Loulan’s wet dream

Loulan is a small ancient country in western China. Loulan disappeared about 1,600 years ago, leaving only the ruins of the ancient city. The ancient city of Loulan is located at 89°22′22″ east diameter and 40°29′55″ north latitude. It is located in the north of Ruoqiang County, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, the northwest corner of Lop Nur and 7 kilometers south of the Kongque River.

The name of an ancient country in the Western Regions. Loulan City, the capital of the country (the site is located on the northwest coast of Lop Nur, Xinjiang, China). It leads to Qiemo, Jingjue, Kumi, and Khotan in the southwest, to Cheshi in the north, to Yanqi in the northwest, to Bailongdui in the east, to Dunhuang, and is the hub of the Silk Road. The Chinese are of Indo-European race. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first entered the Western Regions, all his envoys passed through Loulan. Loulan served as the Huns' eyes and ears many times and attacked and robbed Han envoys. In the third year of Yuanfeng (108 BC), the Han Dynasty sent troops to attack Loulan and captured its king. Loulan surrendered to the Han and was attacked by the Xiongnu, so he sent his servants to pay homage to both sides. Later, An Gui, the servant of the Huns, was established as King of Loulan, and he kissed the Huns. Wang's brother Wei Tuqi surrendered to the Han Dynasty and reported the situation to the Han Dynasty. In the fourth year of Emperor Zhao Yuanfeng's reign (77 BC), the Han Dynasty sent Fu Jiezi to Loulan to assassinate Angui, made Wei Tuqi king, changed the name of the country to Shanshan, and moved the capital to Muni City (near Ruoqiang, Xinjiang today). Later, the Han government often sent officials to farm in the old place of Loulan City. From Yumen Pass to Loulan, beacons and pavilions were set up along the way. During the Wei, Jin and Qianliang dynasties, Loulan City became the administrative seat of the chief historian of the Western Regions.

According to the records of "Historical Records: Biography of Dawan" and "Hanshu: Biography of the Western Regions", as early as the 2nd century ago, Loulan was a famous "city outline country" in the Western Regions. It leads to Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, and Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The southern and northern routes of the ancient "Silk Road" separated from Loulan.

The administrative office of the chief historian of the Western Regions during the Wei, Jin and Qianliang periods of China. Located in the northwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang. The city was named because the Chinese documents unearthed from the site used the phonetic pronunciation of "Loulan" and Luolu as "Kuluo Laina".

Adjacent to Dunhuang, it had close relations with the Han Dynasty around BC. The records of Loulan in ancient times are based on the records of "Book of Han: Biography of the Western Regions", Faxian and Xuanzang. "Book of Han·Biography of the Western Regions" records: "The Shanshan Kingdom, whose real name is Loulan, has a king who governs the mud city. It goes to Yangguan for 1,600 miles and to Chang'an for 6,100 miles. It has 1,570 households and a population of 44,100. Fa Xian said: "The land is rugged and barren. The clothes of the lay people are the same as those in the Han Dynasty, but the color of the carpets is different. There are more than 4000 monks in the country." Xuanzang traveled there. At the end, there is a very simple description: "From then on, we traveled northeast for more than a thousand miles to the homeland of Nabobo, which is the land of Loulan."

The Loulan Kingdom in the Han Dynasty sometimes became the eyes and ears of the Xiongnu, and sometimes attached itself to it. The Han Dynasty played a two-faced policy, standing between the two major forces of the Han and the Xiongnu, and cleverly maintained its political life. Since Loulan was located at the strategic point of communication between the Han Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions, the Han Dynasty could not cross this area to attack the Huns. The Xiongnu could not threaten the Han Dynasty without borrowing Loulan's power. Both the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu tried their best to implement a soft policy toward Loulan.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian, the Marquis of Bowang, as an envoy to the Dayue clan, but failed to establish an offensive and defensive alliance. After that, he sent a large army to attack the distant country of Dayuan, and sent envoys to the countries in the Western Regions many times. When these envoys passed through Loulan, Loulan couldn't bear the heavy burden and even killed the envoys. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent troops to attack Loulan. As a result, Prince Loulan was sent to the Han Dynasty as a hostage as evidence of surrender. Loulan also sent a prince to the Xiongnu, expressing his strict neutrality between the Xiongnu and the Han. Later, when the Han expeditionary army attacked a vassal state of the Xiongnu, King Loulan contacted the Xiongnu and stationed an ambush of the Xiongnu troops in the country, which angered the Han court. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again sent troops to attack Loulan, approaching the capital of Jianni City. King Loulan was frightened and immediately opened the city gate to apologize. Emperor Wu asked him to monitor the movements of the Huns. In 92 BC, King Loulan died, and the prince who had been taken as a hostage in the Han Dynasty returned to succeed him. The prince was very sad and did not want to return easily, so his younger brother inherited the throne. The new king died soon after, and the Xiongnu took this opportunity to inherit the throne with the eldest son of the former king who had been a hostage in their own country. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was shocked when he heard the news, and quickly sent envoys to persuade the new king to come to the Han court, hoping to seize the throne. As a hostage, failed. In the next two or three years, no major incidents occurred between the Han and the Xiongnu, and they seemed very stable. The border of Loulan is close to the Yumen Pass. Han envoys often pass through this gate to go to the countries in the Western Regions. They have to pass through the desert called Bailongdui in Loulan. There are often winds in the desert, which rolls the quicksand into the air and makes it look like a dragon. Travelers get lost. The Han Dynasty keeps giving orders. The Kingdom of Loulan provided guides and drinking water. Because the Han envoys repeatedly abused the guides, Loulan refused to obey their orders, and the relationship between the two deteriorated. Emperor Wu of Han eventually sent assassins to assassinate the new king. In order to marry a prince who was a hostage in the Han court, a beautiful concubine was sent back to Loulan to inherit the throne. But the king was terrified of assassination. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to garrison Loulan in the name of protecting the king, thus gaining the initiative to conquer the Xiongnu and other countries in the Western Regions. The above is the relationship between Han Dynasty and Loulan during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After that, the power of the Han Dynasty weakened, and Loulan betrayed him again.

During the Western Han Dynasty in my country, there was a Loulan Kingdom in the Lop Nur area. Its city outline, Loulan City, was once an important transportation hub city with a prosperous commercial economy on the ancient Silk Road. However, such a city, which was active for several centuries before and after BC, completely disappeared from historical records after the 4th century AD and was reduced to a desert.

There are different opinions in the academic world as to the reason for the disappearance of the Loulan Kingdom. Some think it was the drying up of the river, while others think it was the salinity of the land, rampant plague, diversion of the Silk Road, alien invasion, etc. There is no conclusion yet and it has become an eternal mystery

Loulan Civilization

The Loulan Kingdom in History According to the "Historical Records of Dawan" and "Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions", as early as the 2nd century ago, Loulan was a famous "city outline country" in the Western Regions. ". It leads to Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, and Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The southern and northern routes of the ancient "Silk Road" separated from Loulan. Despite its bumpy fate, Loulan's splendid civilization still blooms in its turbulent environment, and its high-level civilization is too dazzling to ignore. Speaking of the civilization of Loulan, we have to talk about the Loulan nation: the Loulan people are Iranians of the Aryan race, with clear outlines and three-dimensional facial features. The main industrial activities they are engaged in include farming, nomadic herding, salt mining, etc. The Loulan civilization included animal husbandry culture, farming culture based on the farming system, and commercial culture.

The ancient city of Loulan was a very important city on the Silk Road, but it only lasted a few centuries before disappearing. It was only recently discovered by Chinese and foreign explorers. The ancient city of Loulan, which has been abandoned for a long time, is square in shape, with each side measuring about 330 meters. The city is full of dilapidated government offices, residential buildings, courtyards surrounded by reeds, Buddhist temples, cups, bowls, utensils, coins, etc. The ancient city of Loulan has experienced wind erosion for nearly two thousand years, and the city walls are in dilapidated condition. However, there are still ruins such as earthen walls, wooden frames and fences of houses in the city. Handmade pottery, wooden utensils, five-baht coins with local characteristics, wooden slips with Chinese characters, brocade, silk, bronze mirrors, lacquerware, felt cloth, blankets and other colorful and distinctive cultural relics from the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties vividly illustrate the It has brought about the prosperity of an ancient city - Loulan.

The large number of relics unearthed from the Loulan site fully demonstrate the high level of civilization in Loulan: there are various types of silk fabrics, such as brocade, satin, Luo, Qi, etc. Although the unearthed silk fabrics have been around for nearly two thousand years, their colors are still gorgeous and their patterns are exquisite. Some of the weaving techniques have been lost for a long time now, which shows that my country's silk textiles were highly advanced more than 2,000 years ago. Many Central Asian merchants and European merchants came to China to engage in silk business. At the same time, many sculptures and works of art with the characteristics of ancient Greek culture and Central Asian culture were also unearthed at the Loulan site. In addition, there are other items from the West, such as glassware, etc. The large number of objects unearthed as evidence of exchanges between the East and the West fully demonstrate that the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West in the ancient city of Loulan were very busy. From these relics, we seem to hear the bells on the camels' necks jingling, carrying an endless stream of business travelers back and forth between the East and the West. The colorful Indian and Greek cultures followed the camel's footsteps and bloomed brilliantly in Loulan.

The ancient Kingdom of Loulan, which was written more than 2,100 years ago, served as a transit trading post between China, Persia, India, Syria and the Roman Empire on the Silk Road. At that time, it was the largest kingdom in the world. One of the most open and prosperous "metropolises". However, around 500 AD, it mysteriously disappeared from the annals of Chinese history overnight, and many survivors also "disappeared" at the same time. Where did they go? This has been a mystery for years.

In 1979, archaeological workers in Xinjiang unearthed a large number of precious cultural relics, and also unearthed an ancient female corpse that was more than 3,800 years old, which immediately caused a sensation at home and abroad. This female corpse was unearthed from the Loulan site. The earliest and best-preserved female corpse unearthed in China.

Loulan is a powerful small country on the ancient Silk Road in Western China. It existed many years ago and was once very prosperous. However, after the 3rd century AD, Loulan Kingdom mysteriously disappeared. The rise and fall of Loulan Kingdom, together with Lop Nur next to it, became a huge mystery.

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On October 2, 1988, China and Japan organized a joint expedition to reach the Loulan ruins in the desert, with the purpose of solving the mystery of this mysterious ancient country that disappeared at the crossroads of the Silk Road.

The expedition set off from Dunhuang and entered the desert, where they discovered the remains of pagodas and houses. The pagodas, houses, walls and daily utensils that have been eroded by wind and sand show their past appearance in the starry sky. Here, the expedition team obtained some preliminary clues to the mystery of Loulan's disappearance.

There are 12 villages in Loulan, with tens of thousands of people living peacefully and happily under the leadership of tribal leaders. However, a plague occurred more than 1,000 years ago. Many Loulan people lost their lives to the disease. Some of the people who survived the disaster moved to Xia Kangli in the south and moved to Milan. From then on Loulan Kingdom disappeared.

The ancient city of Loulan is located in the Lop Nur depression on the eastern edge of the Tarim Basin. It is surrounded by desert, Yadan badlands and hard salt crust. It is inaccessible and the environment is extremely desolate and dangerous.

However, according to historical records, Loulan was one of the most prosperous areas in the Western Regions as early as the 2nd century BC. The ancient Loulan country had a population of more than 14,000 and nearly 3,000 soldiers. It was truly a huge country. Guloulan is located at the strategic point of the Silk Road, the gateway to east-west traffic, and the bridgehead for the Han Dynasty to enter the Western Regions. At that time, "messengers faced each other on the road" on this transportation line. Traffic was busy and the city's economy was prosperous. The ancient city of Loulan had a prosperous history and a splendid oasis culture.

What is strange is that after five or six hundred years of prosperity, the famous Loulan Kingdom has not been recorded in history, has not been listed in legends, and suddenly disappeared. In the 7th century, when Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty returned from studying for scriptures, he saw Loulan Kingdom's "city corridors standing still and no human habitation". Its depressing scene made people sigh with emotion about the great changes in the world! March 1900 Sven. Hedin led his team to inspect Lop Nur and almost lost his entire army, so he declared it to be the terrifying "Sea of ??Death"! In May 1980, the famous Chinese scientist Peng Jiamu disappeared in Lop Nur, casting a mysterious and terrifying veil over this ancient city. In recent years, Shanghai's "lone ranger" Yu Chunshun died in the Lop Nur desert after traveling across most of China for eight years, adding a sense of desolation and tragedy to the ancient city of Bulan. How did the ancient city of Loulan disappear? Where is the Loulan ruins? How bad is the natural environment in Loulan? What cultural relics are there in Loulan? It has long been a matter of concern to archaeologists and scientists at home and abroad. Loulan is also a mysterious place that Chinese and foreign adventure enthusiasts yearn for.

The ancient city of Loulan was buried in the desert due to various complex natural and man-made reasons, which led to the diversion of rivers, invasion of wind and sand. At the beginning of this century, because of gentleness. In order to retrieve the lost hoe, Hedin's Uyghur guide Erdike inadvertently asked Sven. Hedin discovered the ancient city of Loulan, which attracted great attention from the world. Archaeologists and explorers from all over the world flocked to the ancient city of Loulan. The value of the cultural relics they unearthed in the ancient city of Loulan shocked the world, and their quantity was incalculable. . In addition to the stone axes, jade axes, stone knives, and stone arrow clusters from the Neolithic Age, there are also Han bamboo slips, Chinese documents, silk fabrics, woodware, pottery, copperware, glass products, ancient coins, etc. Among them, the Jin Dynasty handwritten "Warring States Policy" and Han brocade are the most precious. The famous "Li Bai Document" was also discovered, and based on this document, the nearby ancient city of "Haitou" was discovered, and some monographs were published. In 1927, Chinese archaeologist Huang Wenbi also visited Loulan for excavation and investigation, unearthed a large number of cultural relics, and published a monograph "Archaeology of Luobu Nur". Chinese and foreign scholars have praised Loulan as a "treasure land buried in the desert", a "museum" left behind by history, and the "Pompeii of the East." After liberation, our country set up many modern inspection teams to sincerely inspect Loulan, and now we have clearly investigated In the Ming Dynasty, Loulan Ancient City was located at 80 degrees 55 minutes and 12 seconds east longitude and 40 degrees 30 minutes and 57 seconds north. The straight-line distance from nearby towns and cities is 344 kilometers from Korla City to the northwest and 330 kilometers from Ruoqiang County to the southwest. The ancient city covers an area of ??120,000 square meters, slightly square, with a side length of about 330 meters. The city wall built alternately with soil, reeds and branches can still be vaguely discerned. An ancient river running roughly northwest-southeast runs diagonally through the city, dividing the ancient city into northeast and southwest areas. Only the pagoda and its nearby buildings remain in the northeastern district. The pagoda is 10.4 meters high and is made of adobe, glutinous rice pulp and wicker. It is the tallest building in the city. In the southwest district there are the ruins of the three-room house, the official office at that time, and some small courtyards. In the ancient city, poplar beams, purlins, rafters and other wooden components used to build houses can be found everywhere, many of which are drilled and engraved with patterns, showing a considerable level of craftsmanship. There are also ruins such as ancient beacons, granaries, and ancient tombs in and around the ancient city. A 3,800-year-old mummy - the "Loulan Beauty" - was also unearthed in the Loulan Ancient Tomb Valley. There are still many cultural relics left in the ancient city of Loulan, such as pottery pieces, felt pieces, ancient copper coins, ancient weapons, silk fragments, etc. As long as you search and dig on the surface for a while, you may become an "archaeological discoverer".

The mysterious Loulan strongly stimulates the desire for adventure among tourists at home and abroad. In recent years, there has been a wave of Loulan exploration craze at home and abroad. Expedition teams from various countries have come in droves, among which Japanese friends of Youlou are the most popular. During the Spring Festival of 1998, dozens of Shanghai explorers followed in the footsteps of Shanghai lone ranger Yu Chunshun and came to Loulan. They spent an extraordinary New Year in the Oriental "Pompeii" and they were all extremely excited.

The Loulan expedition is extremely difficult and dangerous. The salt crust rising on the surface and the intricate wind-eroded "Yadan" landform are extremely difficult for the team to travel. The average off-road vehicle can only advance two to three kilometers per hour, and the average car can only move forward every two minutes. You have to make three sharp turns. The landform of the Lop Nur area covers an area of ??3,500 square kilometers and is a natural barrier for the ancient city. The weather here changes drastically. In summer, the temperature rises to 30 or 40 degrees Celsius in the afternoon, which is unbearably hot. In the early morning, the temperature can drop below 0 degrees, which is extremely cold. The annual precipitation in the Lop Nur area is only about 10 millimeters, while the evaporation can reach more than 3,000 millimeters. The evaporation is two to three hundred times more than the precipitation, making it extremely drought-prone. The wind and sand are raging here, and the sandstorms are rolling, making it a forbidden area. However, there are dangers and wonders. The magical Lop Nur, the steep Yadan Dragon City landform and various desert wonders add a lot of novelty and excitement to the Loulan adventure, which is enough to make the explorer unforgettable for a lifetime.

Loulan was originally a small country with only tens of thousands of people. After the ancient Loulan Dynasty was submerged, the remaining tribesmen fled to other areas of Xinjiang and mixed with the Wusun, Sai, Yuezhi and Uighur peoples. , today mainly Uighurs and Kazakhs.

The mystery of the disappearance of Loulan

In 400 AD, the eminent monk Faxian traveled to the west to collect Buddhist scriptures and passed by this place. He said in "Buddha Kingdom" that this place was "no birds above, no birds below." There are no animals around, only the bones of dead people are the only signs." After nearly 500 years of glory, Loulan, an important town on the Silk Road, gradually became depopulated and disappeared silently from the stage of history.

After the 4th century AD, Loulan Kingdom suddenly disappeared.

According to the "Shui Jing Zhu", after the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the diversion of the Zhubin River in the middle reaches of the Tarim River at that time, Loulan was seriously short of water. Soller from Dunhuang led 1,000 troops to Loulan, and summoned 3,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi, and Qiuci. They crossed the river and diverted water into Loulan day and night, alleviating Loulan's water shortage crisis. But after that, despite the maximum efforts and attempts of Loulan people to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was eventually abandoned due to water shortage.

Some people say that the death of Loulan was caused by human beings violating the laws of nature. Loulan people’s blind and indiscriminate deforestation led to soil erosion, sandstorm invasion, river diversion, abnormal climate, epidemic epidemics, reduced moisture, and saline-alkali weather. Accumulation eventually led to the inevitable demise of the kingdom.

No matter what you say, one thing is for sure, the final blow to the Loulan people was the plague. This is a terrible acute infectious disease. According to the legend, it is called "hot nest disease". Once it becomes sick, an entire village will be affected and an entire family will die. In the face of a huge disaster, the Loulan people chose to flee - just like the previous migrations, they were all forced. The Loulan Kingdom collapsed, and people blindly went up the Tarim River. Wherever there were trees and water, they went there. Where they could survive, they went there. Those who could survive were the ones they could. Loulan people want to cry but have no tears. When they set out on the road, they encountered an unprecedented strong wind and sandstorm. It was a huge formation that was buried in the sky. The sky was dark and the earth was dark, sand and stones were flying, and the sound was like a ghost. A city suddenly disappeared in the turbidity and blur...

At this point, The glorious ancient city of Loulan has disappeared silently from history forever. Although the fleeing Loulan people have dreamed of resurrecting Loulan from generation to generation, dreams can only be dreams. Moreover, at the end of the dream, even the dreamer couldn't wait and disappeared. Loulan was still the territory of wind and sand and the kingdom of death.

1. Loulan Ancient City (1) The "Three Rooms" of the official government office are three houses side by side. It is one of the two adobe buildings in Loulan City. It is the highest-standard building in the city and may have been the official government office at that time. Since Sven Hedin discovered the ancient city of Loulan and unearthed a large number of precious documents under the corner of three rooms, Tachibana Zuichao from Japan and Steining from the UK have excavated here and brought cultural relics out of the country. These cultural relics were later collected by museums and studied by experts, which led to the rise of the "Loulan Studies" craze internationally. "(2) The houses are made of red willows and reeds. Today, the roofs and walls do not exist, but the layout at that time can be seen from the remaining wall roots. (3) The pagoda is about 10 meters high, which is the tallest in Loulan City.

2. Haitou Ancient City In 1988, the Lop Nur cultural relics team organized by the Cultural Relics Department of the Autonomous Region Department of Culture, with the cooperation and assistance of the army, found "Haitou" in the southwest of Loulan Ancient City after 32 days of hard work. (numbered LK Ancient City by Stein) and two other ancient cities, and the first topographic maps of these two ancient cities in China were surveyed and a batch of precious cultural relic specimens were collected, further filling the archaeological gaps in the Lop Nur area.

< p>3. The Milan ruins are a large area, and the ruins mainly include the city walls of Milan, two Buddhist temples and cemeteries. Large pits dug in the east and west can be seen along the city walls and the bases of the Buddhist temples. It belongs to the area of ??the ancient Loulan Kingdom. China used to farm here in the Han Dynasty. There is a controversial theory that this is the new capital of the Loulan Kingdom after the capital was moved. "Winged angels and winged angels" have been found here. Tibetan wooden slips from the 8th to 9th centuries AD; this is an important historical site that reveals the mysterious rise and fall of the ancient Loulan country. It is an important area where Buddhism spread from Xinjiang to the mainland, and is also rare evidence of exchanges between Tubo and the Western Regions in historical records.

4. Washixia Ancient City

5. Xiaohe Cemetery In May 1934, an expedition team set up camp beside the Loulan Kum River. They wanted to find the cemetery hidden in the Kum River basin. For two months, Rob "Camel Hunter" Oldeke and others searched again and again without success. Even Oldeke himself guessed that the ancient cemetery had "a thousand coffins." The tomb had been submerged by the newly formed rivers and lakes for more than ten years, or was reburied by a strong black storm. At the end of the month, the expedition moved closer to the oasis zone southwest of the Robe Wasteland, and soon they discovered an oasis. It is a river flowing to the southeast. It is 20 meters wide and has a total length of about 120 kilometers. It has a sluggish flow and is surrounded by a series of small lakes and swamps. It is a new river that emerged after the recovery of the Coom River. It has a history of less than 10 years. Before this river enters the desert, it is temporarily named "Little River". 4-5 kilometers away from the east bank of the "Little River", there is a round hill. From a distance, there is a dense patch of dead trees on the top of the hill. 4-5 meters high. What's strange is that the dead trees are very close together, supporting each other. On the hill, there are mummies, skeletons, dismembered bodies, and huge wooden boards that can trip your legs at any time. Fragments of thick woolen fabric. In a boat-shaped wooden coffin, there is a well-preserved female body. When the coffin is opened, the tight shroud turns into powder when touched, and the corpse covering the face is revealed. Her eyes were closed, her mouth was slightly raised, as if she had just fallen asleep under a spell, with a mysterious and understanding smile on her face. This is the legendary "Princess Loulan" or "Queen Rob" who has fallen asleep under the desert. She has lived for more than 2,000 years. She has long hair and a petite figure, only 5.2 feet tall.

On the 10×16 square meter top of the mountain, there are huge painted wooden pillars, exquisite wooden fences, life-size wooden statues, and the eye-catching Xiangtang (ground building of the cemetery). Experts determined that it was by no means built for ordinary Loulan people, but an important mausoleum.

In 1998, a group of archaeological experts went through all kinds of difficulties to reach the Luobu Desert. They unexpectedly saw some traces of abandoned city walls, exposed to the yellow sky without any cover. Under the guidance of a hundred-year-old Rob, it was confirmed that this was a ruined Rob village. The creek may be an ancient site in Loulan - a public cemetery for the residents of the ancient city. After nearly a hundred years of busy work by explorers and archaeologists, many large-scale tombs and funerary objects have been discovered in the Luobu Desert. So, in the Loulan desert that has been silent for thousands of years, will there be hidden masterpieces or undiscovered miracles like the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang?

6. The "Tomb of the Sun" is located on the north bank of the ancient Kongque River. It was discovered by archaeologists Hou Can, Wang Binghua and others in the winter of 1979. There are dozens of ancient tombs, each of which is a tomb for the deceased surrounded by a round wooden stake in the middle and wooden stakes more than a foot high outside. It forms 7 circles and forms several rays, in the shape of sun rays. According to carbon 14 dating, the Tomb of the Sun is 3,800 years old. Which ethnic group and tribe is it the cemetery of? Why is it buried here? Where do these people live? Whether the tomb was built with the sun as a totem or for some other purpose... 20 years later, it is still a mystery. What about the nearly 2,000-year rupture between Lop Nur civilization and Loulan civilization? Perhaps when the mystery of the Tomb of the Sun is solved, there will be a conclusion. The "Loulan Beauty" who was an Indo-European race 3,800 years ago was unearthed here. Nearly 10 ancient human relics were discovered. Some stone balls, handmade Gaza pottery fragments, bronze fragments, triangular winged copper arrowheads, animal bones, beads and other human relics were exposed on the surface of the loess that was not completely covered by the sand dunes. . There are also some stone knives, stone spears, stone arrowheads, small stone leaves, stone cores, etc. dating from 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. This clearly shows that Loulan, which is now a barren land, was indeed green and lush, with a forest coverage rate of 40% since the late Neolithic, Bronze Age, and early Han Dynasty.

The ancient history of the Loulan Kingdom under the Xiongnu comrades is still not very clear. The name Loulan was first seen in "Historical Records: Biography of the Xiongnu". According to historical records, around the 3rd century BC (equivalent to the early years of the Qin Dynasty in my country), Loulan had already established a country, mainly engaged in extensive agriculture and animal husbandry, and was influenced by The rule of the Yuezhi King. Around 177 BC to 176 BC, the Xiongnu Modu Chanyu sent King Youxian to launch a large-scale attack on the Yuezhi, defeating the Yuezhi and forcing the rest to cross the Tianshan Mountains and migrate to the Ili River Basin. The area originally ruled by the Yuezhi was occupied by the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu slave-owning aristocracy established their dominance in the Western Regions. According to "Historical Records: Biography of the Xiongnu", in the sixth year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (174 BC), the Xiongnu Maodun Shanyu wrote to Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, saying: "With the blessing of heaven, Ding Loulan, Wusun, Hujie and the twenty-six The whole country thought it was the Xiongnu." After Loulan got rid of the rule of the Yuezhi, it was ruled by the Xiongnu again. The Xiongnu established child servant captains in the Western Regions, and Loulan and other countries in the Western Regions were forced to pay taxes to them. But the Xiongnu "can obtain their horses and livestock, but they cannot command them to advance or retreat."

Han, the Xiongnu compete for Loulan. Although Zhang Qian's mission did not achieve the expected purpose, it deepened the mutual understanding between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions countries. Emperor Wu continued to send envoys to contact the Western Regions, and the Han envoys frequently traveled through the "powerful" countries such as Loulan. The Xiongnu instigated the situation and cooperated with Loulan to plunder the Han envoys many times, blocking the Silk Road traffic. The government leads to the Western Regions and controls the Silk Road. From then on, the competition between Han and Hungary in the Western Regions began many times around Loulan.

In the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (108 BC). ), Emperor Wu ordered troops from Piaohou Zhao Ponu to attack Che Division, and ordered Wang Hui to assist. Wang Hui had been robbed by King Loulan many times on his previous mission to the Western Regions, so he led 700 Qingqi to attack Loulan first and captured King Loulan. , Loulan began to return to the Han Dynasty.

When the Xiongnu heard that Loulan had surrendered to the Western Han Dynasty, they sent troops to attack him. Loulan had no choice but to deal with it on both sides, sending a hostage to the Xiongnu and the Western Han Dynasty. Later, he was led by Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division of the Western Han Dynasty. When the troops were conquering Dayuan, the Xiongnu ordered King Loulan to wait for an opportunity to rob him. After the Han army learned the news from the prisoners, they immediately reported it to the court. Emperor Wu ordered the Han army to arrest King Loulan and send him to Chang'an to question the King of Loulan. The Xiongnu? He replied: "A small country cannot live in peace among the big countries. It is willing to migrate to the Han Dynasty." " Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty praised him for speaking the truth. He understood the difficulties of the small country, so he ordered him to be escorted back to his country, and asked Loulan to spy on the Huns.

In the first year of Zhenghe of the Han Dynasty (92 BC), Loulan After the death of the king, his countrymen came to the Han Dynasty and asked the Western Han government to release the proton in order to make him king. However, because Loulan's proton often broke the law in the Han Dynasty and was sentenced to death by castration, the Western Han government refused to return the proton on the pretext that the emperor liked the proton, so Loulan had to stand up again. The king's successor died a few years later. The Xiongnu learned the news first and immediately sent King Loulan's hostage back to the country and established him as king. Since this king had lived in the Xiongnu for many years, he was close to the Xiongnu and stayed away from the Han Dynasty. He also colluded with the Xiongnu many times to block and kill Han Dynasty envoys.

In the fourth year of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty (77 BC), the Western Han government sent Pingyue supervisor Fu Jiezi to assassinate King Loulan who was loyal to the Xiongnu, and established Loulan's hostage in the Han Dynasty, Wei Tuqi, the former king's brother, as king, and made him king. The name of his country is Shanshan. Because Wei Tuqi had lived in Chang'an for a long time, he felt that he was weak in the country and was afraid of being killed by the former king's son, so he asked the Western Han government to send officials to garrison Yixun City in Shanshan (now Milan, Ruoqiang County) as his backing , and moved the capital south to Shini City

After the establishment of the Shanshan Kingdom, Loulan City continued to exist as an important transportation hub on the Silk Road for about 400 years. According to the textual research of the cultural relics unearthed from the ancient city of Loulan and the dating of the ancient building sites, as a town, the King of Loulan was born after the late Western Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties were its heyday

Chinese wooden slips and paper unearthed in Loulan There are 576 documents in total, including 412 wooden slips and 164 paper documents. There are 40 wooden slips and 8 paper documents recorded with absolute year numbers. The absolute chronology starts from the fourth year of Jiaping in Cao Wei (252) and ends in the eighteenth year of Jianxing in Liang (330). Among them, the reign name that appears most often is Taishi, followed by Xianxi. The earliest reign name that appears is the fourth year of Jiaping in Cao Wei (252 years), and the latest reign name is the eighteenth year of Jianxing in Qianliang (330 years). The wooden slips and paper documents unearthed in Loulan show that from the fourth year of Jiaping (252), the king of Qi in Cao Wei, to the eighteenth year of Jianxing in Qianliang (330), Loulan has maintained a close affiliation with the Central Plains dynasty. During this period, Loulan City A prosperous period of development.

After the establishment of Shanshan Kingdom, Loulan became an important town in Shanshan Kingdom, and its geographical location is still very important. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Suoli, a native of Dunhuang, led more than 1,000 soldiers from Dunhuang and other places to farm in Loulan. At the same time, more than 1,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci were recruited to cross the Binhe River (today's Tarim River) to build water conservancy and irrigate farmland. After three years of farming, he accumulated 1 million grains.

Most of the Chinese wooden slips found in the Lop Nur area during the Eastern Han and Wei and Jin dynasties record things related to farming. Soldiers who come here to farm can bring livestock and various farm tools and sundries with them. In the Han Dynasty, there were also three grassroots officials of the township government here. Loulan, as the Han Dynasty's farming center in the Lop Nur area, was still responsible for receiving envoys and officials who came to live on this transportation line. The Han Dynasty also had institutions and officials here to manage mails, and through the farming, advanced iron-based agriculture was spread Farm tools and farming methods - ox farming, etc.

According to historical records and discovered archaeological materials, it is known that during the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Western Region Changshi Mansion was set up in ancient Loulan. Its scale may be between counties and counties, and it has the characteristics of a military camp. According to the "Book of the Later Han·Jie Yong Biography", in the summer of the second year of Yanguang of the Eastern Han Dynasty (123 years), Ban Yong became the chief historian of the Western Regions and sent 500 soldiers out of Tunliuzhong (today's Turpan). "In the first month of the next year (124 years), Yong When he arrived at Loulan, he surrendered to Shanshan. "The Wei and Jin Dynasties continued the old system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and still established the Western Region Changshi Mansion in the Western Regions. Among the wooden slips and documents unearthed in Loulan, there are 8 wooden slips and 10 paper documents that clearly record the location of "Loulan". There are 7 wooden slips that record the long history of the Western Regions and the titles of their subordinates. It explains that the Western Region Chiefs during the Cao Wei and Western Jin Dynasties

4. Loulan during the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, farming continued in the Loulan area, and officials in charge of farming affairs were set up in the Western Region Changshi Mansion. In the ancient Loulan area, the soldiers in the field began to reclaim wasteland, build canals and dams, and spread and popularize the agricultural production technology and iron farm tools in the Central Plains area, which greatly developed the agricultural production in the Loulan area. Outpost position.

However, from the perspective of the overall development situation, since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, with the changes in the political, military, and economic situation of the Western Regions, as well as the development of new Silk Road routes, Loulan has served as a transit point for Silk Road trade. The station has lost its former importance and has gradually declined.

The latest wooden slip found among the cultural relics unearthed in Loulan is the wooden slip recording the 18th year of Jianxing in the Qianliang Dynasty (330). It shows that after the eighteenth year of Jianxing (330), due to the diversion of the Kongque River, the water source of Loulan located downstream of it dried up, farm production could not be carried out, and the Changshi Mansion of the Western Regions was forced to move. Loulan, a once prosperous and important town on the Silk Road, was gradually abandoned by people and disappeared silently from the stage of history.

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