Historical materials of Hongkong, Taiwan Province and Macau.

1842. Britain occupied Hong Kong Island through the Opium War. In 186, Britain invaded the south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula. In 1898, Britain forcibly "leased" a large area of land in the northern part of Kowloon Peninsula north of Boundary Street and south of Shenzhen River and its nearby islands.

in the second world war. Britain retired. The Japanese invaders occupied Hong Kong. In 1945. World War II ended. Britain reoccupied Hong Kong. The British royal sent a "governor" to govern here.

after the founding of new China. The Government of China solemnly announced the abolition of all unequal treaties imposed by imperialism on the people of China. Adhere to the position that Hong Kong must return to the motherland. After many negotiations between China and Britain. On December 19th, 1984, the two governments signed the Joint Statement on Hong Kong. After that. China promulgated the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

on July 1, 1997. Hong Kong officially returned to the motherland in January. The Government of China is based on "One Country". Two systems ". A special administrative region was established in Hong Kong. In addition to national foreign affairs and national defense affairs. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enjoys a high degree of autonomy.

Macao used to be a small fishing village. Its real name was Haojing or Haojing 'ao, because at that time, the berth could be called "Macao". Macao and its vicinity are rich in oysters (that is, oysters), and the inner wall of oyster shells is as bright as a mirror, so Macao is called oyster mirror. Later generations changed this name to a more elegant "Hao Jing". "A Brief Introduction to Macao" published during the reign of Qing Qianlong said: "The name of Hao Jing is written in the History of Ming Dynasty. It's five or six miles east and west, half way north and south, and there are two bays north and south, where you can berth. Or the North and South Bay, which is as round as a mirror, is called a mirror. " From this name, a series of aliases of Macao, such as Haojiang, Haijing and Jinghai, have been derived.

The name of Macau comes from a goddess of China, Tianhou, who is greatly admired by fishermen. She is also known as Mother. It is said that a fishing boat was sailing on a clear and calm day when it was caught in a storm and thunderstorm, and the fishermen were in danger. At the critical moment, a young girl stepped forward and ordered the storm to stop. The wind actually stopped, the sea was calm again, and the fishing boat arrived at Haijing Port safely. After disembarking, the girl walked towards Marge Mountain, and suddenly a halo shone, and the girl turned into a wisp of smoke. Later, people built a temple to worship this mother where she landed.

In the mid-16th century, when the first Portuguese arrived in Australia, they asked the residents about the local name, but the residents mistakenly thought it was a temple, so they called it "Ma Ge". The Portuguese translated "MACAU" with its sound, which became the origin of the Portuguese name of Macao.

Over the next 4 years, eastern and western cultures have been blending with each other here, leaving many historical and cultural heritages, making Macao a unique city.

since the reunification in 1999, Macao has become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, with a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the Basic Law of Macao. Under the guidance of the policy of "one country, two systems", Macao enjoys a high degree of autonomy and enjoys administrative, legislative, independent judicial and final adjudication power, while Macao's social and economic characteristics will be preserved and continued.

Macao, with a small area, is one of the most densely populated places in the world and a relatively high per capita income in Asia.

Macao is an international city. For hundreds of years, it has always been a place where Chinese and Western cultures blend and exist.

Taiwan Province is an inseparable part of our great motherland. Taiwan Province and Chinese mainland have a long history. In ancient times, Taiwan Province and the mainland were originally connected. Later, due to the crustal movement, part of the connected land sank into a strait, and Taiwan Province became an island.

The seabed of the Taiwan Province Strait is like a river valley, with two major river systems, south and north, which were formed by the impact and erosion of the river when it was still land. The deepest part is only 1 meters, and the depth of most places is only 5 meters. However, 15, years ago, the sea level in the East China Sea was about 13 meters lower than it is now, which shows that the two sides were originally a plate, and the islands such as Taiwan Province and Penghu were on the continental shelf along the southeast coast of the motherland.

Modern science also proves that Taiwan Province is not only a part of the continental shelf in the East China Sea, but the basic topography of Taiwan Province is the same as that of the mainland, and its geological composition is the same as that of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. Therefore, Taiwan Province was later given an nickname-"Floating in Fujian", which means that Taiwan Province is the floating part of Fujian Province.

According to the archaeological findings of Taiwan Province Island, the culture of the mainland of China had spread to Taiwan Province in the Paleolithic Age. A large number of cultural relics, such as stone tools, black pottery, painted pottery and two-wing bronze cymbals of Yin Dynasty, have been excavated in various parts of Taiwan Province, which proves that Taiwan Province's prehistoric culture belongs to the same vein as the mainland of China. Since its own historical records, Taiwan Province's exploration, development and complete unification of its territory have always been inseparable from the hard work and heroic defense of Chinese sons and daughters. The history of Taiwan Province is an integral part of the history of China.

The early development of Taiwan Province embodies the blood and sweat of our ancestors and the spirit of our nation. In China's historical records, Taiwan Province was called "Island Yi" in the Warring States Period, "Dong Kun" and "Yizhou" in the Han and Three Kingdoms Periods, and "Liu Qiu" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The name "Taiwan Province" was officially used in official documents during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

according to ancient documents, Chinese mainland's military and civilians traveled eastward to Taiwan Province to reclaim and manage Taiwan Province Island, which can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms period more than 1,7 years ago. In 23 AD (the second year of Wu Huanglong in the Three Kingdoms), Sun Quan, the Lord of Wu, sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to lead 1, marines across the sea to Taiwan Province. This is the beginning for Chinese mainland residents to use advanced cultural knowledge to develop Taiwan Province. Taiwan Province's production and living patterns at that time were recorded in detail in the Coastal Soil and Water Records written by Shen Ying, a Wu native. By the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, the contacts between the mainland and Taiwan Province increased. It is reported that Emperor Yangdi sent people to Taiwan Province three times to "visit different customs" and "comfort" local residents. At that time, the mainland and Taiwan Province already had trade contacts. During the 6 years from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the coastal people of the mainland, especially the residents in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, fled to Penghu or moved to Taiwan Province to engage in reclamation. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Penghu was placed under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and was garrisoned by soldiers and civilians. The economic, political and cultural ties between the mainland and Taiwan Province are becoming more and more frequent.

the yuan dynasty further strengthened the management of Taiwan Province. In 1292 (the 29th year of the Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Yang Xiang, vice-president of seagoing vessels, Wu Zhidou, minister of rites, and Ruan Jian, minister of treasures, to Taiwan Province to "declare happiness". In 1335 (the year after Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan Dynasty formally established a "Inspection Department" in Penghu, which was under the jurisdiction of the civil affairs of Penghu and Taiwan Province, and was subordinate to Tongan County (now Xiamen) in Quanzhou, Fujian. China set up a special regime in Taiwan Province, and since then.

after the Ming dynasty, people from the mainland and Taiwan Province kept going back and forth. From 142 to 1424 (during the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty), Zheng He, the navigator "Sambo eunuch", led a huge fleet to visit Nanyang countries, and once stopped in Taiwan Province to bring handicrafts and agricultural products to local residents. Up to now, it is said that the special product of Fengshan in Kaohsiung, "Sambo Ginger", was left over by Zheng He. After the 15th century, Japanese pirates harassed the southeast coastal areas of China, and the Ming government set up "guerrilla warfare" in Penghu, "keeping watch in the spring and autumn". At the same time, troops were stationed in Keelung and Danshui ports.

By the end of the Ming Dynasty in the 162s, mainland residents began to emigrate to Taiwan Province on a large scale, which greatly promoted the social, economic and cultural development of Taiwan Province. At that time, Fujian people Yan Siqi and Zheng Zhilong led the residents of Fujian and Guangdong to move to Taiwan Province to resist the oppression of the government, engaged in farming and trade, and organized armed forces to resist the intrusion of the Japanese pirates and the Dutch. In 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen, Ming Dynasty), there was a drought in Fujian, and the people had no livelihood. Zheng Zhilong (the later official to the commander-in-chief) organized tens of thousands of victims to go to Taiwan Province to "reclaim the wasteland for food", and many villages gradually formed in various places. Taiwan Province has since entered a period of large-scale development.

after the mid-16th century, beautiful and rich Taiwan Province became the target of western colonialists. Spanish, Portuguese and other powers invaded Taiwan Province one after another, or plundered resources, or invaded religious culture, or directly sent troops to occupy it. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Netherlands broke the colonial hegemony of Spain and Portugal, and came to the East to take an active part in the plunder of the colonies. It invaded Penghu twice in 162 (thirty years of Wanli reign in the Ming Dynasty) and 1622 (two years from tomorrow). In 1624 (four years from tomorrow). The Ming government sent troops to drive the Dutch colonists out of Penghu and captured the Dutch army commander. The rest fled to the south of Taiwan Province and occupied the dignitaries (now Anping District, Tainan City). Two years later, the Spanish invaded Taiwan Province from Luzon and occupied Keelung and Danshui. In 1642, the Dutch seized the Spanish stronghold in northern Taiwan Province, and Taiwan Province has been a Dutch colony ever since.

The Dutch colonialists occupied Taiwan Province for 38 years, and successively built a city in Taiwan Province and Pruvenchateau (Chihkan Tower) as the center of colonial rule. However, its occupation area is actually only a limited area along the southern coast, as well as Keelung and Danshui ports in the north, and its rule has always been extremely unstable. The cruel exploitation of Taiwan Province compatriots by Dutch colonialists constantly aroused the anti-Dutch struggle of Taiwan Province people. In 1652, the uprising led by Guo Huaiyi, the former headquarters of Zheng Zhilong, was the largest in Taiwan Province. The uprising masses once conquered the city of Geran, and 6 people died heroically in the uprising. This uprising has strengthened the determination of Taiwan Province compatriots to recover their homeland. Nine years later, they finally cooperated with the national hero Zheng Chenggong to expel the Dutch and recover Taiwan Province.

Zheng Chenggong is the son of Zheng Zhilong. Born in 1624, in his early years, Zheng Chenggong took Xiamen as his base, fought against the Qing Dynasty, and was named king of Yanping County by Wang Gui in Ming Dynasty. Frustrated by the attack on Nanking, he returned to Xiamen, overhauled his ships, and devoted himself to planning to expel the Dutch who invaded Taiwan Province and recover the country. In 1661 (18th year of Qing Shunzhi), on April 21st of the lunar calendar, Zheng Chenggong left some troops to guard Xiamen and Jinmen, personally led 25, soldiers and hundreds of warships, set out from Liaoluo Bay in Jinmen and marched to Taiwan Province via Penghu. On April 29th of the lunar calendar, Zheng Jun landed at Heliao Port in Lu 'ermen, Tainan. With the active support of Taiwan Province compatriots, he fought fiercely with the Dutch army for many times, and finally besieged the Dutch colonial governor and the remnants of the enemy in the city of Geran. Zheng Chenggong solemnly pointed out in his "Imperial Letter" to Dutch colonial governor Bayi: "However, Taiwan Province has long been run by China people, and China's land is also ... Now that I have come to claim it, the land will belong to me." After nine months of siege, the Dutch colonial governor had to sign and surrender on February 1st of the lunar calendar in 1662 (the first year of Qing Emperor Kangxi). Since then, the people of China have recovered the treasure island of Taiwan Province occupied by Dutch colonists.

After Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan Province, he abolished the Dutch colonial system. Change Chihkan Tower to Chengtianfu, set up two counties, set up a pacification department in Penghu, and guard heavily, and call Taiwan Province the East Capital. To commemorate the homeland, it was renamed as Anping Town. At the same time, the policy of reclaiming farmland was implemented, which made tens of thousands of soldiers and their families go to various places to reclaim land, and formed a large number of villages and towns in Langlang, Changhua, Yunlin and Hsinchu in the south and west of Taiwan Province.

However, shortly after Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan Province, he died of illness on May 8, 1662, at the age of 39. Later, his sons Zheng Jing and Sun Zheng Keshuang governed Taiwan Province for 22 years. Three generations of Zheng's grandparents ruled Taiwan Province, rewarding sugar and salt production, establishing industry and commerce, developing trade, opening schools and improving the agricultural production mode of Gaoshan people. These measures have promoted the rapid development of Taiwan Province's economy and culture. This is an important period of development and development in Taiwan's history, which is called "Ming-Zheng era".

in p>1683 (the 22nd year of Qing emperor Kangxi), the Qing government sent troops to attack Taiwan Province, and Zheng Keshuang led many people to submit. Since then, Taiwan Province has been under the direct rule of the Qing government.

in p>1683, after the Qing government unified Taiwan Province, the following year, it set up a prefecture and three counties in Taiwan Province, which belonged to Fujian province. Taiwan Province has been brought back under the unified jurisdiction of the central government of China, and has closer ties with the mainland in politics, economy and culture, and has become an inseparable part of the whole national unity.

After 176 (the 25th year of Qing Qianlong), there was a climax of mainland residents migrating to Taiwan Province again on a large scale. By 1811 (the 16th year of Qing Jiaqing), excluding the Gaoshan compatriots in the mountainous areas, there were more than 2 million residents in Taiwan Province, nearly 1 times more than when Zheng and his son ruled Taiwan. With the development of production and the growth of population, the Qing government set up administrative institutions in Taiwan Province. In 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty), Taiwan Province was established as a province and Liu Mingchuan was appointed as the first governor. Liu Mingchuan recruited residents from Fujian, Guangdong and other places to move to Taiwan for large-scale development, and successively set up the General Administration of Reclamation, General Administration of Telegraph, General Administration of Railways, Ordnance Bureau, Trade Bureau, Mineral Oil Bureau, Logging Bureau and other institutions; Build a battery and rectify defense; Set up wires and establish posts and telecommunications; Laying railways, opening mines, building merchant ships and developing industry and commerce; Build Chinese and western schools and develop culture and education. Some of these construction projects were pioneering in China at that time. For example, Taiwan Province Railway is not only one of the earliest railways in China, but also built by China himself.

During the more than 2 years that the Qing government governed Taiwan Province, the feudal economy in Taiwan Province developed rapidly. Many wealthy landlords and businessmen have appeared all over the province. At the same time, however, the struggle of Taiwan Province people against the tyranny of the Qing Dynasty and the exploitation of feudal landlords is also rising, which echoes the struggle of mainland people against the Qing Dynasty. Facts show that almost all the larger uprising organizations were introduced from the mainland. For example, in 1786, the biggest peasant uprising in Taiwanese history was led by Lin Shuangwen and Zhuang Datian, the leaders of the Heaven and Earth Society in Taiwan Province, after the anti-Qing secret group of the mainland people was introduced into Taiwan Province. There are hundreds of thousands of insurgents. The Qing government mobilized troops from Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces to suppress Taiwan, which lasted for one year and two months before it was pacified. Before and after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Nanjing its capital, the Taiwan Province Heaven and Earth Society and the Knife Society echoed it and revolted many times.

Taiwan Province compatriots have a high degree of national patriotism. While resisting domestic reactionary rule, they fought bravely to resist foreign invasion and unite with the people of the whole country. Since the Opium War in 184, Taiwan Province and the provinces bordering the mainland have become the forefront of China's anti-imperialist struggle, directly bearing the sufferings of the Chinese nation. During the Opium War, Taiwan Province compatriots mobilized and organized an anti-British militia with twice the number of local garrisons, and donated money to lose money to go to the national disaster. Together with the officers and men, they repelled the invading British army, shattered the enemy's plot to occupy Taiwan Province, and won the battle against Britain. At that time, Yao Ying, a military commander in Taiwan Province, wrote in his book Liu Zhongcheng's Book of Being Arrested in Du Bie: "Taiwan Province's land is full of armor, and he is a righteous people, and he is eager to kill the enemy ... Those who died in the defense of the rock border and found peace, and did not bother the mainland with a treasure and an arrow, all rely on the strength of the civil servants and civilians." After the Opium War, Taiwan Province compatriots also repelled many invasions by the United States, French and Japanese successively.

as early as the 16th and 17th centuries, the Japanese sent troops to spy on Taiwan Province several times. In the second half of 19th century, after Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the road of capitalist development, trying to become a great power and stepping up its aggression against China. In 1894, it launched the Sino-Japanese War (Sino-Japanese War) and captured Penghu in March of the following year. On April 17th, 1895, the corrupt Qing government signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan, and ceded Taiwan Province and Penghu Islands to Japan. Taiwan Province became a Japanese colony and began a 5-year period of Japanese occupation.

After the Japanese occupied Taiwan Province, it was established in Taipei.