A composition introducing China's world cultural heritage

The Forbidden City in Beijing is the imperial palace of China in Ming and Qing Dynasties, formerly known as the Forbidden City, located in the center of Beijing's central axis. The Forbidden City in Beijing is centered on three halls, covering an area of 720,000 square meters, with a construction area of about10.5 million square meters. There are more than 70 palaces and 9000 houses.

The construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing began in the fourth year of Yongle (1406), based on the Forbidden City in Nanjing, and was completed in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420). It is a rectangular city with a length of 96 1 m from north to south and a width of 753 m from east to west. Surrounded by a wall with a height of 10 meter, there is a moat with a width of 52 meters outside the city. The architecture of the Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court. The center of the outer court is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, which are collectively called the three halls, and are the places where the country holds ceremonies. The center of the Forbidden City is Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, collectively referred to as the last three palaces, which are the main palaces where emperors and empresses live. [ 1]

The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. It is a national AAAAA-level tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units in [2][3] 196 1. [4] 1987 is listed as a world cultural heritage. [5]

Chinese name

the Forbidden City

Attribution year

Ming and Qing dynasties

geographical position

Beijing

floor space

720,000 square meters (construction area is about 6.5438+0.5 million square meters)

Protection level

World cultural heritage; The first batch of national key cultural relics protection units

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Why is the Forbidden City called the Forbidden City?

Author: Shuo Wu Wenjie

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Architectural form, architectural layout, major architectural collections, cultural relics and historic sites, cultural relics protection, value and visiting information.

The development of history

Textual research on names

The Forbidden City is also called the Forbidden City. [8] In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized, and the stars in the sky were used to correspond to the capital planning, so as to highlight the legitimacy of political power and the supremacy of imperial power. The Emperor of Heaven lives in Wei Zi Palace, and the emperor on earth claims that he is the "son of heaven" ordered by God. His residence should be a symbol of Wei Zi Palace, so as to conform to the Heaven Emperor. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records that "there is a Wei Zi Palace in the sky, which is the residence of God". The king built a palace and liked it. [9] Wei Zi, Resources and Zigong have become synonymous with the Forbidden City. Because the feudal palace was forbidden in ancient times, ordinary people could not enter it, so it was called "Purple Forbidden". In the early Ming Dynasty, it was called "Imperial City" together with the outer forbidden wall, but it was different from the outer forbidden wall in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, that is, Miyagi was called "Forbidden City" and the outer forbidden wall was called "Imperial City". [ 10]

Construction principle

The Forbidden City was built in strict accordance with the principle of "the former dynasty was in the city, and the left ancestor was in the right society" in Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji. The whole Forbidden City, in terms of architectural layout, is combined into a whole through the changes and ups and downs of its shape, which conforms to the hierarchical system of feudal society in function. At the same time, it achieves the artistic effect of balance and body change. [ 1 1]

Requirements for Palace in Examination Notes

The roof forms of buildings in China are rich and colorful. In the Forbidden City, there are 10 different kinds of roofs. Take the three pavilions as an example. The roof is different. The roofs of buildings in the Forbidden City are covered with glazed tiles of various colors. [12] The main temple is mainly yellow. The buildings in the prince's residential area use green. Other colorful stained glass, such as blue, purple, black, emerald, malachite green, sapphire blue, etc., are mostly used in gardens or glass walls. There are glazed kissing animals at both ends of the main ridge on the roof of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the swallowing ridge is steady and powerful. Kissing animals have beautiful shapes, which are both components and decorations. Some ceramic tiles create three-dimensional animal images such as dragons and phoenixes, lions and seahorses, symbolizing auspiciousness and majesty. These components play a decorative role in the building. [ 13]

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Documentary Who ordered the construction of the Forbidden City and who was the first emperor to live there?

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Beijing was originally the fief of Judy, the prince of Yan. After the war of Jingnan, in the first year of Yongle (1403), Li Zhigang, an official of the Ministry of Rites, said that Yanjing Beiping was the emperor's "land of dragon's prosperity" and should follow Ming Taizu's example and take Fengyang as its capital. Therefore, Ming Taizu Chengzu vigorously promoted the position of Beiping House in Yanjing, taking Beiping as Beijing and changing Beiping House into Shuntianfu, which was called "in the middle of the line" in history [14]. At the same time, it began to resettle the population and enrich Beijing; The people who were forced to move to Beijing were refugees from all over the country, rich children in Jiangnan and businessmen in Shanxi.

In the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Ming Taizu wrote a book to build the Forbidden City and the city wall in Beijing on the basis of the Nanjing Forbidden City. Emperor Chu first sent personnel to all parts of the country to mine precious wood and stones, and then transported them to Beijing. The preparatory work alone lasted 1 1 year. Most precious nanmu grows in the mountains, and people venture into the mountains to collect wood, and many people die for it. Later generations left "going into the mountains for 1000 and going out for 500" to describe the living cost of firewood collection. It is also very difficult to mine the stones for building the palace. The largest marble behind Baohe Hall was mined in Fangshan, southwest of Beijing. History records the scene of transporting it: thousands of laborers dig a well every mile or so on both sides of the road. In the cold winter, when the temperature is low enough, they pump water from the well and pour it into an ice road. It took 28 days to get it to the palace. In addition, we will also fire square bricks for Suzhou Royal Building, and Linqing, Shandong Province will also deliver tribute bricks to Beijing. [ 15]

Ming Chengzu Judy

In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Ming Chengzu took Beijing as the northern expedition base, and at the same time began to build Changling in Changping near Beijing. Building the mausoleum in Beijing instead of Nanjing proves that Ming Chengzu has made up his mind to move the capital.

In the 14th year of Yongle (14 16), Ming Chengzu called his ministers to formally discuss the move to Beijing. For the ministers who raised objections, Ming Chengzu dismissed or severely punished them one by one, and no one dared to oppose moving the capital again. [17] The following year, the Forbidden City in Beijing was formally started with Nanjing as the template. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Beijing Palace and Beijing City were built. Beijing Palace, based on Nanjing Palace, is slightly larger. The newly-built Beijing City, with a circumference of 45 miles, is a regular square, which conforms to the ideal capital shape of Zhou Li and Gong Ji. Ming Chengzu officially moved the capital by imperial decree, and changed Yingtianfu in Jinling to Nanjing and Shuntianfu in Beijing to be the capital. However, there are still six central institutions in Nanjing, which are called Nanjing Ministry and Nanjing is the capital.

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the Forbidden City

tomorrow

After the completion of the Forbidden City, the court history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was more than 500 years, including the activities of queens, hierarchy, power struggles, religious sacrifices and so on. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Beijing Palace was completed. The following year, a fire broke out and the first three halls were burned down. In the fifth year of orthodoxy (1440), the first three halls and Gan Qing Palace were rebuilt. In the third year of Tianshun (1459), Xiyuan was built. After four generations of Yongle, Hongxi, Xuande and Orthodox, it lasted for 20 years. [ 18]

In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), a fire broke out in the Forbidden City, and the first three halls, Fengtianmen, Wuwenlou and Wumen were all burned down. It was not until the fortieth year of Jiajing (156 1) that all the reconstruction was completed. [19] During the Jiajing period, the names of the three halls in the Forbidden City were changed to Imperial Palace, Relay Palace and Jianji Palace respectively.

Ming people painted "Beijing Miyagi Map"

In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), a fire broke out in the Forbidden City, and the first three halls and the last three palaces were destroyed. The reconstruction project was not completed until the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627). [19] In the Ming Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace was the master bedroom of the emperor and the main place for political activities. From Yongle Emperor Judy to Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian, * * * 14 emperors once lived here. Because the palace is large and spacious, the emperor once divided it into several rooms when he lived here. According to records, there were 9 NuanGe in Gan Qing Palace in the Ming Dynasty, which were divided into two floors, with a total of 27 beds, so that empresses could enter the palace. Because there are many rooms and beds, few people know where the emperor sleeps every night, just in case. Although the emperor lived in a maze of palaces and was heavily guarded, he still could not sit back and relax. According to records, after the "Renyin Palace Change" occurred in Jiajing period, Sejong moved to Xiyuan and was afraid to return to Gan Qing Palace. The "Red Pill Case" caused by Wanli Zheng Guifei being the Empress Dowager and the "Moving Palace Case" caused by Taichang Princess Li Xuan moving to Renshou Palace to be the Empress all happened in Gan Qing Palace. In the Ming Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace was also used as a place to mourn the emperor.

Ching Dynasty

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (the first year of Qing Shunzhi 1644), Li Zicheng's army captured Beijing and the Ming Dynasty perished, but Li Zicheng was quickly defeated by the Qing army in Shanhaiguan. Before Li Zicheng retreated to Shaanxi, he burned down the Forbidden City. Except for Wuying Hall, Jianji Hall, Huaying Hall, Nanxun Hall, and the surrounding turrets and royal doors, all other buildings were destroyed. On the second day of May, the Qing army entered Beijing and the Forbidden City was taken over by the Qing army. [20] In October of the same year, the emperor shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing. On the first day of October, the emperor shunzhi issued an imperial edict to the whole country at Taihemen, and the Qing Dynasty officially made Beijing its capital. After 14 years, the buildings in Zhonglu Road were basically restored.

In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the existing destroyed buildings in the Forbidden City were rebuilt, which was basically completed in the 34th year of Kangxi (1695). After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, according to the old practice of the Ming Dynasty, both the emperor shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi took Gan Qing Palace as their main place to live and deal with state affairs. After Yong Zhengdi acceded to the throne, he began to move to hall of mental cultivation. Hall of mental cultivation is located in the Forbidden City to the west of the Forbidden City and Gan Qing Palace. It was founded in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. At first, it was not the emperor's bedroom. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Interior set up many workshops for the royal family, which were called "hall of mental cultivation". In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), after the death of Emperor Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi, who ascended the throne, did not move to Gan Qing Palace, his father's bedroom, but changed hall of mental cultivation, who was temporarily used as a father's filial piety in Zunyi Gate on the west side, to the emperor's bedroom. [2 1] Since then, hall of mental cultivation has become the main place where the Qing emperors lived and handled affairs. Since then, after the establishment of the military department, the office is also near hall of mental cultivation. After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, hall of mental cultivation carried out large-scale expansion and reconstruction, and gradually formed certain rules and regulations. After Yong Zhengdi, eight emperors, including Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong, lived here. Until Xuan Tong was kicked out of the Forbidden City. [ 19]

Gan long di xing le tu

During the Xianfeng period, Changchun Palace was also connected with the original Qixiang Palace (now Taiji Hall). After Xianfeng's death, Cixi once lived here and enjoyed the two palaces. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Cixi began to transform some palaces. Therefore, four of the six western palaces have left the footprints of Cixi. [22] After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, both Ci 'an and Cixi lived in Changchun Palace in the early days. After ten years of Tongzhi (187 1), Ci 'an moved back to Zhongcui Palace from Changchun Palace, and Changchun Palace became the exclusive palace of Empress Dowager Cixi. It turns out that Taijitang is just a courtyard with two entrances. When Xianfeng changed it into a slender erotic palace, he changed the back hall of Taiji Hall into a hall, so that Taiji Hall and Changchun Palace were connected into a courtyard.

Republic of China period

After the Revolution of 1911 in the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), all the palaces in the Forbidden City should be nationalized. However, according to the preferential conditions for cleaning the room drawn up at that time, Aisin Giorro Puyi, the grandson of the Emperor, was allowed to "stay in the palace", that is, the "post-bedroom" part. Guards and others remain as usual; The prince and Spyker are still old "and other terms. Therefore, according to some provisions of the Preferential Conditions of the Qing Palace, and Yuan Shikai's feelings and positive support for the old master, after Puyi abdicated, although the imperial system was abolished, the emperor Puyi and the former imperial minister still lived in the palace unharmed. During his life in the Forbidden City, Puyi still issued "imperial edicts", still used Xuantong's year number and year number, and the old and young people still bowed down as gifts. There are also offices in the palace, such as the Interior Office, Zongren Office and Criminal Division. So, I'll give you a gift, don't change my clothes. Those who violate the king's laws will be dealt with by the punishment department. Therefore, the Forbidden City at that time became a "country within a country".

1 965438+July 20071day, Zhang Xun, a warlord in Xuzhou, supported the restoration of Xun Qing Emperor Puyi. In order to make Zhang Xun surrender, Duan mobilized all the forces he could, including ordering teachers and students of Beijing Nanyuan Aviation School to take part in the war and bombing the Forbidden City by plane. Three small bombs were dropped in the Forbidden City as a warning. The plane is only 300 meters away from the Forbidden City, flying at an ultra-low altitude. [24] It was bombed in Yan Xi Palace in the East Sixth Palace of the Forbidden City, causing slight damage to the building at that time. This is considered to be the first air strike bombing in East Asia.

Gan Qing Palace in the Republic of China

1924, Feng Yuxiang launched a "Beijing coup" to expel Puyi from the Forbidden City, and at the same time set up a "liquidation committee" to take over the Forbidden City. In June 1925, 10, 10, the Palace Museum was formally established and opened to the public. The Forbidden City was called "Forbidden City" after 1925. With the decline of the Qing Dynasty, especially in the 38 years before 1949, the buildings of the Forbidden City became worse and worse, many palaces collapsed and garbage piled up like mountains.

On the eve of the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, in 1933, in order to protect its cultural relics from being destroyed by war or plundered by Japanese imperialism, the Palace Museum decided to adopt the policy of moving cultural relics southward, set up a cultural relics warehouse in Nanjing and set up a branch of the Palace Museum in Nanjing. 1933 From February to May, 13427 boxes and 64 packages of cultural relics, books and archives were selected and delivered to Shanghai in five batches, and then to Nanjing [25].

Modern situation

1949 After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Palace Museum carried out a large-scale renovation and sorted out a large number of cultural relics. 196 1 year, the State Council announced the Forbidden City as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Cultural relics in the Palace Museum 1862690 (as of August 20 19) [26]. [27] 1987, the Forbidden City was listed as a "world cultural heritage" by UNESCO and transformed into a "Palace Museum".

Since the 20th century, the Forbidden City has received an average of 6-8 million Chinese and foreign tourists every year. With the development of tourism, the number of tourists is increasing, which shows that people's interest in the Forbidden City is lasting.

The green area is an open area.

2013 August 15, Shou Kang Palace was officially exhibited after the original exhibition. Cining Palace Sculpture Museum opened on May 3rd, 20th1May 5th. According to the scale of 20 15, the open area of the Forbidden City will reach 76% by 2020. The Forbidden City is carrying out the renovation of cultural relics, environmental improvement and the expansion of the exhibition area. [28]

On October 2014165438+2310, the mascot of the Forbidden City in Beijing made its debut. The mascot originated from the traditional auspicious dragon and phoenix images in China, namely "strong dragon" and "beautiful phoenix". 2015101,the Palace Museum officially opened new areas such as Cining Palace, Wumen Yanchi Building and Donghuamen, which increased the opening area of the Palace Museum from the current 52% to 65%. [7]

20 16 On the afternoon of February 25th, the Palace Museum held the "Cui Ruzhuo Art Palace Exhibition" in the Great Hall of the People. [29] 2065438+On April 12, 2006, Dan Jixiang, president of the Palace Museum, introduced that the open area of the Palace Museum increased by 1 1%, reaching 76%, and various forms of new exhibitions were opened one after another. At the same time, "Luoyang Peony and Peony Theme Cultural Relics Exhibition of the Palace Museum" opened in the Forbidden City. Luoyang peony 1.2 million pots in Beijing, distributed in Cining Palace Garden, Ganqingmen Square, Cining Palace, Shoukang Palace, Yongkang Zuomen-Youmen, Longzongmen and other areas. It reproduces the grand opening of peony in the Forbidden City in Qing Dynasty. [30]

On May 24th, 20 18, the Palace Museum decided to close on Mondays from June 20th18, except national holidays. [3 1] In addition, from June 20 12 to June 20 18, the total number of visitors to the Forbidden City reached 1 100 million, and since 20 19, the Forbidden City has tried to sell tickets on time [32].

On September 3rd, 20 18, the hall of mental cultivation of the Forbidden City officially entered the implementation stage of research, protection and renovation of ancient buildings. [33]

On March 4th, 20 19, the Palace Museum announced the exhibition plan for the second half of 20 19. [34]

20 19 September 2 1 to 10 year 10 month 1 According to the news of the Palace Museum, the Palace Museum is temporarily closed to the public according to work needs and arrangements. [35]

On 201910/0, the Palace Museum opened its doors to welcome guests after the "rest" 1 1 day, and tickets were sold out from 3rd to 5th. [36]

Architectural type

Building scale

The Forbidden City in Beijing was built by the Ming Emperor Judy, and its designer was Kuai Xiang (1397- 148 1, Suzhou native). It covers an area of 720,000 square meters (96 1 m in length and 753 m in width), with a building area of about 1 50,000 square meters and an area of 720,000 square meters. There are110,000 migrant workers, * * built 14 years, with 9,999 rooms and a half. According to the actual data/kloc,

Architectural modeling

At that time, the front hall of the Forbidden City required magnificent architectural modeling and clear and open courtyards, symbolizing the supremacy of feudal regime. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is located in the diagonal center of the Forbidden City, and there are ten auspicious beasts on each corner. The designers of the Forbidden City thought it would show the majesty of the emperor and shock the world. The palace behind requires depth and compactness, so the six palaces in the east, west and east are self-contained, with their own palace doors and walls, which are relatively orderly. Behind the palace is the palace backyard [37].

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imperial capital

The Palace Museum is arranged along a north-south central axis, and the three main halls, the last three palaces and the imperial garden are all located on this central axis. And spread to both sides, straight from north to south, symmetrical left and right. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also runs through the city from Yongdingmen in the south to the Drum Tower and Bell Tower in the north [38].

Architectural composition

Overall mode

The documentary "Palace New Year's Eve" ar technology makes ancient paintings come alive, and the goalkeeper will actually move!

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The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing. The layout is based on the principle of "Left Group, Right House, Facing the Future". It is built on the central axis of Beijing, eight kilometers long from north to south, and the north and south are symmetrical. Today, the working people's cultural palace in front of the Forbidden City is the ancestral temple of the Ming and Qing emperors. On the right front, Zhongshan Park is the social altar where the emperor worships the land gods and the valley gods. There is a courtier's office in front; There is a market behind for people to trade [27]. The North of the Forbidden City in Beijing is the Long Live Mountain and the South is the Jinshui River, which is just in line with the ancients' principle of "negative yin holding yang, rushing to be harmonious". Long live the Mountain is a man-made mountain specially built to create the geomantic omen of the imperial city. Built in the early Ming Dynasty, it is located in the former site of Yanchunge, the bedroom of the Yuan Dynasty, and is made up of silt from the moat and Nanhu Lake. The piling of this mountain, on the one hand, satisfies the principle that the imperial city should be "negative", on the other hand, it suppresses the geomantic omen of the previous dynasty, so Long live the Mountain is also called "Zhenshan". [39] The layout of the four nine cities in Beijing is that Erlong comes out of the water to protect the Forbidden City. According to China's ancient astrology theory, the purple star (i.e. Polaris) is located in the center of the sky, where the emperor lived, corresponding to heaven and man. According to the emperor's residence, it is also called the Forbidden City. [40]

The Palace Museum is surrounded by a palace wall with a height of 12 meters and a length of 3,400 meters. It is a rectangular city surrounded by a moat with a width of 52 meters, forming a fortified castle. There are four doors in the Forbidden City. The main entrance is called Wumen, the east entrance is called Donghuamen, the west entrance is called Xihuamen, and the north entrance is called Shenwumen. Facing the Shenwumen in the north gate, there is a Jingshan made of earth and stone. In the overall layout, Jingshan can be said to be the barrier of the Forbidden City complex.

The concept of stars in ancient China

The Forbidden City is about 960 meters long from north to south, 750 meters wide from east to west, with an area of more than 720,000 square meters and more than 8,000 existing houses. There are 10 meters high walls and 52 meters wide moats around. There are doors on all sides, the meridian gate in the south, the Shenwu gate in the north, the Donghua gate in the east and the Xihua gate in the west. The Forbidden City consists of an outer court and an inner court. The outer court is centered on the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, with Wenhua Hall in the east and Wuying Hall in the west as its wings, which is the place where the imperial court held the ceremony. Behind the outer court is the Imperial Palace, including Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace, Kunning Palace, Imperial Garden and Six Palaces of East and West. It is the place where the emperor handles daily affairs and the emperor and queen live. In addition, there is Ningshougong District on the east side, which is the place where Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty abdicated to provide for the aged. [27]

Distribute outward

The outer court is the place where the emperor handles political affairs. There are three main halls: Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall of Zhonghe and Hall of Baohe. Among them, the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the highest and most splendid, with a width of 60. 1 m, a depth of 33.33 m and a height of 35.05 m.. The emperor's accession to the throne, wedding, conferring, ordering and going to war will all be held here. At that time, thousands of people "shouted three times" and hundreds of ritual vessels rang bells and drums, which was extremely royal. The Zhonghe Hall behind the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the place where the emperor rests and sacrifices before attending major ceremonies, while the Baohe Hall in the northernmost part is the place where the emperor holds banquets and palace examinations. [4 1]

The floor plan of the Forbidden City in Beijing

imperial capital

The second half of the Forbidden City building is called the Forbidden City. The gate of the Forbidden City, Gan Qing Gate, is surrounded by glazed walls, and the last three palaces are inside.

The junction of the inner palace and the outer court is Gan Qing Gate.

The Forbidden City is centered on Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, and its east and west wings are East Sixth Palace and West Sixth Palace respectively. It is the place where the emperor handles daily affairs, and it is also the place where the emperor and his queens live and live. The second half is different from the first half in architectural style. The first half of the building symbolizes the supremacy of the emperor. The second half of the Forbidden City is mostly a self-contained courtyard.

It is behind the "inner court" of the Forbidden City. Double-eaved Kunning Palace is the queen's bedroom before Yong Zhengdi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, with warm pavilions at both ends. In the Qing Dynasty, it was changed into a place of worship. After Yongzheng, Xinnuange was a place where shamans offered sacrifices. Among them, Dongnuange is the bridal chamber of the emperor's wedding, and three emperors, Kangxi, Tongzhi and Guangxu, once held weddings here [42].

main building

Forbidden city gate 4

There are four doors in the Forbidden City. The main entrance is called the meridian gate, and its plane is concave. There are five white marble arch bridges leading to Taihe Gate behind the Wumen Gate. The east gate is called Donghuamen, the west gate is called Xihuamen and the north gate is called Shenwumen. There are turrets at the four corners of the Forbidden City, which are 27.5 meters high and have a cross-shaped roof. [43]

Four introduction pictures

Wumen Wumen is the main entrance of the Forbidden City. Commonly known as Wufenglou. The east, west and north sides are connected by a platform 12 meters high, surrounded by a square. There is a 1 building. There is a heavy building in the middle, which is 9 halls with wide faces and double eaves. There are four pavilions, with eaves and roofs on the left and right protruding walls, which are connected by open corridors. Each wing has a 13 hall, and each corner has a tall corner pavilion that supports the main hall. This group of buildings in the city is the first peak of the Palace Museum. The meridian gate is the place where the emperor issued letters and ordered expeditions. Its main entrance is usually accessible only to the emperor; When the emperor got married, the queen went in once; Three people who won the first prize, the second place and the flower exploration in the court exam can walk out of this door once. The ministers of civil and military affairs went in and out of the east gate, and the royal princes went in and out of the west gate.

meridian gate

Shenwumen Shenwumen was called "Xuanwu Gate" in Ming Dynasty, and Xuanwu Gate was one of the four ancient beasts. From the azimuth, Zuo Qinglong, You Baihu, Qiansuzaku, Houxuanwu and Xuanwu live in the north, so the North Palace Gate of the Forbidden City is named "Xuanwu". During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed "Shenwumen" because of taboo. Shenwumen is also a city gate building, the highest-grade double-eaved roof, but its main hall has only five bays and a veranda, and there are no wings extending forward from left to right, so it is one level lower than Wumen in shape. Shenwumen is the entrance guard for daily access to the palace. Now Shenwumen is the main entrance of the Palace Museum.

Shenwumen

Donghuamen Donghuamen and Xihuamen correspond to Xihuamen, and there is a dismount monument outside the door. In the gate, the golden water flows to the north of Henan, and the 1 stone bridge is on the shelf, and the north gate of the bridge is Sanmen. Donghuamen and Xihuamen have the same shape, with a rectangular plane, a red podium and a white jade base, among which there are three coupon doors with excircle coupon holes. There are towers, yellow glazed tiles and double eaves on the rostrum. The tower is five rooms wide and three rooms deep, surrounded by corridors.

Xihuamen

Waiting for the building

The outer court of the Forbidden City in Beijing is dominated by three halls. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe are all built on an 8-meter-high white marble I-shaped abutment, with the Hall of Supreme Harmony in front, the Hall of Zhonghe in the back and the Hall of Baohe in the back. The abutment has three overlapping layers, and the upper edge of each platform is decorated with railings, sentries and faucets carved with white marble. Among the three platforms, there are three stone steps carved with dragons, which set off the "Royal Road" with waves and flowing clouds. There are 14 15 carved railings, Yunlong Xiangfeng 1460 carved sentry box and 165438 faucet on the 25,000m2 countertop. Three sets decorated with so many white marble, with overlapping shapes, are unique decorative arts in ancient buildings in China. And this kind of decoration is the drainage pipe of the countertop in terms of structure and function. A small hole was carved under the railing. There is also a small hole carved on the faucet, which extends below the sentry post. Every rainy season, three groups of rainwater are discharged from small holes layer by layer, and water flows out from the faucet. This is a scientific and artistic design. [44]

Architectural introduction picture

Taihe Gate Taihe Gate is the largest palace gate in the Forbidden City and the main entrance of the Forbidden City. It was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420), and was then called Fengtianmen. In the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), it was renamed as Huang Jimen, and in the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), it was renamed as today. Taihe has 9 wide facades and 3 deep facades, with a building area of 1.300 square meters. Covered with double eaves, resting on the top of the mountain, white marble base, beam Fang and other components are painted with seal color. A pair of bronze lions in front of the door. There is a gate to the left and right of Taihe Gate, with Zhaodemen in the east (called Zheng Hongmen in Ming Dynasty) and Zhendumen in the west (called Xuanzhimen in Ming Dynasty). Taihemen was the place where the imperial gate listened to politics in the Ming Dynasty. In the early Qing dynasty, the emperor also listened to politics and held a banquet at Taihe Gate. Later, "Imperial Gate listens to politics" was changed to Ganqingmen. In September of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Fu Lin, the first emperor after the Manchu rulers decided to enter Beijing, issued an Amnesty order in Taihemen.

Gate of Supreme Harmony

There is a square with an area of about 26,000 square meters in front of Taihemen Square, and the Jinshui River meanders from west to east. There are five stone bridges on the river, which are called Neijinshui Bridge. On both sides of the square are neatly arranged cloisters, called rooms facing east and west, opposite which are Concord Gate (called Huiji Gate in Ming Dynasty) and Xihe Gate (called Guiji Gate in Ming Dynasty). In the Ming Dynasty, Dongxuan was used as a recording hall, a jade butterfly hall and a residence note hall. In the Qing Dynasty, it was changed into an imperial inspection office and an internal office. In the Ming Dynasty, the West Gallery was a pavilion for compiling the Hall of Minghui, and in the Qing Dynasty it was changed into a study and a living room.

Taihemen Square and Jinshui River

Hall of Supreme Harmony Hall of Supreme Harmony, commonly known as "Golden King Hall", was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420) and named as Fengtian Hall. In the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), it was renamed the Imperial Palace. In the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), it was renamed. It is the place where the emperor held a grand ceremony. Since its completion, it has been burned and rebuilt many times. What we see today is the shape after reconstruction in the thirty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1695). The Hall of Supreme Harmony is 5 rooms wide 1 1, with a building area of 2,377 square meters and a height of 26.92 meters. Together with the base height of 35.05 meters, it is the largest hall in the Forbidden City, with 10 animals under the eaves. Twenty-four emperors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties held grand ceremonies in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, such as the emperor's accession to the throne, marriage, conferring the queen, and being ordered to go to war. In addition, every year, the emperor receives congratulations from officials of civil and military affairs and holds a banquet in honor of princes and ministers. [45]

Hall of Supreme Harmony