What natural resources are needed for grape growth?

Grape growth needs a variety of natural resources, including geography, climate and other factors, as follows:

Latitude and altitude

Grape planting needs an altitude of 400 ~ 600 meters. Likes light and temperature, and has strong adaptability to soil. Originated in West Asia, most vineyards in the world are distributed between 20 ~ 52 degrees north latitude and 30 ~ 45 degrees south latitude, and most of them are in the northern hemisphere. Most grapes in China are between 30 and 43 degrees north latitude. Grape planting bases are mainly distributed in Xiaoxian County, Anhui Province and Turpan, Xinjiang.

The altitude of grape planting is generally 400 ~ 600 meters. Grapes in China vary greatly in altitude, about 200 ~1000 m. Grapes in Xiaoxian County, Anhui Province are distributed in the plain. Grapes in Huailai, Hebei are distributed at an altitude of 1 100m, Xu Da, Shanxi 1200m and Shannan, Tibet 1500m. Latitude and altitude are important factors affecting temperature and heat in a large range.

Aspect and gradient

In the case of similar topographic conditions, the microclimate in different slope directions is obviously different. Usually the slopes facing south (including due south, northwest and southeast) receive more light and heat, and the temperature is higher on weekdays. The warming effect of sloping land is closely related to its slope.

Generally, every tilt to the south 1 degree is equivalent to a forward 1 latitude. The most heated inclination angle is about 20 ~ 35 degrees (within the range of 40 ~ 50 degrees north latitude). Grape is more suitable for slope cultivation than other fruit trees because of its drought tolerance and thin soil, which can develop roots in a relatively small range. However, the greater the slope, the more serious the soil erosion. Therefore, priority should be given to the land with a slope below 20 ~ 25 degrees when planting grapes.

Influence of water surface: In large water areas such as oceans, lakes, rivers and reservoirs, the temperature is lower than that of land in daytime and summer, but higher than that of inland at night and winter due to the large absorbed solar radiation energy.

Therefore, the coastal climate near the water area is mild and the frost-free period is long. The vineyards near the big water surface reflect a lot of blue-violet light and ultraviolet light in the deep water, and the berries are colored and of good quality, so when choosing vineyards, try to be close to big lakes, rivers and oceans.

edaphic condition

Soil grape has strong adaptability to soil. Except swamp and heavy saline-alkali soil, all kinds of soil can be cultivated, and fertile sandy loam soil is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes.

However, after 2-3 years, the soil salinity can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstock varieties.

climatic factor

Climate factor is one of the main indexes of grape variety zoning. The French believe that only grapes planted in specific soil can produce world famous wines with unique flavor. However, for the vast grape producing areas in the world, this situation of dividing grape regions by soil is not universal and absolute. The factors affecting grape quality and wine quality are comprehensive.

Only in most cases, climate often plays a leading role in the growth of grapes and the quality of wine, and climate has become the most important and active factor among many factors. Weather conditions such as light, temperature and precipitation are necessary for grape growth and fruiting, especially in summer and autumn.

illuminate

Solar energy is the only energy for grape photosynthesis. It is the driving force of energy and material circulation of grapes, and 90% ~ 95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%, and grapes are light-loving crops.

Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes.

When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.

temperature

Temperature is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruiting of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 10 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20 degrees and 5 1 degree north latitude.

moisture

Water plays an important role in the life activities of grapes, and nutrients are transported to various organs after being dissolved in water, so water is the carrier of nutrients, which can regulate the body temperature of trees and promote the absorption of water and fertilizer through water transpiration. If the soil is too dry, it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and the photosynthesis is weakened, which is easy to make the old leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even the plants wither and die.

However, excessive water is harmful to growth, and flooding in flood season generally does not exceed 1 week, and it can still grow as usual after water infiltration; Flooding for more than 10 days will suffocate the roots, and also cause yellowing and shedding of leaves, insufficient new shoots, poor flower bud differentiation and even plant death.

Grapes have different water requirements in different phenological periods. Early spring germination, new shoot growth period and young fruit expansion period need sufficient water supply. Generally, it is appropriate to irrigate every 7- 10 day/time, so that the soil water content can reach about 70%. It is better that the soil moisture content reaches about 60% before and after berry ripening. However, in the case of excessive rainfall, attention should be paid to timely drainage to avoid excessive humidity affecting the quality of berries and prone to diseases. If there is too little rain, irrigate 1 time every 10 day, otherwise it will easily crack fruit and cause economic losses if it rains for a long time. ?

Extended data:

Grapes are not only delicious, but also have high nutritional value. The sugar content in ripe berries is as high as 10% ~ 30%, mainly glucose, which can be directly absorbed by human body. It also contains minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins and various essential amino acids. From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, grapes are flat, sweet and sour, and non-toxic. Chinese medicine believes that grapes can "enrich blood and strengthen bones and muscles, strengthen stomach and promote fluid production to eliminate polydipsia, invigorate qi to drive water to urinate, nourish kidney and liver to look good". Here, ancient Chinese medicine takes you to understand the efficacy and function of grapes:

1. Anti-anemia. Grapes also contain vitamin B 12 with anti-pernicious anemia effect. If you drink red wine regularly, it will be beneficial to treat pernicious anemia.

2. Anti-poison and sterilization. Grape contains natural polyphenols, which can combine with protein in virus or bacteria, making it lose the ability to spread diseases. Eating grapes regularly has a good killing effect on spinal cord gray-white virus and other viruses, which makes people produce antibodies;

3. Take 30 grams of Vitis amurensis root with water, which is used to treat vomiting and edema during pregnancy, and has the effects of stopping vomiting, diuresis and detumescence. Some people drink 30 grams of fresh grape root decoction to treat icteric hepatitis; It can be used as an adjuvant therapy.

Reference link: Grape Baidu Encyclopedia