment for patients with hypertension.

Especially peaches are good, but there are also taboos: First, you can't eat immature peaches, otherwise you will have bloating or boils; Second, even ripe peaches should not be eaten too much. Eating too much will make people get angry. Third, rotten peaches must not be eaten; Fourth, peaches should not be eaten with turtles; Fifth, diabetics should eat less peaches when their blood sugar is too high.